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SPATIAL EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN
PERAMBALUR DISTRICT, TAMILNADU
M.Vijayalakshmi1 and R.Maniyosai2
1. Research Scholar, Department of Geography Govt College, Kumbakkonam.
2. Assistant Professor, PG and Research, Department of Geography, Govt Arts College, Kumbakonam
ABSTRACT
Groundwater, which is in aquifers below the surface of the Earth, is one of the
Nation’s most important natural resources. It provides drinking water, domestic use,
irrigation, Industrial factor. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both and
rural India. Water utilization projections for 2000 put the groundwater usage at about 50%..
Its availability depends on the rainfall and recharge conditions. The demand for water has
increased over the years and this has led to Water scarcity in many parts of the world.
Increase in population urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has
related in high impact on quality and quantity of water resource. The continuous usage of this
precious resource has lead to the depletion of its quality and quantity. In this context a study
was initiated to spatial Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for irrigation. The area selected
for the present study perambalur district of Tamilnadu.The present study has been undertaken
to analyse the geochemical parameters of the Water for irrigation for the period 1995,2005
and 2015 in perambalur district of Tamilnadu using GIS Techniques and find out the
temporal changes in the Groundwater quality and village level changes are identified using
GIS analysis. It has been identified that good quality of groundwater decreased every year.
The zonation of water Quality classified the study area into good quality area in 356.80 sq
km, medium quality area in 1353.18sqkm and poor quality area about43.38 sq km. In 1995
the study area under good water quality was 861.25sqkm.In 2005 there was decreased 403.24
sq km and 2015 increased to507.89 sq km.
Key Words: Groundwater quality EC, SAR, RSC, Na%, overlay
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1.INTRODUCTION
Water is vital renewable natural resources. Three fourth’s of the earths of the earth’s
surface is covered with water. Groundwater is an important component in many
proceses.Groundwater chemistry areas of parameters determines the quality of groundwater
of an area in entire world. But some chemical parameters affect the suitability of ground
water for irrigation. Poor groundwater quality for irrigation purpose is a matter of worry in
recent years. Ayers and Westcor 1983 investigated the groundwater quality depends on the
nature of recharging water,precipitation,surface water and hydro geochemical processes in
aquifers and reported that the quality of water varies from place to place. In 1987, Ragunath
had suggested that the selection of crops should be based on quality of water, available salt
content of the irrigation water and the physicochemical characteristics of soil. He had
postulated that the recommendations for use of water must take into account the soil types,
crops grown drainage and management practices. Jha et al., (2000) have reported the
degradation of water quality in Bihar. Study of industrial wastewater, Jana and khondoker
Emamul Haque 2002 varies water quality analyses on chemical constitutes were done.
sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR),Residual sodium carbonate (RSC),Sodium Soluble
Percent(SSP),Permeability Index(PI) and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL)water
classification were carried out to understand the suitability of groundwater for agriculture
purposes.Anbalazhagan et al 2004 have used the GIS to represent and understand the spatial
variation of varies geochemical elements in panvel basin Maharashtra. Laluraj et al(2005)
have studied ground water chemistry of shallow aquifers in the coastal zones of Cochin and
concluded that groundwater present in the shallow aquifers of some of the stations were poor
in quality and beyond potable limit as per the standard set by WHO and ISI. T.Subramani et
al 2005 indicating groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agriculture
use.variation of groundwater quality and chemical parameters greatly influenced by
geological formation and anthropogenic activities. Nishanthing et al 2010 water quality
deterioration associated with the ever increasing demand on irrigation water supply leads to
the irrigation of farmlands with poor quality water reducing croplands productivity. water
quality for agricultural purposes is determined on the basis of the effect of water on the
quality and yield of the crops.x.Rosario Arunkumar et al 2011 investigated the geochemical
assessment of Groundwater quality in cuddalore has reported that the variation of
groundwaterquality in an area is a function of physical and chemical parameters that are
greatly influence by geological formations and anthropogenic activities.Jebastina et al.2017
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investigated on GIS based Assessment of groundwater quality in Coimbatore. In this study
they were point out the quality of groundwater by Hydro chemical parameters quality of
groundwater assessed for its suitability for different purpose.
2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To analyze the Groundwater quality parameters for irrigation in perambalur district
To find out the spatio temporal changes in irrigation Groundwater quality between the
years 1995, 2005 and 2015 and to find out the area best suited water quality for
irrigation using overlay analysis.
