„THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN...
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Transcript of „THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…” ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG TEENAGERS IN...
„THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…”
ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG
TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY
by Mihály CSÁKÓ
ELTE / JWTC, Budapest
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Mottos:
„The invisible connectionis more powerful than the visible one.” – Heraclitus
(quoted in Hippolytus, Refutations)
„I do not detest him. I simply do not talk to him and avoid to meet him.” – 17 year old trainee
(in a VET school)
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Socio-historical background
• Hungarian as „others” and others to Hungarian in history
• Globalization brings about a new level of density in human co-existence (in the Durkheimien sense of the term).
• National differences in experiencing the new level of density
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Methodology
• Theoretical background– Almond & Verba’s notion of „civic culture”– Annick Percheron’s conceptualization of political
socialization
• Sampling: no representativity– As a curricular activity of sociology students, the
project is limited in scope.– A larger survey needs money.
• Questionnaires: too many changes (for the same reason)
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Sampling
Sampling principle: „different enough”• 1990: three classes in Budapest
– an inner-city school– an urban housing estate school– an elite school
• 1994: six classes in Budapestwith doubling the numbers in the same scheme
• 1998, 2002, 2006: six classes in Budapest, three classes in Győr six classes in Debrecen
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 1
CHOSEN FOR SHARING A ROOM /A TENT /A DESK
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Nationality / ethnicity
Per
cen
tag
e o
f 7t
h g
rad
ers
wh
o c
ho
se t
hem
1998
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 1
WITH WHOM REFUSE 7th GRADERS TO SHARE THEIR TENT (2002) OR DESK (2006) ?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Gypsy Je
w
Romanian
Arab
Russian
Chinese
Africa
n
Germ
anPole
Slovak
Swedish
Englis
h
Nationality / ethnicity
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
ject
ion
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 2
INTOLERANCE EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1991 1994 1998 2002 2006
Year
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
7th
gra
de
rs
Jews
Gypsies
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 1. Politics
• Unexpected experience of political conflicts in the new democracy
• Arguments which rearrange the political scene and lead to a renaissance of anti-Semitism
• In September 1991, a new movement called Democratic Charta was started to defend democracy(János Kis, György Konrád, Iván Vitányi)
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 1. Politics
István Csurka• 1956: a student leader (interned for
half a year)• 1987: one of the founders of
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF)• 1991-1992: Vice-president of MDF,
publishes an overtly anti-Semitic paper• 1993: expelled from MDF, he founds
the right-wing Party of Hungarian Truth and Life (MIÉP)
• 1994-1998: President of the extra-parliamentary MIÉP he managed to raise mass support for his party.
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 3
"DO YOU LIKE…?"
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1998 2002 2006
Year
Per
cen
t o
f p
osi
tive
/ n
egat
ive
atti
tud
e
American: yes
American: no
Gypsy: yes
Gypsy: no
Jew : yes
Jew : no
Transylvanian: yes
Transylvanian: no
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Attitude to neighbors
RomanianSlovak
2002
2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Percentage of rejection
Neighboring nations
Year
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS HUNGARY'S NEIGHBORS
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Attitudes to special minorities
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOME MINORITIES WITHIN HUNGARY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Gypsy Jew Arab Chinese African
Minorities
Fre
qu
en
cy
of
reje
cti
on
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
An outlook to higher grades
STUDENTS' TOLERENCE TOWARDS NEIGHBORING NATIONS, 2005.
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Croate Slovak Serb Romanian
Nationality of the classmate
Wou
ld /
wou
ld n
ot a
ccep
t % Would not accept
Would accept
STUDENTS' TOLERENCE TOWARDS MINORITIES WITHIN HUNGARY, 2005
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Nationality of the classmate
Wou
ld /
wou
ld n
ot
acce
pt %
Would not accept
Would accept
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ roleTOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE
EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED TOWARDS GYPSIES, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Elementary VETschool
Highschool
Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Perc
en
tag
e o
f th
e a
ttit
ud
e
Intolerance
None
Tolerance
TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED TOWARDS
JEWS, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
the
att
itu
de
Intoler
None
Toler
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE EMOTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE WORD GYPSIES, BY FATHERS'
EDUCATION
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Po
sit
ive
/ n
eg
ati
ve
em
oti
on
s
Negative
Undecided
Positive
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE EMOTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE WORD JEWS, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Po
sit
ive
/ n
eg
ati
ve
em
oti
on
sNegative
Undecided
Positive
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role
Father’s educational level
N Mean forWestern countries
Mean for„colored”
groups
8 classes 45 2.18 0.58
12 classes 273 2.51 0.27
F 3.401 4.870
d 3 3
p 0.017 0.002
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role
THE IMPACT OF TALKING WITH FATHER ABOUT POLITICS ON TEENAGERS' ATTITUDE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
...Jews ...Gypsies
Attitude towards...
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
the
att
itu
de
Negative
Undecided
Positive
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role
%Talks with father about politics
No Yes N=100
Father's level of education
Primary 69,1 30,9 55
VET 60,2 39,8 133
Secondary 70,3 29,7 259
Higher 58 42 414
Total 66,7 33,3 993
Chi2 = 54,796 d=4 p=0.000
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 3. Teacher’s role
THE IMPACT OF TALKING WITH TEACHER ABOUT POLITICS ON TEENAGERS ATTITUDE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
...Jews ...Gypsies
Attitude towards...
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
the
att
itu
de
Negative
Undecided
Positive
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
The Hungarian Guard is still marching