The Jazz Age and the KKK. Klan Resurgence > Timeline of Klan History founded during Reconstruction,...
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The Jazz Age and the KKK
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Klan Resurgence > Timeline of Klan History
• founded during Reconstruction, collapsed in 1870s
• revived in 1915 (in part because of the movie Birth of a Nation)
• resurgence of popularity in the 1920s, but collapsed again by the 1930s
• again reappears in the 1950s
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Klan Resurgence > Poster for the Film The Birth of a Nation by W.G. Griffith (1915)
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Klan Resurgence > NAACP Protest the Screening of The Birth of a Nation, 1947
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Klan Resurgence > Key Scenes in The Birth of a Nation
• intertitles drawn from A History of the American People (1902) by then-president Woodrow Wilson
• black legislators lolling in their chairs in the South Carolina legislature in the early 1870s
• white children don white sheets and scare black children nearby, “inspiring” Klan outfits
• Klansmen dump the body of the character Gus, an African American, who they had killed for causing a young white woman, Flora, to jump off a cliff
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Klan in the 1920s > Washington, D.C. Parade
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Klan in the 1920s > Social Movements Supported by the Klan
• prohibition
• anti-immigrant sentiments
• anti-radicalism
• religious fundamentalism
• morality and family values
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Klan in the 1920s > Different Historical Explanations of the Klan
• racist and nativist movement
• populist movement
• reform movement
• reactionary movement
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Immigration Restriction > Ku Klux Klan Marching in DC
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Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Literacy Test
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Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Quota Act of 1921
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Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)
• Based ceilings on the number of immigrants from any particular nation on 2 percent of each nationality recorded in the 1890 census
• Was directed against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who arrived in large numbers after 1890
• Barred all immigrants ineligible for citizenship on racial grounds, including all south and east Asians (including Indians, Japanese, and Chinese)
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Immigration Act of 1924 > Annual Immigration Quotas
• Germany - 51,227
• Great Britain - 34,007
• Ireland - 28,567
• Italy - 3,845
• Hungary - 473
• Greece - 100
• Egypt - 100
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Immigration Act of 1924 > Map of Europe, Literary Digest, 1924
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Immigration Restriction > U.S. v Bhagat Singh Thind, 1923
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Prosperity > Who Prospered in the 1920s?
• 1200 mergers caused the disappearance of over 600 independent enterprises
• top 0.1% of U.S. families in 1929 had combined income as large as bottom 42%
• i. e. approx 24,000 families had combined income as large as 11.5 million poor and lower-class families
• per capita income in the U.S. rose 9% between 1920-1929
• per capita income for the top 24,000 families rose 75%
• 80% of families had no savings
• farmers did not prosper - 1/4 of all employment
• less than 10% invested in the stock market
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Prosperity > Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows, here with Hollywood producer Cecil B. DeMille, 1920s
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Prosperity > Welfare Capitalism: Shoe Company’s Billboard Ad, 1923
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Prosperity > Comic Strip on Workers Owning Shares, 1929
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Automobile > Automobile Sales and Registration
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Automobile > Ford Model T, 1920s
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Automobile > Ford Model T French Ad, 1924
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Automobile > General Motors Ad, 1925
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Automobile > Cadillac Ad, 1925
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Automobile > Ford Assembly Line, Model A, 1928
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Automobile > Ford Model A Ad, 1929
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Automobile > Song about Ford Model A, 1928
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Automobile > Chevrolet Ad, 1931
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Automobile > Paige-Jewett Car Ad, 1929
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Great Migration > Social Patterns
• from rural areas to cities
• from the South to the North
• Appalachian whites
• Puerto Ricans
• African Americans
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Great Migration > Motives
• immigration slows down because of WW I
• more work because of WW I
• more jobs for groups previously left out--women, rural migrants, racial minorities
• racial segregation and violence in the South
• sharecropping
• natural disasters such as floods and boll weevil infestations
• conscious choice on the part of migrants (many did not leave)
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Great Migration > Railroad Routes
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Great Migration > Painting by Jacob Lawrence, 1940
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Great Migration > Painting by Jacob Lawrence, 1940
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Harlem Renaissance > Marcus Garvey’s Supporters Parade in Harlem
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Harlem Renaissance > NAACP Anti-Lynching Ad in the New York Times
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Harlem Renaissance > Zora Neale Hurston Photo by Carl Van Vechten
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Harlem Renaissance > The Crisis Ad for Black Swan Records, 1923
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Harlem Renaissance > The Crisis Cover, 1929
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Leon “Bix” Beiderbecke, “Sorry,” 1928
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Louis Armstrong, “Weather Bird,” 1928
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New Woman > Magazine illustrations: “Gibson Girls” by Charles Gibson--a beauty standard of the 1900s--and a flapper by John Held, Jr. from the 1920s
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New Woman > Suffragists picketing the White House, January 1917
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New Woman > Department Stores and Consumer Culture
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New Woman > Working-class women at the turn of the century
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New Woman > John Held, Jr.: Flappers have no manners or brains
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New Woman > John Held, Jr.: “It’s all right, Santa-- you can come in. My parents still believe in you.”
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New Woman > John Held, Jr., dustjackets for F. Scott Fitzgerald novels
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New Woman > Film Actress Louise Brooks and a comic strip she inspired
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New Woman > Actress Clara Bow, the ultimate flapper in It (1927) and Dangerous Curves (1929)
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Fundamentalism > Timeline
• Word coined at around 1910
• Denotes religious groups that take the Bible literally
• Popular and active in the 1920s
• Then the movement retreats from politics until 1980s, in part because of the Scopes Trial
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Fundamentalism > Church Membership
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Fundamentalism > Actor Lionel Barrymore and Modern Christ
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Scopes Trial > Cartoon on Evolution
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Scopes Trial > W. J. Bryan’s Cartoon against Modernity, 1924
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Scopes Trial > Cartoon comparing Bolsheviks and Scientists, 1925
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Scopes Trial > Bryan and Darrow
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Scopes Trial > Bryan as Don Quixote
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Scopes Trial > Darrow as a Street Player
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Scopes Trial > Monkeys Vote on Evolution