The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous...
-
Upload
emmeline-riley -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
2
Transcript of The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous...
![Page 1: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Integumentary System Chapter 6
![Page 6: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body
SerousMucousSynovialCutaneous
![Page 7: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Serous Membranes
Line body cavities that lack outside openings
Covers organs within cavitiesConsists of a layer of simple
squamous epithelium and thin layer of loose connective
Secrete serous fluid for lubrication
![Page 8: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mucous MembranesLine cavities and tubules that open to
the outside oral and nasal cavities digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive systems
Epithelium overlying loose connectiveSecrete mucus
![Page 9: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Synovial Membranes
Inner linings of freely moving jointsFibrous connective tissue overlying
loose and adiposeSecrete thick, colorless synovial
fluid for lubrication at the end of bones
![Page 10: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cutaneous Membrane
SkinOrgan of the integumentary
system
![Page 11: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Skin Intro.
![Page 12: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Key Characteristics of the Skin
Largest organ in the body (SA)
Maintains homeostasis
![Page 13: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Functions of the SkinProtection
Chemical barrier (secretions, pigments) Biological barrier (macrophages) Mechanical barrier (epidermis)
Regulation of body temperatureRetards water lossSensory reception
Temperature, pain, light pressure, deep pressureExcretionSynthesis of various chemicals
Vitamin D from cholesterol and UV light
![Page 14: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Layers of the SkinEpidermisstratified squamous
Dermisconnective, epithelial, smooth muscle, nervous tissue,
blood
Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermis)loose connective, adiposebind skin to underlying organs
![Page 15: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Subcutaneous Injection
Administered to layer beneath the skin
Absorbed rapidly because more blood vessels are present
AKA - hypodermic
![Page 16: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Intradermal Injections
Injected into layers of tissues within skin
Not absorbed as quickly because of few blood vessels being present
![Page 17: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Epidermis - CharacteristicsHair and nails extend from this layerOuter Layer
Stratum corneum consisting of stratified squamous Contains carotene Mostly dead cells
Lacks blood vessels Contain keratinocytes Inner layer
stratum basale nourished by dermal blood vessels; rapid cell division; site of melanin formation
Balance of mitosis and stratum corneum Calluses
![Page 18: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stratum lucidumMostly dead cellsMade of translucent, keratin containing cells
![Page 19: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EpidermisShields tissues from excessive water loss, mechanical
injury, and harmful chemicalsProtection from microorganismsFetus/Newborn
Milia• Small white bumps due to accumulations of sebaceous gland secretions
Lanugo• Covers a child when he/she is born• Like a hairy covering
Vernix caseosa• White cheesy like covering that provides protection in utero
![Page 20: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Melanin and Skin ColorProduced by melanocytesAbsorbs UV light (natural sunscreen)
Skin colorDue to presence of melanin
Responsible for dark skin color
About same # of melanocytes in all humansDiffer in amount of melanin & size of granulesInfluenced by environmental and physiological factors (pinkish v. bluish
skin) Cyanosis – lack of oxygen; bluish skin
![Page 21: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Other Skin PigmentsCarotene
Orange pigment Present in stratum corneum Converted to vitamin A which maintains and
repairs epithelial tissue
Hemoglobin Part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen Responsible for skin color of caucasians
![Page 22: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dermis - Key CharacteristicsThicker than epidermisContain a variety of tissues - mainly fibrous
connectiveSeparated from epidermis by the basement
membraneSensory fibers (nerve fibers) presentContains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat
glandsBlood vessels present
![Page 23: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dermis - FunctionsNourish epidermis and connects epidermis to bodyRegulates body temperature
Blood vessels and arrector pili muscleProduction of Vitamin D
Utilizes UV rays to convert cholesterolRole in production of T-lymphocytesBed Sores
Skin cells deprived of oxygen Decubitus ulcer
![Page 24: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Subcutaneous Layer - Characteristics
Beneath dermisLoose connective and adipose tissuesNo distinct boundary with the dermisContains major blood vessels Cold intolerance
Loss of insulating subcutaneous tissue with age
![Page 25: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Subcutaneous Layer - FunctionsInsulation
adipose tissueNutrient supplier
supply upper layers of skin with nutrients through blood vessels
Binds upper layers
![Page 26: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HairPresent on most body surfacesDevelop from hair follicleFollicle extends from surface
down to the dermisRoot located in dermisComposed of dead epidermal
cellsDelayed action gene
Cause of graying hair
![Page 27: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
HairBase of root (follicle) receives nourishment
supplied by dermal blood vessels Formed by epithelial and connective tissues
Old cells pushed to surface keratinization
Shaft dead epidermal cells
Arrector pili muscle smooth muscle responsible for goosebumps
Hair color
![Page 28: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sebaceous GlandsGroup of specialized epithelial cellsAssociated with the hair follicleHolocrine glands
