THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARITIME SECURITY
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Transcript of THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARITIME SECURITY
THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARITIME SECURITY
THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARITIME SECURITY
Maritime Security SeminarKarlshamn, Sweden16-17 October 2007
Max MejiaAssistant Professor
World Maritime University
Maritime Security SeminarKarlshamn, Sweden16-17 October 2007
Max MejiaAssistant Professor
World Maritime University
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
PIRACY IN ANCIENT HISTORY
King Minos of Crete (2000 BC?)
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Edward Teach a.k.a. Blackbeard
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MODERN PIRACY
MODERN PIRACY...from “subsistence
pirates”
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MODERN PIRACY...to “organized
syndicates”
M/V Alondra Rainbow
ALONDRA RAINBOWGLOBAL VENTURE
M/V Global VentureM/V Mega Rama
MEGA RAMA
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Kidnap for ransomKidnap for ransom
K f R• Somalia• Indonesia (GAM)• Philippines (ASG)
PIRACY & ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPShow big a problem is it?
0
50
100
150
200
250300
350
400
450
500
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
actual and attempted attacks
PIRACY & ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPSpotential for violence
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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160
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Pirates with guns Pirates with knives
PIRACY & ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPSgeographical distribution
122
80
3625
13
88
6153
29
8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Ea & SE Asia Africa/Red Sea IndianSubcontinent
Americas Rest of the world
2005
2006
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Year 2006, worldwide:• Physical and psychological harm to seafarers
• 188 taken hostage• 15 injured• 3 missing• 162 ships boarded• 7 ships fired upon• 14 ships hijacked
Year 2006, worldwide:• Physical and psychological harm to seafarers
• 188 taken hostage• 15 injured• 3 missing• 162 ships boarded• 7 ships fired upon• 14 ships hijacked
PIRACY & ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPShow big a problem is it?
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ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCESECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
• US$ Billions in annual losses for the world economy
• Around US$ 10 thousand for each day’s delay in port
• Potential environmental disaster - US$$$billions!!!
• US$ Billions in annual losses for the world economy
• Around US$ 10 thousand for each day’s delay in port
• Potential environmental disaster - US$$$billions!!!
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EXXON VALDEZEXXON VALDEZ
• initial cleanup over $2.1 billion.
• settlement of civil charges, $900 million over a 10-year period
• settlement of criminal charges, fine of $250 million.
• Two "restitution funds" of $50 million each
• $2.5 billion in punitive damages (awarded 22 Jan 2006)
• initial cleanup over $2.1 billion.
• settlement of civil charges, $900 million over a 10-year period
• settlement of criminal charges, fine of $250 million.
• Two "restitution funds" of $50 million each
• $2.5 billion in punitive damages (awarded 22 Jan 2006)
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MARITIME TERRORIST ATTACKSMARITIME TERRORIST ATTACKS
October 1985October 1985
ACHILLE LAURO
USS Cole AttackUSS Cole Attack12 October 200012 October 2000
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Bombing of Our Lady of Mediatrix in Ozamis City in February 2002.Bombing of Our Lady of Mediatrix in Ozamis City in February 2002.
