www.enea.it

The Italy Mexico project and the ENEA

activities for cultural heritage conservation

Il progetto Italia Messico e le attività

dell’ENEA per la conservazione dei beni

culturali

Franca Persia

ENEA-SSPT-USER-SITEC

About us

2

• ENEA is a public RTO (Research and

Technology Organization) operating in the

fields of energy, environment and new

technologies to support the Country’s

competitiveness and sustainable

development

• ENEA’s mission is to develop new

technological solutions to meet the societal

challenges, fostering transition to a low-

carbon and circular economy

• The institutional mandate of the Agency is

to disseminate and transfer knowledge,

innovation and technology to industry,

institutions and civil society at large

Activities

3

ENEA’s activities span many fronts ranging from

basic to applied research and innovation:

• Research: Basic, mission-oriented, applied and industrial research, also through the development

of prototypes and product industrialization

• Technology Transfer: Dissemination and transfer of research results to industry and public

administrations, and exploitation for production

purposes

• Advanced services: Studies, measurements, tests and assessments tailored to both public and private

bodies and enterprises

• Training and information: Activities aimed at broadening sector expertise and public knowledge

and awareness

Research and Development

4

En

erg

y T

echn

olo

gie

s

• RES (PV, CSP)

• Energy efficiency technologies

• Bio-fuels

• Smart grids

• Storage

• Sustainable Mobility

• Advanced energy materials

• Sustainable use of fossil fuels

Fu

sio

n &

Nucle

ar

Sa

fety

• Fusion • Fission (new

gen)

• Radiation protection

• Nuclear safety & security

• Ionizing/non ionizing radiation applications

Su

sta

ina

bili

ty

• Resource efficiency

• Climate change: modeling, adaptation and mitigation

• Environmental technologies

•Innovative materials

•Environmental characterization, prevention and recovery

•Seismic and natural hazards assessment and prevention

•Bio and nanotechs

•Agrifood

•Health

•Cultural heritage

The Department’s SSPT

5

Supporto Tecnico

Strategico (STS)

Dipartimento

Sostenibilità dei sistemi

produttivi e territoriali

(SSPT)

Unità Gestione

Tecnico

Funzionale

(GTF)

Div. Uso Efficiente

delle risorse e

chiusura dei cicli

(USER)

Div. Tecnologie e

processi dei

materiali per la

sostenibilità

(PROMAS)

Div. Protezione e

valorizzazione

dei territorio e

del capitale

naturale

(PROTER)

Div.

Biotecnologie e

agroindustria

(BIOAG)

Div. Modelli e

Tecnologie per la

riduzione degli

impatti antropici e

dei rischi naturali

(MET)

Div. Tecnologie

e metodologie

per la

salvaguardia

della salute

(TECS)

Lab.

Valorizzazione

delle risorse nei

sistemi produttivi e

territoriali (RISE)

Lab.

Nanomateriali e

dispositivi

(NANO)

Lab. Tecnologie

dei Materiali

Faenza

(TEMAF)

Lab. Materiali

funzionali e

tecnologie per

applicazioni

sostenibili

(MATAS)

Lab. Ingegneria

sismica e

prevenzione dei

rischi naturali

(ISPREV)

Lab.

Inquinamento

atmosferico

(INAT)

Lab.

Modellistica

climatica e

impatti (CLIM)

Lab.

Osservazione

e analisi della

terra e del

clima (OAC)

Lab.BioGeo

Chimica

Ambientale

(BIOGEOC)

Lab.

Biodiversità e

servizi

ecosistemici

(BES)

Lab.

Bioprodotti e

bioprocessi

(PROBIO)

Lab.

Sostenibilità,

qualità e

sicurezza delle

produzioni

agroalimentari

(SOQUAS)

Lab.

Biotecnologie

(BIOTEC)

Lab.

Biosicurezz

a e stima

del rischio

(BIORISC)

Lab.

