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The Integration and Sustainable Development ofChengdu-Chongqing Urban AgglomerationYang Jie a & Mao Hanying ba National Development and Reform Commission , Beijing , 100038 , Chinab Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academyof Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , ChinaPublished online: 16 May 2013.

To cite this article: Yang Jie & Mao Hanying (2006) The Integration and Sustainable Development of Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration, Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 4:3, 3-10, DOI:10.1080/10042857.2006.10677460

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The Integration and Sustainable Development of Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration*

Yang Jie1 & Mao Hanying2

1. National Deve1opment and Reform Commission, Beijing 100038, China; 2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Beijing 100101, China

Abstract: Urban Agglomeration is an inevitable outcome of urbanization and industrialization, and a main form of

urban development Based on the analysis of urbanization and urban system situation, this paper will discuss the

integration of urban agglomeration development, using

the urban area of Cheng (Chengdu)-Yu (Chongqing)

Urban agglomeration (CYUA) as a case study. By means

of industries, population and spatial integrations, the

function, strength and competition of CYUA will be

improved and this urban agglomeration will transit from a

budding state to a growing and mature one in future. The

sustainable development of CYUA will depend on

countermeasures, such as accelerating industrialization

and urbanization, building a traffic network and express

roads, strengthening the ability of self-sufficiency,

enlarging the ecological construction and environmental

protection, and establishing the synergetic institution of

cross districts.

Key words: Cheng (Chengdu)-Yu (Chongqing) Urban

Agglomeration (CYUA); integration; sustainable development

1 INTRODUCTION

The City, as the center of regional wealth, plays an important role in the regional economy by organizing, guiding and accelerating the economic development. Conforming to the trend of economic regionalization, collectivization and incorporation in the world, urban development ought to seek the optimal allocation of resources and expand space in a larger scope. The new economic competition has changed it's definition from several cities to one urban agglomeration(Mao hanying, 2005). Compendium of "National Eleventh

Corresponding Author. MfJO Htmylng(mt10hy@lgmrr.ac.C11)

*Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (40335049)

Five-Year Plan" pointed out that ''urban agglomeration would be the main form of promoting urbanization" and the megalopolis will have a the core role of leading the formation of an urban agglomeration, which will have more abstemious land use, obtain more employments, cause stronger

centralization and form more balanced population distribution in those regions where the conditions forming urban agglomeration have been prepared(The Compendium of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of National Economy and Social Development of the People'S Republic of China. 2006). Recently, many urban agglomerations have quicken their steps on incorporation and economic integration, such as the Pearl River delta, the Yangtze River delta and Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei. In Midwest China, urban agglomerations with unique feature have also been

gradually established.

When regional industrialization and urbanization have grown to a mature stage, urban agglomeration will grow from densely economic and urban districts that will connect cities around its economic region, using the developed infrastructures (traffic and telecommunications) as support. Internationally, the concept of urban agglomeration was brought forward firstly by French geographer J ·Gottman in 1957(Goffman, J., 1957). He regarded the American north-east coastal region, north from Boston, and south to Washington, including a series of large and medium sized cities such as New York, Newhaven, Philadelphia. and Baltimore, as a megalopolis. And he

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summed up its function as a hub and economic incubator. The former is a concentration of all kinds of ''flour", and a latter is new thought, method, technology and production based on the former (Goffmann,J., 1961). Many researchers discussed the spatial structure of urban agglomeration from different perspectives, including evolution theory, process schema, seven types of mutual connection and transnational urban network (Hager strand T, 1968; Haggett P, 1977; Rondinelli DA, 1985; Kunzmann KR, 1991). In China, the research on urban agglomeration started from the early 1980s, and the representative researchers are Nin Yueming, Yao Shimou, Zhou Ylxing, Gu Chaolin and Fang Chuangling. They discussed the connotation, forming condition, drive, industrial integration, structure system, spatial differentiation, environment resources effects, development strategy and planning of urban agglomeration (Yu Hongjun, Nin Yueming, 1983; Yao Shimou, et al. , 200l.Zhou Ylxing, Zhang li, 2003; Gu chaolin, 1999; The Formation, 2005). Since the 21st Century, the planning of urban agglomeration and the metropolitan areas has been one of the hot spots in the planning of China. Some plans have been finished, such as the plans of the Pearl River delta, the Yangtze River delta, Beijing-Tiailjing-Hebei, Changsha­Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, Shandong peninsula, Central Plains, Wuhan, Nanjing and the Harbin urban agglomeration.

