The Integumentary System A.Components of the system B.Factors that influence rate and degree of...
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The Integumentary System
A. Components of the system
B. Factors that influence rate and degree of aging
1. Heredity
2. Diet
3. Occupational/recreational choices
a. Sun (photoaging)
b. Wind
4. Hormones
The Integumentary System
C. Structure of the skin
1. Epidermis
a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Keratinizing system (keratin)
c. Pigmentary system (melanin)
2. Dermis
a. Papillary layer
b. Reticular layer
3. Hypodermis
E
D
H
D. Glands of the skin
1. Sudoriferous glands
a. Types
2. Sebaceous glands
The Integumentary System
i. Eccrine glands
ii. Apocrine glands
b. Functions
a. Sebum (skin oil)
b. Functions
E. Functions of the skin
1. Protective barrier
2. Vitamin D formation
3. Thermoregulation
4. Cutaneous sensations
5. Excretion
6. Immunity
The Integumentary System
F. Age-related changes
1. Most are not life-threatening, but may affect self-image and therefore attitude and general health
2. Epidermal changes
a. Thinner (exfoliation vs. mitosis)
b. Increased permeability (?)
c. Decreased melanocytes (What are age spots?)
d. Decreased immune cells
The Integumentary System
F. Age-related changes
3. Dermal changes
a. Reduced number of fibroblasts and fibers
The Integumentary System
i. Thins and becomes translucent
ii. Collagen becomes larger and more coarse, reducing space available for fat storage
b. Cross-linking of elastin
c. Atrophy of glands
d. Decreased blood flow
e. Decreased number and activity of hair follicles
f. Changes in sensory receptors
F. Age-related changes
4. Hypodermal changes = loss of fat, leading to:
a. Increased wrinkles
b. Emaciated appearance
c. Loss of padding (coupled with loss of blood supply bed sores)
d. Loss of thermal insulation
The Integumentary System
G. Age-related dysfunctions
1. Lentigo (len-ti’-go)
a. AKA = senile freckles
b. Dark brown, irregular flat areas on dorsum of hands, forearms, and face
c. Result from increased melanin deposition (not age spots)
d. Generally benign, but should be watched
The Integumentary System
Find a picture
G. Age-related dysfunctions
2. Senile purpura (pur’-pu-rah)
a. Irregularly shaped red-purple patches
b. Usually on forearm and dorsum of hand
c. Bruises formed by leaked blood from weakened capillaries
d. Fade over period of weeks, but replaced by others
The Integumentary System
Find a picture
G. Age-related dysfunctions
3. Senile angiomas
a. 75% of people over 70 have them
b. Elevated clusters of dilated capillaries
c. Appear as red spots from very tiny to ¼ inch
d. May be found anywhere on the body
e. Not dangerous
The Integumentary System
Find a picture
G. Age-related dysfunctions
4. Acrochondron (ak-ro-cor’-don)
a. AKA = skin tags
b. Small pendulous skin growths containing dermal tissue and blood vessels
c. Resemble small benign tumors
d. Particularly found on chest, neck, eyelids, armpits (particularly on women)
The Integumentary System
Find a picture
G. Age-related dysfunctions
5. Senile pruritus (pru-ri’-tus)
a. Loss of glandular activity results in dry, less pliant skin that may develop tiny cracks
b. Cracks cause the itching (pruritis)
c. Left untended, the cracks widen and lead to exudate
d. External factors that dry the skin exacerbate problem
The Integumentary System
G. Age-related dysfunctions
6. Senile (actinic) keratosis
a. Localized fat, red skin areas that gradually thicken, become scaley, and yellow-brown
b. Associated with sun exposure
c. Regenerates if peeled off
d. Can be precancerous squamous cell carcinoma
The Integumentary System
Find a picture
G. Age-related dysfunctions
7. Seborrheic (seb-o-re’-ik) keratosis
a. Benign epidermal tumors
b. Usually found on the scalp, face, neck, and back
c. Begin as flesh-colored raised plaque with flat top; turns brown-black
d. Has a greasy, scaley, wart-like crust on surface
The Integumentary System
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G. Age-related dysfunctions
8. Shingles (Herpes zoster)
a. Peak incidence between 50 – 70 years
b. Must have had chickenpox first (Herpes varicella)
c. Virus lies dormant in sensory neurons
d. Once reactivated (often by stress), person itches and aches along affected dermatome(s)
e. Small red papules appear with 3 days, first on the back
f. Vesicular eruptions can be painful
The Integumentary System
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G. Age-related dysfunctions
9. Decubitus ulcers (pressure or bed sores)
a. Cavities of dead tissue
b. Generally seen in immobilized persons
c. Occurs over bony prominences that are in constant contact with a surface
d. Caused by occluded blood supply (anoxic necrosis)
e. Very prone to infection and hard to heal
The Integumentary System
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G. Age-related dysfunctions
10.Skin cancer
a. Epidermal, dermal, glandular
b. Malignant vs. benign
c. Any new growth or any change in preexisting growths (warts, moles) should be watched
d. Early detection = cure
e. Melanomic vs. nonmelanomic tumors
The Integumentary System
G. Age-related dysfunctions
10.Skin cancer
f. types
The Integumentary System
i. Basal cell carcinoma
ii. Squamous cell carcinoma
iii. Malignant melanoma
iv. Secondary skin cancers
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H. Take home messages
1. Internal and external factors affect the skin
2. Skin becomes thinner, less elastic, dryer
3. Less subcutaneous fats
4. Decreasing pigment cells, but increasing pigmentation
5. Changes in hair and nails
6. Many potential dysfunctions
7. All skin growths should be monitored
The Integumentary System
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