Tecnologie

biomediche

(TEB)

Lab. Materiali e

processi

chimico-fisici

(MATPRO)

Lab. Tecnologie

per la gestione

integrata dei rifiuti,

reflui e materie

prime/seconde

(R4R)

Lab. Tecnologie per

l’innovazione sostenibile (SITEC)

The Department’s human resources and facilities

Human resources

550 researches and staff

employees

21 Fixed term contracts

29 Fellowships

Doctorate, Post-doc, Visiting

scientists

58 Research

infrastructures

and facilities

around Italy

Lampedusa

Experimental Facility

www.enea.it www.sspt.enea.it

http://www.enea.ithttp://www.sspt.enea.it

The Department’s strategic thematic areas

• Climate Change

• Natural Capital and Sustainable Tourism

• Circular economy, closing the loops at plant and industrial areas

• Sustainable and smart cities

• Sustainable supply chains and sustainable food systems

• Materials and processes for a competitive manufacturing industry

• Innovative products and systems for the Health

• Air quality and health

• Protection and valorization of the artistic, historical and architectural

heritage

• Safety of the territory

• Bio-tecnological systems, products and processes.

www.sspt.enea.it

http://www.sspt.enea.it

DIAGNOSTIC AND PICTORIAL SURFACES

8

• During more than 30 years of activity about 1500 works of art (paintings, stones, potteries and

metals) have been investigated with ND techniques as radiografy, XRF, reflectography IR and

colorimetry; in the last years the main activities are in investigation of paintings, mural painting,

mosaicos, glass and overall polychromy).

• Collaboration with MiBACT, museums, Soprintendenze, Italian and foreign museums (Louvre,

National Gallery of London and Washington, Prado), ISCR, Opificio delle Pietre Dure,

Universities and CNR. Services activities for privates, collectors)

• Study of sources (recipes, ancient technical literature, pigment’s circulation and trade

documents).

IDENTIFICATION:

• Pigments

• Underdrawing

• Esecutive technique

• State of conservation

• Chromatic alteration

• Pigment provenience

• Ancient recepies

DIAGNOSTIC MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

9

• Microdestructive diagnostic with SEM, FESEM, TEM, XRD, TDA, FT-IR, UV-VIS-NIR

spectrophotometry, Eddy Current for bronzes

• Physical and mechanical characterization of masonry, structural elements with

destructive techniques such as compression and traction and ND tests such as

ultrasound, thermography, endoscopy, laser scanners, georadar, penetrating liquids,

sonic tomography.

• Historical-seismographic and archeosismological analysis

• Material qualification with aging in the climatic chamber

CHARACTERIZATION:

• costitutive materials

• of alteration

• of restoration

• esecutive techniques

• geometric surveys

• state of conservation

•fessures

•cracks

•moisture

SEISMIC QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND

TECHNOLOGIES

10

• Seismic qualification test on vibrating table (N ° 2 with six GDL vibrating tables

for mechanical and seismic vibration tests for artwork and historical-artistic

structures);

• "3D motion capture" optoelectronic system for direct movement measurement

Preliminary studies using numerical models (FEM)

• Virtual Dysco Laboratory for testing distances of evidence

gerardo.decanio@enea.it

ANTISEISMIC BASEMENTS

11

• Study and design, with experimental tests, of antiseismic basements in marble, steel,

ceramic-steel for monuments or single statues.

• Study and design, with experimental tests, of anchoring systems for monuments or

single statues in the exhibition configuration, museum and / or site.

Seismic isolators made by ‘Black granite’

dimensions (m) : 0.7 x 0.7 x 0.26

Upper plate ‘Black Granite’

0.5 x 0.5 x 0.1 mElastic protection

Lower plate ‘Black Granite’

0.7 x 0.7 x 0.1 mN° 6 dissipation cables

N° 4 spheres ‘Black Granite’

diameter 8 cm

Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo sviluppo

economico sostenibile gerardo.decanio@enea.it

gerardo.decanio@enea.it

TRANSPORT OF WORKS OF ART

12

• Study, design and experimental testing of safe transport systems for works of

art.

• Monitoring of physical parameters during transport.

• National Coordination of GDL “Conservation of Cultural heritage-Method of

Transport and Packeging” work group MIBAC Rep. 12/2013 UNI-

Sottocommissione Beni Culturali and CEN/TC 346- Conservation of Cultural

Heritage(D.M. MiBACT Rep. 12/2013 of 10.10. 2013).

gerardo.decanio@enea.it

The Enea facilities for accelerated aging test

13

Climatic chamber for RH and T aging : T = -70 ÷ +180°C

RH = +5 ÷ +95 %

Solarbox for sunlight aging test

Climitic chamber for salt aging test

Qualification of new materials for restoration through artificial

aging and control tests.

