The “Isms”The “Isms”ConservatismConservatism

LiberalismLiberalism

SocialismSocialism

FeminismFeminism

NationalismNationalism

ConservatismConservatism

Organic growth the model for Organic growth the model for changechange

Adaptation to a social system under Adaptation to a social system under transitiontransition

Old order evolves; must never be Old order evolves; must never be destroyeddestroyed

Includes reactionary policies under Includes reactionary policies under its umbrellaits umbrella

Edmund Burke: Father of Edmund Burke: Father of ConservatismConservatism

Reflections on the Reflections on the Revolution in France, Revolution in France, 17901790

"A revolution will be the "A revolution will be the very last resource of the very last resource of the thinking and the good." thinking and the good."

Rage and frenzy will Rage and frenzy will pull down more in pull down more in half an hour than half an hour than prudence, prudence, deliberation, and deliberation, and foresight can build up foresight can build up in a hundred years. in a hundred years.

Liberalism’s Liberalism’s UnderpinningsUnderpinnings

Enlightenment Thought about the Enlightenment Thought about the nature of man and the nature of man and the mechanistic nature of the universemechanistic nature of the universe

Freedom of the individualFreedom of the individual Shapes the various goalsShapes the various goals

Corruption of authorityCorruption of authority Shapes the desire for LESS Shapes the desire for LESS

governmentgovernment

Liberalism’s GoalsLiberalism’s Goals

Right to voteRight to vote Civil libertiesCivil liberties Legal equalityLegal equality Constitutional governmentConstitutional government Parliamentary sovereigntyParliamentary sovereignty Free market economyFree market economy

The Variety of Liberal The Variety of Liberal ThinkersThinkers

Caused by the variety in political conflicts and economic Caused by the variety in political conflicts and economic dislocationsdislocations

Classical EconomistsClassical Economists Constitutional monarchistsConstitutional monarchists

Kings should rule but with clear and articulated limits to their powerKings should rule but with clear and articulated limits to their power Britain’s Glorious Revolution the modelBritain’s Glorious Revolution the model

BonapartistsBonapartists Government by strong individual man of extraordinary talentGovernment by strong individual man of extraordinary talent Able to discern General WillAble to discern General Will

RepublicansRepublicans - - A minority and radical groupA minority and radical group Governments should NOT be ruled by kingsGovernments should NOT be ruled by kings Most influential in France where there had been a republic in 1792Most influential in France where there had been a republic in 1792 The only government that had addressed the economic problems of the The only government that had addressed the economic problems of the

working (non-industrial) class in Franceworking (non-industrial) class in France

Jeremy Bentham (1748-Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)1832)

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism ““greatest good for the greatest good for the

greatest number”greatest number” Interference with individual Interference with individual

liberty justified only in the liberty justified only in the scientific pursuit of social scientific pursuit of social harmonyharmony

Carrot and stick approach to Carrot and stick approach to prison reform and prison reform and rehabilitationrehabilitation

Introduction to the Principles Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislationof Morals and Legislation

James Mill (1773-1836)James Mill (1773-1836)

Promoter of utilitarianismPromoter of utilitarianism Influenced by the Scottish Influenced by the Scottish

Enlightenment while at the Enlightenment while at the University of EdinburghUniversity of Edinburgh

Founder of the Political Founder of the Political Economy ClubEconomy Club

Supporter of Ricardo’s Supporter of Ricardo’s EconomicsEconomics

Classical economics the Classical economics the “dismal science”“dismal science”

David Ricardo (1772–David Ricardo (1772–1823)1823)

Opposed to government Opposed to government intervention in foreign tradeintervention in foreign trade

Principles of Political Economy Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and Taxation (1817)(1817)

““iron law of wages”iron law of wages” Increase of wages cause Increase of wages cause

working class to breed working class to breed causing competition in the causing competition in the workplace causing wages to workplace causing wages to decreasedecrease

John Stuart Mill (1806-John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)1873)

Rejects utilitarianism and Rejects utilitarianism and founds classical liberalismfounds classical liberalism

