THE INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE AND THE CGIAR RESEARCH PROGRAMS - Peter McCornick

www.iwmi.org

Water for a food-secure world

THE INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE AND THE CGIAR RESEARCH

PROGRAMS

8th Meeting of the CGIAR Independent Science Partnership Council9-11 September 2013

IWMI Headquarters, Pelawatte, Sri Lanka

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VisionWater for a food-secure world

MissionTo improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and the

environment.

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• Small-Scale Irrigation/Agricultural Water Management in sub-Saharan Africa

• Revitalizing Public Canal Irrigation• Combating Irrigation Induced Salinity• Water Management Solutions in the Eastern

Gangetic Plains• Reducing Risk and Intensifying Production in

Rainfed Systems• Business Opportunities for Resource Recovery

and Reuse• Safe Wastewater and Excreta Use• Managing Variability• Water Resources Allocation and Sharing• Water, Energy, Food and Environment Tradeoffs• Water Data, Accounting and Agro-ecosystem

Health

Main Program Areas

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RESE

ARCH

CHAN

GE

&

OU

TCO

MES

Research for Development

POLICIESINVESTMENTSPRACTICES

BIOPHYSICALSOCIALECONOMICSBUSINESS

RESEARCH OUTPUTS INTERMEDIATE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES

Outcome-Oriented Research

This demands:• Priorities and requirements of users • Joint conceptualisation by research

and non-research partners• Customize research findings for the

audiences• Validation of emerging results

• Teams with complementary expertise and leadership (research + communications + business + policy)

• External intermediaries (senior level advisors, development practitioners) play a significant role in facilitating outcomes

• Utilize synergies and allow flexibility

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Notable and Emerging Outcomes

• Mainstreaming the crisis in water and food through the Comprehensive Assessment, the Challenge Program on Water and Food, and other programs

• Agricultural Water Management Solutions to scaling up and sustaining small-scale irrigation technologies and practices in Africa and South Asia.

• Adoption of policies and guidelines to manage water for adaptation to climate change (ie. Nepal and Sri Lanka).

• Implementation of a practical solution at-scale to the agriculture induced groundwater governance crisis in Gujarat, India.

• Increasing Indian Government investments in reforming underperforming large scale public irrigation.

• Adoption of policies, guidelines and practices for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture.

• Development of environmental flow requirements for rivers in South Asia.

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Towards Outcomes from Safe Wastewater Use in Agriculture

2010: Co-authored the World Bank policy on wastewater

2011: Member of the UN-Water Task Force on wastewater SDG targets

2012: MoU with WHO to institutionalize collaboration on safe wastewater use

2012: Co-authored the international chapter of USEPA-USAID Wastewater Use Guidelines

2012: Two IWMI researchers joined the WHO Global Expert Group on water quality

2012: FAO Farmer Field School manual based on IWMI research

2013: Regional wastewater reuse workshops involving 160 participants from 73 countries (together with UNU, UNEP, FAO and WHO)

2013: Partnering with FAO within WLE to update the AQUASTAT Wastewater database

2013: Joining UNEP’s Global Wastewater Initiative and UNEP’s initiative to write the First World Water Quality Assessment.

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Governing Groundwater in Gujarat

• Jyotigram program in Gujarat, where separate electrical supply lines have been developed for agricultural pumps. Allows for managing demand and withdrawals of water.

• Being explored by other States as an option.

• Of interest to States and countries still to develop groundwater resources

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Groundwater: The Silent Revolution in Agriculture

Each dot = 5,000 wells

~ 15 million electric pumps mostly in north-west, west and southern India~11 million diesel pumps mostly in eastern India

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010cu

bic

km

/ye

ar

US W.Europe SpainMexico China IndiaPakistan Bangladesh Sri LankaVietnam Ghana South AfricaTunisia

Over exploited in the west and south India, and underdeveloped in the east.

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Agricultural Water Management/Small-Scale Irrigation in Africa• Nearly 300 million of the poor in SSA are in rural areas

where livelihoods depend on crops, livestock and fisheries.• Land and water management is one of four pillars for

priority investment of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP).

• The pillar aims to triple the area (~20 million hectares) under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems.

• Many countries, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria and Tanzania, have prioritized investments in irrigation.

• Expansion and sustaining irrigation requires good science and innovation, ie. business models.

• As with South Asia in the past, small-holder, informal irrigation is expanding within rain-fed landscapes.

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Agricultural Water Management - Across the Rainfed to Irrigated Continuum

Back on the agenda in Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and elsewhere

Unlocking the potential for smallholder agriculture to improve

the lives of smallholder farmers in 5 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and 2

states in India

Small-scale Irrigation in Africa

(Giordano et al, 2012)

Scaling Up: Access to Water & Markets

Backward Linkages(Inputs)

Resource/Livelihoodsituation

Forward Linkages(Agricultural Products/Markets)

ExternalityManagement

PROFITABILITYOF AWM

SOLUTIONS

POLICIES/INSTITUTIONS

ACCESS

IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS

Rapid Participatory Opportunity and Constraint Analysis (RPOCA)Methodology which provides insights into: • Where to invest?• Who could benefit?• What types of interventions work best?• How to intervene?• Actors: What support is needed and from

whom?