VULNERABILITY of STRUCTURES AND SITES

14

• Evaluation of static-structural vulnerability of monumental buildings,

archaeological sites, statues with accelerometers, velocities.

• Analysis of geomorphological hazards (landslides, earthquakes, floods).

• Traditional and innovative techniques for seismic adaptation.

• Analysis of mechanical vibrations induced by vehicular traffic.

• Collaborations with Civil Protection, Municipalities, etc.

VULNERABILITY OF MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES

15

1. Analysis of vulnerabilities of structures of historical artistic interest through the definition of

calibrated models based on experimental dynamic tests and seismic monitoring

2. Structural Health monitoring and definition of intervention techniques for the improvement or

seismic adjustment

3. Analysis of the vibrations induced by the traffic on the monuments, with the aim of evaluating

the degradation of the mechanical characteristics over time and to establish methods of

securing the work of art.

4. Characterization of materials, state of preservation and degradation through in situ

multispectral measurements.

5. Numerical checks of historical and monumental buildings using finite element analysis and

kinematic analysis

6. Historical, seismografic and archeoseismological analysis

CLIMATE CHANGE

16

1. Numerical models of atmospheric circulation on a continental European

and oceanic scale on the Mediterranean basin that can be used both to

provide the outline conditions for higher resolution impact patterns

applicable to specific case studies and to build vulnerability maps for

cultural heritage respect climate change on a national scale.

2. Climatic models (20km) in use at the CLIM laboratory associated with air

quality, flow-out, geomorphological models provide a systematic description

of multiple risks (e.g. hydrogeological disruption, concentration of

pollutants, sea level rise ) to which in the future the artistic and landscape

heritage will be subject.

MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION

17

1. Diagnostic surveys with high-resolution x-ray tomography technique.

2. Developing 3d visualization algorithms for tomographic datasets

3. Nanotomography "Phoenix Nanotom S" manufactured by GE, equipped

with a nanofire tube from 180KV/15w. The system is also equipped with

high-performance graphics workstations and dedicated software for three-

dimensional reconstruction and digital processing of captured datasets.

4. Microanalysis and diagnostic surveys with optical and electronic

spectroscopic techniques of materials

MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION

18

1. Diagnostic surveys with high-resolution x-ray tomography technique.

2. Developing 3d visualization algorithms for tomographic datasets

3. Nanotomography "Phoenix Nanotom S" manufactured by GE, equipped

with a nanofire tube from 180KV/15w. The system is also equipped with

high-performance graphics workstations and dedicated software for three-

dimensional reconstruction and digital processing of captured datasets.

4. Microanalysis and diagnostic surveys with optical and electronic

spectroscopic techniques of materials

MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES

19

BIO

RESTORATION

CONSOLIDATION BIOCLEANING

BIO

DEPOSITION

BIO

CEMENTATION

Progetto

Recuperación de antiguas tecnologías mexicanas para el

desarrollo de productos sostenibles para la restauración de

patrimonio culturales.

Messico: El Colegio de Michoacán – LADiPA

Italia: ENEA + restoration company

Protocollo Esecutivo di Cooperazione Bilaterale con il

Messico 2014-2017

Progetto MAECI PGR00205 2016 (10000 €)

Progetto MAECI PGR00742 2017 (19000 €)

20

THE BILATERAL PROJECT MEXICO - ITALY

21

The Mexican restorer Diana Magaloni in 1990

published her work on the analysis of the paintings

of Cacaxtla 1.

[1 Diana Magaloni Kerpel, Metodología para el análisis de Técnica Pictórica Mural Prehispánica: el templo

Rojo de Cacaxtala, Tesis de Licenciatura en

Restauración, ENCRyM-INAH, 1990, p.59-60.