Limburg 6 October 2002
Limburg 6 October 2002
Superferry 14
explosion26 Feb 04
Superferry 14
explosion26 Feb 04
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MARITIME TERRORIST ATTACKSMARITIME TERRORIST ATTACKS
YEAR VESSEL KILLED WOUNDED
2004 Superferry 14 100+
2002 Limburg 1
2000 USS Cole 17 37
2000 Our Lady of Mediatrix
40 50
1988 City of Poros 9 98
1985 Achille Lauro 1
1961 Santa Maria 1
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PIRACY vs TERRORISMPIRACY vs TERRORISM
PIRACY• High probability
• Low impact• Location: high seas
• Motivation: private ends, lucri causa
PIRACY• High probability
• Low impact• Location: high seas
• Motivation: private ends, lucri causa
TERRORISM• Low probability• High impact• Location: anywhere
• Motivation: politic-al ends, coercion
TERRORISM• Low probability• High impact• Location: anywhere
• Motivation: politic-al ends, coercion
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• MARITIME FRAUD• DRUG TRAFFICKING• REFUGEES AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
• ARMS SMUGGLING• CRIMINAL SYNDICATES
• MARITIME FRAUD• DRUG TRAFFICKING• REFUGEES AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
• ARMS SMUGGLING• CRIMINAL SYNDICATES
other threats to maritime security
other threats to maritime security
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being a stowaway…being a stowaway…
• is a crime• compromises SAFETY and SECURITY and poses a danger to –– him/herself– crew– passengers– cargo– ship
• is a crime• compromises SAFETY and SECURITY and poses a danger to –– him/herself– crew– passengers– cargo– ship
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Stowawaysfinancial & social costspublic sector (once landed)
Stowawaysfinancial & social costspublic sector (once landed)
– strain on the public health and welfare system
– board and accommodation– administrative procedures– possible rise in illegal activities and criminality
– social tension
– strain on the public health and welfare system
– board and accommodation– administrative procedures– possible rise in illegal activities and criminality
– social tension
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• fines due to stowaways being on board
• cost of guards• ship delays• time & manpower• victualling expenses
• clean clothing• bedding
• fines due to stowaways being on board
• cost of guards• ship delays• time & manpower• victualling expenses
• clean clothing• bedding
• toiletries• embassy fees• jail detention expenses
• repatriation flights• flights and accommodation
• ship delays• expenses for escorts• expenses incurred by agents
• toiletries• embassy fees• jail detention expenses
• repatriation flights• flights and accommodation
• ship delays• expenses for escorts• expenses incurred by agents
Stowawaysfinancial & social costsprivate sector (shipping)
Stowawaysfinancial & social costsprivate sector (shipping)
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•Economic refugees•Political asylum seekers
•Criminals/terrorists
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Wisteria (2004)Wisteria (2004)
• Panama-flagged reefer• 4 stowaways (Senegalese?) thrown overboard in the high seas
• Chinese crew made clandestine report
• South Korean captain – confessed• 5 murder suspects released• Spanish court ruled no jurisdiction• Flag state to conduct inquiry, take action
• Panama-flagged reefer• 4 stowaways (Senegalese?) thrown overboard in the high seas
• Chinese crew made clandestine report
• South Korean captain – confessed• 5 murder suspects released• Spanish court ruled no jurisdiction• Flag state to conduct inquiry, take action
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Wisteria (2004)Wisteria (2004)
• In the meantime, accused have already left Spain for home
• Court case in Panama?– Doubtful– Extradition unlikely
• In the meantime, accused have already left Spain for home
• Court case in Panama?– Doubtful– Extradition unlikely
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GIOIA TAURO “Container Bob”GIOIA TAURO “Container Bob”• a routine inspection in the Italian Port of Gioia Tauro, of a Port of Halifax bound container revealed a suspected al-Qaeda terrorist hiding inside with• valid Canadian passport• plans of airports• false security passes• an aviation mechanic's certificate
• The container was equipped with a• bed toilet• heater water supply• cell phone satellite phone• laptop computer
• suspect Amid Farid Rizik was arrested…• …but later disappeared after posting bail
• a routine inspection in the Italian Port of Gioia Tauro, of a Port of Halifax bound container revealed a suspected al-Qaeda terrorist hiding inside with• valid Canadian passport• plans of airports• false security passes• an aviation mechanic's certificate
• The container was equipped with a• bed toilet• heater water supply• cell phone satellite phone• laptop computer
• suspect Amid Farid Rizik was arrested…• …but later disappeared after posting bail
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• June, 2000• Fujian to Dover• 60 Chinese nationals
– 58 died of suffocation
– 2 survivors
Human smugglingHuman smuggling
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INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARITIME SECURITYINTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR MARITIME SECURITY
• UNCLOS 82 (United Nations)
• IMO anti-piracy programme (soft law)
• SUA Convention 1988/2005 (Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (“Rome Convention”))
• SOLAS security amendments 2002(Int’l Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,’74)IMO goes ashore!
• UNCLOS 82 (United Nations)
• IMO anti-piracy programme (soft law)
• SUA Convention 1988/2005 (Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (“Rome Convention”))
• SOLAS security amendments 2002(Int’l Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,’74)IMO goes ashore!