3.STUDY AREA
Perambalur district is located in the central part of Tamilnadu.The district lies between
11° 00’ to 11°31’ north latitude and 78°36’to 79° 30’East longitude. The area extend of the
study area is 1752sq.km .The district has 4taluks and 4 blocks. It is in inland district without
coastal line. The district has vellar river in the north and it has well marked natural division
.The study area comes under the sub basin vellar, kallar, sewtanadi, koneri, marudaiyaru and
chinnar river. The average annual rainfall of the district is about 950 mm.The soils are
moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline in organic carbon and the fertility of the soil is very
low in some places of the district.(fig 1)
4.METHODOLOGY
The base map is created for the present study area using SOI Toposheets.The groundwater
quality data was collected from Groundwater department Tharamani Chennai for the year
1995, 2005 and 2015 for 24 wells. The evaluation of Groundwater quality is based on its
chemical parameters. The sample locations were plotted in GIS for entire study area. Hydro
chemical data used in this analysis including Electrical conductivity(EC),sodium adsorption
Ratio (SAR),Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and Sodium concentration values (Na%) are
plotted in each location individually. The spatial variations of the geochemical parameters
has been prepared as Raster GIS image for different periods and then the variation of
parameters of water quality for the years 1995,2005 and 2015 has prepared. The variation of
water quality integrated and explained using GIS Overlay analysis. The zonation mapping
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has been find out the suitable quality for irrigation. The changes have been observed between
1995, 2005 and 2015.spatial data and mathematical calculations were done in MS Excel.
Figure 2 Well location of study area
5.EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION.
5.1 Electrical conductivity (EC)
Electrical conductivity (EC) in natural water is the normalized measure of the water’s
ability to conduct electric current. The property of water to conduct electric current depends
upon the concentrations and movement of ions present in the solution or in the water. EC
measured by the conductivity meter in micro mhos. This is mostly influenced by dissolved
salts such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Electrical conductivity for groundwater
is the ability of 1cm³ water to conduct an electric current 25°C and is measured in micro
Siemens per centimetre, so it depends on the total amount of soluble salts (TDS) as charged
particles. It is an important indicater for water quality assessment. Since the composition of
mineral salts affects the electrical conductivity of groundwater.watter of low salinity is
generally composed of higher proportions of calcium magnesium and bicarbonate ions.water
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concentration of high Concentration sodium bicarbonate and carbonate ions have high PH.In
the EC values the spatial distribution for the years 1995,2005 and 2015 are shown in Fig 2
a,b and c.In the year 1995 the EC value ranges from 882mmhos/cm kolkakkanatham in
kunnam taluk and 2232mmhos/cm Esanai in perambalur taluk. The maximum value
recorded at all taluk in endire district.Some highest values of 4920mmhos/cm and
4280mmhos/cm are observed at Tenur in kunam taluk and peraiyur in veppanthattai
taluk.above 2250 mmhos EC value indicates Doubtful quality of water for irrigation. The EC
value lying between 750mmhos/cm to 2250 mmhos/cm is considered moderate and above
2250 mmhos/cm is poor quality of water for irrigation.In the year 1995 the EC value
variation between 930mmhos at kolkanatham to 6380mmhos/cm at kilmathur.In the year
2015 the EC values ranged between 930mmho/cm velur in perambalur taluk and
2210mmhos/cm kilumattur in kunnam taluk. Above 4000mmhos/cm of EC value is recorded
at kottarai and kilumattur in kunnam taluk (figure 3 a,b and c).
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5.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
Sodium concentration is important classifying the water for irrigation purpose because Na
concentration can reduce the soil permeability and soil structure. Water with very low sodium
concentration can be used for irrigation purposes. The higher the Sodium adsorption ratio, the
less suitable the water is for irrigation. Irrigation using water with high sodium adsorption
ratio may require soil amendments to prevent long term damage (Ca and Mg) to the soil. The
process leading to the cation exchange in soil can be studied using Sodium Adsorption Ratio.