LIME MORTAR – FIRST TEST

22

Recovering of the use of lime, not only in the field of restoration,

where there is a need for consistent use with materials similar to

originals, but also and above all in traditional construction where

modern materials, both cement and polymeric, have shown the

their limits; use in bio-architecture

skaled lime

marble powder very fine

lime:marble powder = 1:2

Concentration nopal mucillage 1,5 - 2,5 - 5 - 7,5

Dimension 5x5x5 cm

THE MEXICO – ITALY PROJECT

Specific obiectives

•Optimization of the mucilage extraction process

•Study of mucilage characteristics

•Characterization of biomass properties

•Identification of non-destructive testing for the characterization of biomass

•Correlation of US with mechanical tests

•Study of bioreceptivity

•Application of biomass in a real case

•Other applications in conservation

23

ARTIFICIAL AGING

24

No accelerated aging test can simulate a natural exposure. The results

obtained may, however, be representative of field exposure only when the

degree of comparison of a specific property has been established in a

comparative manner.

Interpretation of the damage / modifications induced Compare briefly the properties of materials or combinations of materials UNINORMAL

UNI

ASTM

RILEM

…our experience

AGING CYCLES

1° cycle: ASTM D 1151-90 (preconditioning)T = 23 °C and RH = 50% for

168 h

2° cycle: T = 50°C , RH = 80% for 8 h; 10 cycles

3° cycle: T=60 °C, RH = 90% per 12h; 10 cycles

4° cycle: T=70°C, RH = 95% for 12 h; 10 cycles

25

Climate

chamber T

and RH

Angelantoni

precision ±1 °

Range T -70 +180°C

Range RH +5 ÷ +95 %

CHROMATIC ALTERATION

Colorimetry

26

Space CIEL*a*b*

L* +white

-black

a* +red

-green

b* +yellow

-blue

TRASMISSION ULTRASUOND TECHNIQUE

27

•The technique involves 2 transducers

one emits the bundle of ultrasonic waves (T),

the other placed on the opposite surface of the

sample (R) collects the waves after they have

crossed the material.

•The instrument acquires the US signal and

performs a sweeping operation in amplitude to

measure the wave transiting time

•US speed is obtained by dividing the crossed

sample thickness with the measured time

ULTRASUOND and AGING

28

Krautkramer USM 23 LF with 2 50 KHz probes;

Measurements in the three directions X, Y and Z.

For each direction 3 values were taken and then the

average was calculated.

Measurements were repeated after 4 cycles of

aging

CONCENT

RAZIONE

CAMPION

E PESO VOL. DENSITA (P/V) m3 MISURE (mm) MEDIA MISURE

SPESORE

INSTRUMENT

O (mm)

MEDIA VELOCITÁ TEMPO (secondi) Velocitá vera (mm/s) m/s MEDIA VEL. -E -E(GPa) RCK stimata U

Bergamo 0 ciclo

0% A1 236,40 123828,67 1909,09 X 50,00 49,80 50,00 49,93 50,19 50,25 50,31 50,25 1725,00 2,91E-05 1714129,35 1714,13 1654,85 3739574351 3,73957 1,581583

Y 49,20 49,00 50,00 49,40 50,07 50,01 50,04 1684,00 2,97E-05 1662462,03 1662,46 3517535252 3,51754 1,494201

Z 50,20 50,20 50,20 50,20 50,14 50,20 50,17 1587,00 3,16E-05 1587948,97 1587,95 3209283433 3,20928 1,376615

A2 236,40 125079,72 1889,99 X 49,50 49,80 50,00 49,77 50,03 50,10 50,07 1937,00 2,58E-05 1925457,57 1925,46 1870,79 4671294019 4,67129 1,995485

Y 49,90 50,00 50,00 49,97 50,01 50,07 50,14 50,07 1864,00 2,69E-05 1860029,29 1860,03 4359220763 4,35922 1,856914

Z 51,00 50,00 49,90 50,30 49,94 50,00 50,06 50,00 1816,00 2,75E-05 1826896,00 1826,90 4205299648 4,2053 1,790454

A3 233,40 124826,06 1869,80 X 50,00 49,50 49,30 49,60 50,04 50,11 49,98 50,04 1986,00 2,52E-05 1968406,05 1968,41 1857,97 4829850743 4,82985