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UNCLOS PIRACY PROVISIONSUNCLOS PIRACY PROVISIONS
Article 100 - Duty to co-operate in the repression of piracy
Article 101 - Definition of piracyArticle 102 - Piracy by a warship, gov’t ship or gov’t
aircraft whose crew has mutiniedArticle 103 - Definition of a pirate ship or aircraftArticle 104 - Retention or loss of the nationality of a
pirate ship or aircraftArticle 105 - Seizure of a pirate ship or aircraftArticle 106 - Liability for seizure without adequate
groundsArticle 107 - Ships and aircraft which are entitled to
seize on account of piracyArticle 110 - Right of visitArticle 111 - Right of hot pursuit
Article 100 - Duty to co-operate in the repression of piracy
Article 101 - Definition of piracyArticle 102 - Piracy by a warship, gov’t ship or gov’t
aircraft whose crew has mutiniedArticle 103 - Definition of a pirate ship or aircraftArticle 104 - Retention or loss of the nationality of a
pirate ship or aircraftArticle 105 - Seizure of a pirate ship or aircraftArticle 106 - Liability for seizure without adequate
groundsArticle 107 - Ships and aircraft which are entitled to
seize on account of piracyArticle 110 - Right of visitArticle 111 - Right of hot pursuit
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PIRACY DEFINEDPIRACY DEFINED
UNCLOS Art. 1011. an illegal act of violence2. motivated by private gain3. committed by persons on board a
private ship4. directed against another vessel, or
the persons and property on board5. committed on the high seas or outside
the jurisdiction of any State.
UNCLOS Art. 1011. an illegal act of violence2. motivated by private gain3. committed by persons on board a
private ship4. directed against another vessel, or
the persons and property on board5. committed on the high seas or outside
the jurisdiction of any State.
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UNCLOS PIRACY PROVISIONSUNCLOS PIRACY PROVISIONS
Problem areas
1. Location of piratical act
Problem areas
1. Location of piratical act
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AVERAGE DISTANCE OFPIRATICAL ATTACKSAVERAGE DISTANCE OFPIRATICAL ATTACKS
• Indonesia – 11.55 NM from shore
• Northeast Asia – 68 NM from shore
• South China Sea – 94.4 NM from shore
• Indonesia – 11.55 NM from shore
• Northeast Asia – 68 NM from shore
• South China Sea – 94.4 NM from shore
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UNCLOS PIRACY PROVISIONSUNCLOS PIRACY PROVISIONS
Problem areas
1. Location of piratical act2. Two-ship rule / private ship
/ pirate ship3. Private ends
Problem areas
1. Location of piratical act2. Two-ship rule / private ship
/ pirate ship3. Private ends
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AMENDMENTOF UNCLOS?AMENDMENTOF UNCLOS?
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IMO anti-piracy programmeIMO anti-piracy programme
• Resolution A.545 (13) “Measures to Prevent Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships” – 17 November 1983
Submitted by Sweden.Anti-piracy Assembly Resolution urging governments concerned to take all measures necessary to prevent and suppress acts of piracy (in the open sea) and armed robbery (elsewhere) against ships.
• Resolution A.545 (13) “Measures to Prevent Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships” – 17 November 1983
Submitted by Sweden.Anti-piracy Assembly Resolution urging governments concerned to take all measures necessary to prevent and suppress acts of piracy (in the open sea) and armed robbery (elsewhere) against ships.
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
• MSC 49 (Apr 84) - established “piracy & armed robbery against ships” as fixed agenda item
• MSC 49 (Apr 84) - established “piracy & armed robbery against ships” as fixed agenda item
IMO anti-piracy programme
IMO anti-piracy programme
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• Resolution A.584 (14) “Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts which Threaten the Safety of Ships and the Security of Their Passengers and Crews” – 20 November 1985
• Maritime Safety Committee Circular 443 “Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts against Passengers and Crews onboard Ships” – 26 September 1986
• Resolution A.584 (14) “Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts which Threaten the Safety of Ships and the Security of Their Passengers and Crews” – 20 November 1985
• Maritime Safety Committee Circular 443 “Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts against Passengers and Crews onboard Ships” – 26 September 1986
IMO anti-piracy programmeIMO anti-piracy programme
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• Resolution A.683 (17) “Prevention and Suppression of Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships” – 6 November 1991
• 1992 - Working Group on the Malacca Strait
• Resolution A.683 (17) “Prevention and Suppression of Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships” – 6 November 1991
• 1992 - Working Group on the Malacca Strait
IMO anti-piracy programme
IMO anti-piracy programme
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• Maritime Safety Committee Circular 622 “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Recommendations to Governments for preventing and suppressing acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships”
• Maritime Safety Committee Circular 623 “Piracy...: Guidance to shipowners and ship operators, shipmasters & crews on preventing...”