Smallholder Agricultural Water Management: A vibrant and growing sector in Sub Saharan AfricaSmallholder Agricultural Water Management: A vibrant and growing sector in Sub Saharan Africa

Outputs

Agricultural Water Management in Ghana

Source: estimates based on farmer surveys under this project

No. of farmers Irrigated area (ha.)0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

Public irrigation schemes Small reservoirs Motorized pumpsBuckets, watering cans Treadle pumps

Smallholder Agricultural Water Management: Potential to Impact MillionsSmallholder Agricultural Water Management: Potential to Impact Millions

Outputs

SSA: motor pumps • 122 million potential rural beneficiaries• Net revenues up to US$7.5 billion/yr.

Tanzania: motor pumps could benefit 2-3 million people.

Medium

Low

High

Agricultural Water Management Solutions - Emerging OutcomesPolicies: National and sub-National polices changed to enhance the enabling environment. Ghana, Ethiopia, and Zambia

Investments and Budgets: Increased funding to agricultural water management solutions: Tanzania, USAID, IFAD, SIDA, etc.

• Feed the Future Small Scale Irrigation Laboratory 2013-2018 – USAID• IFAD investments in Africa• Grand Challenge – Securing Water for Food: $25 million – SIDA & USAID

Continuing program: On-going activities in 13 countries in SSAPartners include:

• Water Land Ecosystems, Humid Tropics, Dryland Systems and AAS;• AVRDC, Bioversity, CIAT, CIP, ICRAF, IFPRI, ILRI; • CIDA, DFID, EU, IFAD, JIRCAS, MAFF, SDC, USAID, WATERNET; and • CADAP, CRS, FARA, WUR

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Managing Variability

TOO LITTLE… TOO MUCH…

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Variability increases with climate change

Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory

Variability increases water scarcity

Variability determines flood risk and damages

Water Resources Variability

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• Detailed characterization and mapping of flood and drought risks and hot spots globally and in regions – under current and future climates

• Appraisal of diverse water storage “portfolios” of natural and built storage “infrastructure”, and ecosystem services they provide. Mainstreaming those into river basin development

• Focus on underground solutions for conjunctive management of floods and droughts in a river basin

Research Directions for Managing Variability

Flooded area (2000 – 2011)

Annual maps of maximum inundation

Characterizing Floods

• Exploring partnerships with re-insurance companies

(Giriraj et al, 2012)

© Photobucket

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Water Storage Continuum

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• Recharge rates sufficient if canal water is pretreated through wetlands

• Falling GW level trends can be reversed and year-round rice/sugar production maintained

`

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) to Stabilize Groundwater in Central Plains of Thailand

CURRENT ACTIVITIES:• Assessing regional prospects (Eastern Ganga

initially)• Developing conceptual hydrological modelling of

pilot design• Selection of pilot catchments (Ganga & Chao

Phraya basins)• Determine costs and benefits of options• Identifying institutional arrangements for sharing

benefits and costs between farmers and flood agencies

CurrentlyWet Season

UTFIWet Season

UTFIDry Season

Basin Scale Conjunctive Use to Mitigate Floods, Improve Livelihoods and Increase Food Security.

• Develop strong proof of concept in technical, economic & institutional terms

• Evaluate opportunities for up-scaling & out-scaling

Flood risk in the EGB

Potential Solution: “Under Ground Taming of Floods”.

Resource, Recovery & Reuse – Business Perspectives for Scaling Up

How to move technologies and

practices to scale?

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Example of Resource Recovery & Reuse

With urban areas increasingly consuming our resources, how best can they be

recovered?

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• Technical knowledge is largely available but remains on the shelf, particularly in low-income countries.

• Hardly any project goes to scale, recovers its costs, or even survives its subsidized pilot stage.

• RRR brings a paradigm shift into the sanitation-agriculture interface by studying and testing Business Models with due consideration of safety aspects and cultural perceptions.

Reuse is not new …

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• Applying a business perspective to the recovery of nutrients, water and energy.

• Analyzing existing successes across low-income countries for their set-up, history and business models.

• Testing most promising business models for replication and economic feasibility at largest possible scale.

• Presenting results in business plans and city investment programs for RRR.

• Addressing health concerns through the parallel development of Sanitation Safety Plans per business model.

Solutions

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Feasibility studies for Business and Investment plans

1. Demand for value proposition per market segment (from perceptions to WTP)

2. Supply and quality of raw materials

3. Locally available technical options

4. Regulatory and policy environment

5. Possible health/environmental risk mitigation measures and socio-economic benefits

6. Investment opportunities and partners

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Current status:• Existing Database of 150+ business cases across

Asia, Africa and Latin America• Selection of 60 cases for in-depth analysis• Development of 20 business models• Testing their feasibility in 10 cities

Writing business plans for investors

• Action research on reuse guidelines and policy recommendations.

• Compost valorization trials (from faecal sludge to safe fertilizer pellets).

• Monitoring business plan implementation• Extrapolation domain analysis for replication• Support for business school curriculum• Convening entrepreneur & investor summits• Business incubation through strategic partnerships

Selected strategic partners:

• The RRR research portfolio targets private sector engagement, PPP, investors and business schools.

• A team of economists, business developers, engineers and environmental scientists works closely together.

• Analyzing business models, plans and returns on investment are building blocks of the research program.

• This young program has received significant feedback with donors ready to invest in the business plans.

• There are many avenues to apply the same analytical and business approach to other research portfolios.

Take Home Messages

IWMI’s is involved in five CGIAR research programs, and works with others

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DrylandsHumid Tropics

AAS

WLE

CCAFS

Windows Funding

4. Variability management

3. Addressing degradation

1. Harnessing productivity

2. Business models

THE INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE AND THE CGIAR RESEARCH PROGRAMS - Peter McCornick

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