Y 51,00 50,10 50,00 50,37 50,31 50,37 50,25 50,31 1782,00 2,82E-05 1784007,16 1784,01 3967322565 3,96732

Z 49,90 50,00 50,00 49,97 50,09 50,03 50,15 50,09 1826,00 2,74E-05 1821503,96 1821,50 4135847985 4,13585

RESULTS AFTER AGING

29

0 1,25% 2,50% 5,00% 7,00%

A B C D E

Age 0 1762,820537 1998,853088 1867,01 1930,752132 1743,76

Age 1 1892,6 2095,35 1942,01 1943,19 1867,43

Age 2 2135,2775 2222,1335 2102,42 2173,1285 2038,75

Age 3 2110,770589 2224,523075 2110,45 2218,691225 2035,03

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

Vel

m/s

Speed US m/s vs % Mucilage

Fuerza de compresión en morteros de cal adicionados

con mucilago de nopal

mucilago

0.0% 1.25% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5%

Fu

erz

a d

e c

om

pre

sio

n (

Kg

F)

0

200

400

600 No envejecida

Envejecida * a a

a

b b

El mucilago de nopal incrementa la

resistencia de los morteros de cal

romperse bajo compresión

Proyecto Bilateral México-Italia

COMPARISON BETWEEN ND and D TECHNIQUES

31

We note that in the B 123 samples aged and tested with UTs, the addition of NOPAL increases the RCK

(compression cubic characteristic resistance) estimated by ultrasonic velocity

The RCK value of compressive destructive tests confirms this thesis

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

0 1,25 2,5 5 7,5

MP

a

Concentrazione NOPAL

RCK US y RCK no aging

RCK stimata UBergamo 0 cicloENEA

RCK Mpa testataLADIPA senzainvecchiare

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

0 1,25 2,5 5 7,5

MP

a

Concentrazione di NOPAL

RCK stimata U Bergamo aging

RCK Mpa testata LADIPAinvecchiato

X RAYS

32

Equipment Seifert ISOVOLT

TITAN 160 M2 0.4-

1.5

Max. Tube Voltage

(kV)

160

Tube Current (mA) 10 Focal Spot Size EN

12 543 (mm)

3.00

Detector Pixel 512 x 512 Modello PerkinElmer

KV 122 mA 1

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

X RAYS RESULTS

33

Digital radiography: statistical analysis software

Analysis of the region of interest in red on the two samples

X-ray shows a growth in compactness in the creation of concentration

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 1,25 2,5 5 7,5 Primal10%

Nopal10 %

Serie1

OTHER TEST with MUCILAGE NOPAL coming out from

different extraction processes

34 ECRO Guadalajara 10.11.2017

LIME MORTARS: Ca(OH)2 : sand = 1:1,6 ; 1 :2,4

POZZOLANIC MORTARS

EARTH RAMMED, ADOBE

NOPALGEL

Other experimental test

35 ECRO Guadalajara 10.11.2017

Biocalcarenite stone:

Artificial aging test

Water absorbtion

Biorecectivity

Adesivity

Application on specimen of mural pantings

(comparison between Microacril and nopal)

Comparative test between samples prepared with

mucilage from different extraction methods

CASE STUDY

APPLICATION IN S. COSTANZO CHURCH

36

Consolidation on plaster:

Treatment: lime water + urea + 10% of

Nopal mucilage sprayed for 5 times.

No chromatic alteration.

At naked eye, the surface seems

consolidated and more resistent.

INVOLVED RESEARCHERS in the Italy-Mexico project

37

Partecipanti italiani: Franca Persia (scientific responsable)

Chiara Alisi, Loretta Bacchetta, Tiziana Coccioletti, Fernanda

Falcon, Mauro Falconieri, Serena Gagliardi, Oliviero Maccioni,

Paola Marconi, Vittorio Martina, Giada Migliore, Alessandro

Picca, Domenico Palumbo, Annarosa Sprocati, Flavia Tasso,

Angelo Tatì, Silvia Procacci, Fabio Zaza

Partecipanti messicani: Mirta Insaurralde (scientific

responsable), Alejandro Meza Orozco, Emanuel De Atocha

Bojórquez Quintal, Ana Velia Coria Téllez, Rafael Vivanco,

Olimpia Alonso.

Franca Persia

franca.persia@enea.it