Where all the ionic concentration is expressed in milli equivalents per litter)
Na
SAR=--------------
√(Ca+Mg)/2
The year 1995 SAR values are less than 10 in all the 22 water samples, During the year
2005 and 2015 SAR values are 8 and 18 water samples. The SAR value less than 10 epm is
considered as excellent and the values between 10 epm to 18 epm are considered to good for
irrigation purpose.18epm to 26 epm permissible and more than 26 epm considered to
unsuitable for irrigation. Based on the above equation the SARvalue is worked out for 1995,
2005 and 2015 and prepared the spatial variation of individual year. (Figure 4 a, b and c)
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5.3 Residual Sodium Concentration
The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) Index of irrigation water or soil water is used to
indicate the alkalinity hazard for soil. The RSC index is used to find the suitability of the
Water for irrigation in soil clay soils which have a high cation exchange capacity. High
concentration of sodium is bad because it increases the salinity. Eaton(1950) has suggests
that water having carbonate and bicarbonate ions in excess of calcium and magnesium will
lead to much greater alkaline formation than is indicated by its SAR and thereby decreasing
the soil permeability. The plant roots are unable to spread deeper in to the soil due to lack of
moisture.(Nordstrom 1982) water having more than 2.5 epm of RSC is not suitable for
irrigation purposes .The water with RSC value up to 2.0 epm is permissible for irrigation
purposes and whereas this value below 1.25 epm I considered as the excellent quality. The
spatial variation of the individual year has been prepared show in fig 5(a,b and c) .During
1995 Observed that value ranges between 0to 9.64.Below 1.25 epm of RSC is observed in
maximum of the study area.1.25 to 2.0 epm of RSC are observed at peraiyur, kilamattur in
kunnam taluk,ladapuram in perambalur taluk and peraiyur in veppanthattai taluk.The RSC
maximum value recorded in viramanallur in kunnam taluk (9.64epm).In the year 2005 the
RSC value ranges between 2.52 epm to 20.38 epm which is doubtful and unsuitable for
irrigation.During 2015 some region lies in the excellent with RSC value below 1.25.
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5.4 Percentage of sodium (Na %)
The concentration of sodium ion is high in irrigation water Na tends to be absorbed by clay
particles, displacing magnesium and calcium ions. This exchange process of sodium in water
for Ca and Mg in soil reduce the permeability and eventually results in soil with poor internal
drainage. So sodium concentration in ground water has an important role in the classification
quality. Maximum of sixty percentage sodium is allowed for agricultural purposes. The
sodium percentage of spatial distribution has been mapped fig 6 ( a ,b and c) observed that
the sodium percentage of water in the year 1995 ranges from 23% to144%and 4 villages have
recorded above 40% to 60% of sodium. Which is 25% of the study area and comes under
good category for irrigation purpose and the remaining areas come under poor category of
water. During the year 2005 the sodium percentage ranges from 46% %to 124%here 4
locations have exhibited the sodium percentage less than 60% and remaining 20 places have
the sodium percentage between 60% to80percent which is poor quality. During the year 2015
the sodium percentage ranges from18.07% to 149.24%. Here maximum 17 locations of the
study area poor quality of sodium percentage and 3 places of the study area recorded below
40% of sodium and only one place recorded 40% to 60% of sodium. Remaining 3 location of
the study area under medium water quality of water sodium.
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6.RESULT DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Electrical conductivity
The values of 1995 data shows that in chittali,velur,kilmattur and kolkaanatham
villages perform medium level of water quality with EC value ranging between
882mmhos/cm to1600mmhos/cm are observed in perambalur and kunnan taluks
respectively. varies villages in pasumbalur,eraiyoor,mettupalayam,peraiur ,udumpiyan of
veppanthattai taluk viramanallur,nakkasalem,tennur kilumattur in kunnam taluk and
Tiruppayyarnatam,Elumbalur,ayilur,esanai in perambalur taluk have very poor quality of
water irrigation with EC value ranging between 2300mmhos/cm to4280 mmhos /cm.In
1995,2005 and 2015 the quality of EC value is neither good nor excellent in the study area. In
2005 the EC value is widely varied from the year 1995.velur, poolambadi, udumbiyan,
kolkanatham villages have medium quality water for irrigation with EC value ranges between
1590mmhos to 2150mmhos and the Endire villages have poor quality of water for irrigation.
very poor EC values ranging between 2610mmhos/cm to7800mmhos/cm. The chittali, velur,
kilumatur, sirumathur and Esanai villages which shown medium quality of EC value in the
year 1995 is now changed to poor quality during 2005.The pasumbalur, poolambadi and
udumbiyan villages of veppanthattai taluk has changed improve from poor quality to medium
quality water. In 2015 data shows that improvement in the quality of water regarding EC
value when compared to other years of 1995 and, 2005. This may because the land
reclamation processes implemented in the district. The velur village of perambalur taluk and,
kilamathur, sirumathur village of kunnam taluk have been improved from poor quality to
medium quality of water. The pasumabalur still remains with very poor quality of water for
irrigation with an EC value of 2040mmhos/cm
6.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio.
In the year 1995 SAR values ranges between 0.75 epm to26.72epmand her the SAR value
shows a steady trend with the values lying below 10 epm in all the places of study area except
in viramanallur and killmattur so excellent quality of water for irrigation. Highest value is
recorded at viramanallur 26.72 epm so unsuitable for irrigation.During the year 2005 the
SAR values ranges between2.52epm to 16.69epm.Maximum of the locations in the study
area have SAR lying between excellent and good quality of water irrigation .In the year 2015
the SAR value ranges between 0.65 epm to 23.14epm.Many of the locations in the study area
have SAR value lying below 10epm .The peraiyur village of veppanthattai taluk and
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kottarai in kunnam taluk changed from good quality to poor quality. The sodium adsorption
ratio of the perambalur district most of the places exhibit excellent and good quality for
irrigation. The value of SAR remains maximum below 0 to 10 during the 30 years of study.