• Maritime Safety Committee Circular 622 “Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Recommendations to Governments for preventing and suppressing acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships”
• Maritime Safety Committee Circular 623 “Piracy...: Guidance to shipowners and ship operators, shipmasters & crews on preventing...”
IMO anti-piracy programme
IMO anti-piracy programme
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• Resln A.922(22) “Code for investigation of piracy & armed robbery cases” – 22 January 2002
• Resln A.923(22) “Measures to prevent the registration of ‘phantom’ ships” – 22 January 2002
• Resln A.922(22) “Code for investigation of piracy & armed robbery cases” – 22 January 2002
• Resln A.923(22) “Measures to prevent the registration of ‘phantom’ ships” – 22 January 2002
IMO anti-piracy programme
IMO anti-piracy programme
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
• Mission of Experts> impress upon govt reps the need for action> motivate political will to act on both the national as well as international level
• Mission of Experts> impress upon govt reps the need for action> motivate political will to act on both the national as well as international level
–Southeast Asia, October 1998–Brazil, October 1998–Nigeria, , October 1999–India, March 2000
IMO anti-piracy programmeIMO anti-piracy programme
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• IMO Regional seminar and workshop– explain the problem of piracy and armed robbery
– explain IMO’s recommendations on how to deal with them
• IMO Regional seminar and workshop– explain the problem of piracy and armed robbery
– explain IMO’s recommendations on how to deal with them
– Latin America + Wider Caribbean, Oct 98– East Asian region, February 1999– West and Central African countries, Oct 99
– Indian Ocean countries, March 2000
IMO anti-piracy programmeIMO anti-piracy programme
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Art. 3 offencesArt. 3 offences
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
1. Any person commits an offence if that person unlawfully and intentionally:
(a)seizes or exercises control over a ship by force; or
(b)performs an act of violence likely to endanger the safe navigation of a ship; or
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
(c) destroys/damages a ship and endanger the safe navigation of that ship; or
(d) places a device or substance likely to destroy that ship, or cause danger to the safe navigation of that ship; or
(e) destroys/damages maritime navigational facilities, if any such act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of a ship; or
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
(f) communicates information which he knows to be false, thereby endangering the safe navigation of a ship; or
(g) injures or kills any person, in connection with the commission or the attempted commission of any of the offences set forth in subparagraphs (a) to (f).
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
PROBLEM AREASPROBLEM AREAS
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
SUA - Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (Rome Convention), 1988
SUA does not define TERRORISM
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TERRORISMTERRORISM
"...the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives"
US Code of Federal Regulations Terrorism(28 C.F.R. Section 0.85)
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One (wo)man’s terrorist is another (wo)man’s freedom fighter…
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
One (wo)man’s terrorist is another (wo)man’s freedom fighter…
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SUA - PROBLEM AREASSUA - PROBLEM AREAS
• Low accession rate by states-parties– End of 2001 52 ratifications– 2002-2005141 ratifications (more than 80% of
world tonnage)
• Not all criminal offences are addressed• An act, to be unlawful, is contingent upon– control being exercised over the ship, or– the safe navigation of the ship being endangered
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“9/11” led to SUA revision“9/11” led to SUA revision
• IMO General Assembly Res. A924(22)
• SUA amendment began in early 2002
• Ended in October 2005
• IMO General Assembly Res. A924(22)
• SUA amendment began in early 2002
• Ended in October 2005
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SUA AMENDMENTSUA AMENDMENT• Diplomatic conference, IMO, Oct ’05• The aim of the two draft Protocols is to strengthen
the SUA treaties in order to provide an appropriate response to the increasing risks posed to maritime navigation by international terrorism
• Amendments include – substantial broadening of the range of offences included
