THE IPM PHILOSOPHY AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE UPLAND- LOELAND CONTINUUM OF RICE ECOLOGIES K.P. SIBUGA...
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Transcript of THE IPM PHILOSOPHY AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE UPLAND- LOELAND CONTINUUM OF RICE ECOLOGIES K.P. SIBUGA...
THE IPM PHILOSOPHY AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE UPLAND-LOELAND CONTINUUM OF RICE
ECOLOGIES
K.P. SIBUGASokoine University of Agriculture
Department of Crop Science and Production
Morogoro, Tanzania
Africa Rice Congress
31 July – 4th August, 2006. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Outline
• IntroductionRice production ecologiesGeneral overviewProduction constraints• Pests • The IPM philosophy• Conceptual framework for IPM • Challenges• Opportunities• The way forward
Introduction• The rice continuum - Five main
ecosystems in Africa
• Upland dominant (55%) cf. 11% for irrigated
Implications on productivityImplications on pests (eg weeds)
Rice in Africa: Area
• West Africa leads the way
Rice area by region (Oteng &SantAnna, 2003)
Rice in Africa:Volumes
Rice production by region (Oteng &SantAnna, 2003)
West Africa leads the way
Trends in rice grain yields in Africa
• Little change 1990-1996
• Situation likely
to change in 2000s
Oteng and SantAnna, 2003
Production constraints
De Datta, 1981)
Pest manag.
Pests – Insects, diseases, nematodes, weeds, birds, rodents contribute to yield gap type II
AGM
AGM damage
Pest variability exists in the continuum:
Occurrence (by species)
Season
Severity of damage caused
General crop management practices
Control practices
Pest management???
Other options exist!!
The IPM philosophy • IPM – Utilizing all suitable techniques and methods
in a compatible manner (FAO, 1967)
• Initially developed for high input systems to counter extensive use of pesticide (insecticides*)
• First developed in the USA (1960s), transferred to Asia (1970s) then Africa (1980s)
• Initially IPM = Integrated management of insects
• Current definition of PEST is more inclusive
Conceptual framework for IPM
Pest identification
Prioritize-farmer perception
Control options available?
Appropriate IPM combinations
Apply IPM technologies
M & E for effectivenessand/or modification
What should constitute an effective IPM strategy for rice
• Deliberate efforts to minimize pest occurrence (crop management)
• Rational use of pesticides (if absolutely necessary)
• IPM packages for specific situations (No universal IPM prescriptions!)
The challenges
• Reliable inventories for cause & effects of pests down the continuum RESOURCES
• Defined IPM goals for specific ecosystems
• Farmers/E able to recognize pests/symptoms (training)
• Technology options within farmers’ reach/capability
• User-friendly decision making tools developed and disseminated to relevant stakeholders
The opportunities
1. IPM is widely endorsed as official philosophy by governments, researchers, NGOs’ donor agencies in SAA (Orr, 2003)
Resources required to turn policies into activities:
- human - financial - physical
The opportunities
2. Change in farmers’ attitude towards commercialization of rice
Eager to share/learn new ideas
Participatory learning and tech. Dev. (FFS model)
HH labour available(?)
The opportunities
3.Tougher regulations on pesticides
Concerns on E & NRM ( soil, water, beneficials )
High pesticide prices
The opportunities
4. Organization and partnership: WARDA, ECARRN, NARS, Universities, NGOs, Farmers
NERICAs – a breakthrough vs pests?
Can IPM contribute to the ‘African Green
Revolution’ – Way forward
– Bottom up – based on real pressing pest problems as per farmer perception
– Science led IPM through partnership (Incorporating molecular techniques)
– Participatory – making use of farmers’ IK (where appropriate)
Research
Communication
Food for future Africans
IPM as part and parcel of ICM
Acknowledgement
• WARDA
• ECARRN
• GoT (MAFC)
• SUA