On Liberty On Liberty (1859)(1859) Need to protect minorities from Need to protect minorities from

the tyranny of the majoritythe tyranny of the majority Need to take human emotions Need to take human emotions

into account into account Champions social reform for the Champions social reform for the

poor, some redistribution of poor, some redistribution of wealth necessary, women’s wealth necessary, women’s rightsrights

Questions the sacrosanct nature Questions the sacrosanct nature of private propertyof private property

                   

     

The Various Socialist The Various Socialist ThinkersThinkers

Existing economic system aimless, chaotic, unjustExisting economic system aimless, chaotic, unjust Question the value of private enterprise and espouse Question the value of private enterprise and espouse

some form of communal ownership of productive assets some form of communal ownership of productive assets (banks, factories, machines, land)(banks, factories, machines, land)

Coordination rather than competitionCoordination rather than competition Flat out rejection of laissez faire of liberal economistsFlat out rejection of laissez faire of liberal economists French Revolution only the first step; to solve society’s French Revolution only the first step; to solve society’s

problems necessary to address the economic inequities problems necessary to address the economic inequities introduced by the industrial revolution introduced by the industrial revolution

Antediluvian or utopian socialists vs. Scientific socialism Antediluvian or utopian socialists vs. Scientific socialism of Marx and Engelsof Marx and Engels

Robert Owen (1771-1858)Robert Owen (1771-1858) Appalled at the conditions of Appalled at the conditions of

Scottish mill handsScottish mill hands Creates model communityCreates model community Low hours and high wagesLow hours and high wages Corrects vice and Corrects vice and

drunkennessdrunkenness Creates schools and company Creates schools and company

storesstores a cotton lord who models a cotton lord who models

paternalistic capitalism and paternalistic capitalism and religious radicalismreligious radicalism

Henri de St Simon (1760-Henri de St Simon (1760-1825)1825)

Founder of French socialismFounder of French socialism Followers called St SimoniansFollowers called St Simonians First clear advocate of a First clear advocate of a

planned societyplanned society Public ownership of industrial Public ownership of industrial

equipment and capitalequipment and capital Decisions made by captains Decisions made by captains

of industry, tecnocrats, social of industry, tecnocrats, social engineersengineers

Coordination of labor and Coordination of labor and resources of societyresources of society

Charles Fourier (1772-Charles Fourier (1772-1837)1837)

An eccentric with host of An eccentric with host of fantastic ideas and no formal fantastic ideas and no formal trainingtraining

Concept of Concept of phalansterephalanstere Communities of 1620 linked Communities of 1620 linked

tightly like the ancient Greek tightly like the ancient Greek military formation function as military formation function as a unita unit

Wanted to elevate the status Wanted to elevate the status of manual labor and turn of manual labor and turn work into playwork into play

Detested industrial society Detested industrial society and classical economists and classical economists

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)1865)

What Is Property? What Is Property? (1840)(1840) Rejected industrial societyRejected industrial society People should have People should have

property rights only in the property rights only in the fruits of their own labor, fruits of their own labor, not rights to the labor of not rights to the labor of othersothers

A self educated typesetterA self educated typesetter Anarchistic views – hates Anarchistic views – hates

governmentgovernment Small communities of Small communities of

modest producers modest producers

Scientific Socialism:Scientific Socialism: Dialectical Materialism or Dialectical Materialism or CommunismCommunism

                   

     

Friedrich Engels 1820-1895Karl Marx 1818-1883

FeminismFeminism Radical critique of women’s position in Radical critique of women’s position in

society offered by liberals and socialists alikesociety offered by liberals and socialists alike Often tied to questions about slaveryOften tied to questions about slavery John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor

championed the equality of women and the championed the equality of women and the need for birth controlneed for birth control

Fourier redesigned his society around Fourier redesigned his society around freedom for (but not equality of) womenfreedom for (but not equality of) women

St Simonians seek elevationSt Simonians seek elevation NOT Proudhon women as housewives or NOT Proudhon women as housewives or

prostitutesprostitutes