in Article 3 – introduction of provisions in Article 8 to allow for the
boarding of vessels suspected of being involved in terrorist activities
• The Conference considered these amendments as well as a number of other, related, issues including– political offences clause– transfer of prisoners clause– entry into force criteria
• Diplomatic conference, IMO, Oct ’05• The aim of the two draft Protocols is to strengthen
the SUA treaties in order to provide an appropriate response to the increasing risks posed to maritime navigation by international terrorism
• Amendments include – substantial broadening of the range of offences included
in Article 3 – introduction of provisions in Article 8 to allow for the
boarding of vessels suspected of being involved in terrorist activities
• The Conference considered these amendments as well as a number of other, related, issues including– political offences clause– transfer of prisoners clause– entry into force criteria
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
SUA 2005: MAIN FEATURESSUA 2005: MAIN FEATURES
• Expanded the definition of “OFFENCES” (3bis, 3ter, 3quater)
• New article 8bis providing for a State Party to board a ship flying the flag of another State Party
• Expanded the definition of “OFFENCES” (3bis, 3ter, 3quater)
• New article 8bis providing for a State Party to board a ship flying the flag of another State Party
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Hijacking(phantom
ships)
Petty theft(subsist-ence piracy)
Kidnap for ransom
Clandestine boarding while ship underway
Violent attack while ship underway
frequencysophistication;
level of violence;applicability of SUA Conv
COASTAL ZONE HIGH SEAS
SUA AS A TOOL AGAINST PIRACY, ETCSUA AS A TOOL AGAINST PIRACY, ETC
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SOLAS 2002 + ISPS CODESOLAS 2002 + ISPS CODE
CHAPTER XI
Special measures to enhance maritime safety
CHAPTER V
Safety of Navigation
Accelerated deadline for
carriage of AIS
CHAPT XI-1
… enhance maritime
safety
CHAPT XI-2
… enhance maritime
security
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
SOLAS 2002 + ISPS CODESOLAS 2002 + ISPS CODE
PART B
PART A
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SOLAS 2002 + ISPS Code as tools against piracy and armed robbery against ships?
SOLAS 2002 + ISPS Code as tools against piracy and armed robbery against ships?
• Exchange of information• Risk based decision making• Security culture
– Seafarers– Shipping companies– Port facilities– Governments
• Ship security alert system• Automatic identification system
• Exchange of information• Risk based decision making• Security culture
– Seafarers– Shipping companies– Port facilities– Governments
• Ship security alert system• Automatic identification system
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
•CRIMINAL–UNCLOS–SUA
•CRIMINAL–UNCLOS–SUA
•REGULATORY–ISPS Code
•REGULATORY–ISPS Code
MARITIME SECURITY: COMMON INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKMARITIME SECURITY: COMMON
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
PROBLEM AREASPROBLEM AREAS
ISPS - International Ship and Port Facility Security Code + SOLAS amendments, 2002
ISPS - International Ship and Port Facility Security Code + SOLAS amendments, 2002
1. Misplaced? - security procedural code under a substantively safety convention
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
Desired effect …
maritime safety: protection against accidents at sea that may be caused by substandard ships, unqualified crew, or operator error.”
maritime security: protection against terrorist attacks, seizure, sabotage, piracy, pilferage, and other security incidents
Desired effect …
maritime safety: protection against accidents at sea that may be caused by substandard ships, unqualified crew, or operator error.”
maritime security: protection against terrorist attacks, seizure, sabotage, piracy, pilferage, and other security incidents
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
PROBLEM AREASPROBLEM AREAS
ISPS - International Ship and Port Facility Security Code + SOLAS amendments, 2002
ISPS - International Ship and Port Facility Security Code + SOLAS amendments, 2002
1. Misplaced? - security procedural code under a substantively safety convention
2. No clear link between ISPS and SUA (the security or criminal law convention)
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
AMENDMENTOF ISPS / SOLAS?
AMENDMENTOF ISPS / SOLAS?
m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007m. mejia - maritime security seminar, bth, karlshamn, 16 october 2007
THANK YOU!
ANNUAL STOWAWAY STATISTICS (IMO) 2001-2005
254 265
185153
96
583 574
481
304
209
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
YEAR
incidentspersons