6.3 Residual Sodium Concentration
During 1995 the RSC value ranges between 0.00to 9.64 and her RSC value almost in zero
value which shows the endire perambalur district. All the places exhibits good quality of
water where the RSC value is below 1.25.Peraiyur in veppanthattai taluk and ladapuram in
perambalur taluk shows poor quality with RSC value 1.32 and 1.66.Very poor in
verammanallur village in perambalur taluk .In the year 2005 the study area maximum
locations have RSC value increased in above 2.5 except in mettupalayam in veppanthattai
taluk. During 2015 the RSC value almost increased and which shows the entire district lies in
the unsuitable for irrigation.
6.4 Sodium percentage
The Na % of the study area shows that in 1995 the location of eraiyoor in veppanthattai and
velur,Ayilur in perambalur taluk have good quality of sodium percentage which recorded as
below 20% to 40%.The pasumbalur ,mettupalayam,udumbiyan in veppanthattai
taluk,thiruppayyarnatham in perambalur taluk and tenur in kunnam taluk villages shows
medium quality of water with of 40% to 60% during the year 1995.During the year 2005 the
Na% ranges between 46.96% to124.7% and her during the 1995 the sodium percentage has
maximum fluctuations when compared to 2005.The poolambadi in veppanthattai taluk
improved poor to medium quality with a Na% value of 75.55% which is below57.74%.The
sodium percentage is changed from good quality to poor quality in velur,Ayilur in
perambalur taluk .The Na % all other locations shows a increased trend in water quality
during this period and this period 13 places unsuitable for irrigation.During the year 2015
Na% has been improved to some villages. The village of vellur in perambalur taluk
improved from poor quality to excellent quality of irrigation and the village of udumbiyan in
perambalur taluk improved to poor to good quality f irrigation.
All the parameters has been integrated and differentiated the GIS spatial distribution of
water quality for irrigation in 1995,2005 and 2015 (fig 7a,b and c) .The area wise
classification of irrigation water quality for 1995 ,2005and2015 has been worked out and
tabulated in table 1
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Table 1 Water quality change in area (sq.km)
water quality
catogaries
Area in sqkm
1995
Area in
sqkm2005
Area in sqkm
2015
Good 861.25 403.24 507.89
Medium 722.03 1203.95 1134.71
Poor 170.08 145.06 110.76
During the year 1995, 2005 and 2015 spatial variation differentiate data has been
integrated using GIS Overlay analysis and water quality Zonation mapping has been done for
irrigation and is shown in figure 8.Her it is classified as Good, Medium and Poor quality for
irrigation purposes of the study area.(figure 8)
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Then considering the EC,SAR,RSC and Na% parameters of water quality for irrigation of
the perambalur district, her the year 1995 good to excellent quality is observed in eastern
part of Alathur taluk and kunnam taluk, south end of perambalur taluk.The area under good
quality of irrigation water for the year 1995 is calculated as an area of 861.25 sq km.During
the year 2005 the good quality of irrigation water is found in south east end of the Alathur
taluk, south east of kunnam taluk, North and north east of Veppanthattai taluk and central
part of perambalur taluk.Here is observed a decrease in the area and is calculated to be about
403.24 sq. Km.In the year 2015 Ecellent and Good quality of irrigation water is found in
north eastern part of veppanthattai taluk, west end and south end of Kunnam taluk and south
of perambalur and Alathur taluk.Here is observed a increased in 507.89 sq.km and the
increase in the area because of carried out in reclamation and mining activities in the district.
7. CONCLUSION
The spatial evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation study that the irrigation water
quality has been changed for past 30 years. Particularly the area of good quality was 861.25
sq.km during 1995 and it has reduced to 403.24 sq .km in 2005 .Then it is increased to 507.89
sq.km in 2015. The area under medium quality water is again increased from 722.03 sq.km
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to 1134.71 sq.km and added with good quality area. Based on the zonztion analysis of
groundwater quality of the study area 356.80 sq.km of good quality, 1353.18 sq.km of
medium quality and 43.38 sq.km of poor quality o areas are identified for irrigation purposes.
The waste land and mining activities were observed more in the district durin the period. The
study strongly suggests that waste land programmes in the study area very must and the land
use planners can opt suitable crops for cultivation by understanding the water quality.
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