secrete sebum• Contains lipids cholesterol, cell fragments• healthy hair and soft, pliable, waterproof skin
secretes vernix caseosa
Acne overactive glands due to hormones blackheads vs. whiteheads
![Page 31: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Skin with Acne
Whitehead Blackhead
![Page 32: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
NailsKeratinized stratified squamousForm from the nail root
proximal endGrowing region marked by the
lunulaNail bed attaches the nail
layer of epithelium Often called the matrix If damaged, doesn’t grow
Cuticle
![Page 33: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Sweat GlandsExocrine glandsFound all over body
palms and soles especially2 main types
apocrine eccrine
![Page 34: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Apocrine GlandsRespond to
emotional stressArmpits and groinBegin to function at
onset of puberty stimulated by
hormonesUsually associated
with hair follicles
![Page 35: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Eccrine GlandsNot associated with
hair folliclesMost numerousFunction all the timeRespond to
temperatureForehead, neck, back
![Page 36: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Body Temperature RegulationMetabolism is temperature sensitiveResult of cellular metabolism Most active
skeletal, cardiac, liverCooling mechanism
dermal vessels relax sweat
Heating mechanism shivering
![Page 37: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Healing of WoundsInflammation
response to injury or stressInflamed skin
red, swollen, warm, painfulDilation
blood vessels dilate causing redness and supplying nutrients
![Page 40: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Skin CancerCutaneous carcinoma
epithelial cells slow growing
Prevention sunblock avoid high intensity sunlight examine skin and watch for changes in lesions
![Page 41: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
- Cells of lower part of epidermis invade the lower levels- Exposed areas develop ulcers- Slow to metastasize
Basal Cell Carcinoma
![Page 42: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-Epithelial cells not in contact with b.m. develop lesions-Metastasize easily
![Page 43: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Result of epithelial studies:
If you receive more than 2 blistering burns before the
age of 20 ... You have a greater risk of developing a
melanoma.
![Page 44: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Normal Mole
Atypical Mole Raised Atypical Mole Flat
![Page 45: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Atypical Mole on the Scalp
![Page 46: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Early Melanoma-Rare-Deadly cancer of melanocytes
![Page 47: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Skin Cancer – ABCD RuleA
asymmetricalB
irregular bordersC
Color – not uniformD
diameter
![Page 48: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Treatment and RecoveryRule of NinesEstimation of extent
of burn to determine how much fluid will be needed for replacement
Dependent upon Total area of
burn Severity of burn
![Page 50: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Burns - Causes
FireContact with a hot surfaceUV lightAcid/Base
![Page 51: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Classification of Burns1st degree2nd degree3rd degreeInfection is the main problem
associated with burn Loss of water, electrolytes, and proteins Circulatory collapse Renal shutdown (kidneys stop working)
![Page 52: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
First Degree BurnsMinor discomfort
Usually brief
Skin reddens - no blisters Just epidermal damage
Destruction of tissue is minimal May peel
A typical sunburn Inhibits the immune response by depressing
the activity of macrophages
![Page 53: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Second Degree BurnsDeep epidermal layers and upper layer of dermis
Blisters formHair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are
damagedPain – more than 1st Swelling and fluid lossScarring is commonRegeneration is possible
![Page 54: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Third Degree BurnsEpidermis and dermis completely destroyed
Full thickness burn
Muscles and bones affectedInsensitive to pain
Nerve endings are destroyed
Fluid loss (a serious problem)InfectionRegeneration impossible
![Page 55: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Result of epithelial studies:
If you receive more than 2 blistering burns before the
age of 20 ... You have a greater risk of developing a
melanoma.
![Page 56: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
True or False?Sunscreens labeled 15 and higher
don’t protect you against all the sun’s rays.
Suntans are a sign of skin damage. Sunscreens should be used on cloudy
days.
![Page 57: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
True or False?Infants shouldn’t be in the sun at
all. Some medications can make your
skin sensitive to the sun.
All are true
![Page 58: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
SPF 15Most people benefit from sunscreens
with sun protection factor (SPF) numbers of 15 or more.
The SPF number gives you some idea of how long you can stay in the sun without burning.
![Page 59: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
SPF 15 (15 = rating of UV protection)
For example, if you burn in 10 minutes without sunscreen and you apply a liberal dose with a SPF number of 15, you should be protected from sunburn for 150 minutes.
![Page 60: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Why do we tan?
The penetration of UV rays to the skin’s inner layers results in the production of more melanin.
The melanin eventually moves towards the outer layers of the skin and becomes visible as a tan.
![Page 61: The Integumentary System Chapter 6 4 Major Types of Membranes within the Human Body §Serous §Mucous §Synovial §Cutaneous.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e185503460f94b03d0b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
How do sunscreens work?
Most sun protection products work by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering the sun's rays.
Absorbers of UV radiation (PABA) para-amino benzoic acid
Reflectors of UV Radiation (zinc oxide)