Chongqing and Chengdu are cities that are the strongest cites in the west China (Liu Weidong, et al., 2003). The population of these two cities is 567.2xl04

and 464.5x104 in number and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of them is 1042 x108 RMB and 1232xl08

• The expressway distance, driving from Chengdu to Chongqing, is 340km. According to their concentration and concentric functioning area around the two cities, there have been two urban economic zones where the population density is 685 per square mile; the cities and towns are crowded. They are connected as . a whole ·by common cultural background, historical economic interdependence and the traffic and communication infrastructure. In view of the above-mentioned conditions, many researchers

04 Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 2006 Vol. 4 No.3

have put forward a blueprint of CYUA in succession since the 1990s (Lin lin, et al., 2005) . After the Central Committee raised the ''West Exploitation" strategy in 1999, CYUA, as the core part of the Cheng-Yu axis line in the upstream Yangtze River region, which is the one-level development axis, has shown its increased importance. In 2002, "The Preceding Research on the Planning of Key Regions in West Exploitation "(finished by Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences) put forward that "in the future of 5-l 0 years, it is necessary to form the largest double-core urban agglomeration in which cities at all levels will interconnect and cooperate with each other. The CYUA will become the strongest center of population, industries, information, technology and culture concentration, and will be the core of the Cheng-Yu economic belt in the upstream Yangtze River region"(Liu Weidong, et al., 2003). Therefore, it is the objective demand for regional development that Cheng-Yu urbanization region will be regarded as an integrated urban agglomeration to promote its integral function and competitive capability.

2 SCOPES AND CURRENT SITUATION OF CYUA

2.1 Scope defining

The CYUA is of the same scope as Sichuan Basin. The north boundary is the front-low Daba Mountain, and the east is the parallel ridge-valley region, and the west is Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the south is connected with Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The west basin is Chengdu Plain, and the central hills are about 300-500m above sea level and the east parallel ridg~valley regions are about 700-lOOOm above sea level

In accordance with the inverse relation between the radiation and attraction of central cities, in general, two-hour traffic circle (about 200km expressway distance) around Chengdu and Chongqing is the main basis to carve out the spheres of CYUA. The cities listed as the members of CYUA are as follows: Chengdu, Zigong, Deyang, Shuinin, Neijiang,

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Meishan, Guangan, Ziyang, the part of Mianyang, Huzhou, Leshan, Nanchong, Yibing and Ya'an in Sichuan province, the urban district of Chongqing, the 12 counties and districts of economic gallery in west Chongqing, and Changshou, Puling, Dianjiang in the three gorges ecological-economic area. In brief, there are one municipality directly under the Central Government, one provincial capital, 16 district-level cities, 15 county-level cities and 63 counties. The total land area is 13.03x10'\m2

• The total population is 7553xHf and GDPis 7400x1<>"RMB (current value) in 2004.

2.2 Current features of urbanization and urban system

2.2.1 Lower level of industrialization and urbanization, initial stage of urban agglomeration Since the late 1990s, the development of the Cheng-Yu regional economy has entered a quick phase, along with the implement of "National Tenth Five-Year Plan" on the "Go-West Campaign" and Chongqing upgrading to a municipality directly under administration of the Central Government and the large-scaled building of the three gorges project. From 1998 to 2004, the average growth rate of GDP per year in the Cheng-Yu region was above 1-2% than the average rate throughout the country and the urbanization rate also increased with the speed of 1.2% per year so that the urban built-up area increased sharply from 678km2 to 1382km2

• Though the economic rate grew fast, the economic level was lower than the national average; for example, in 2004 GDP per person in Cheng-Yu region was 9800RMB, about equivalent to 92.8% of the national average. The urbanization rate was 37.4% , 4.4% lower than national average (41.8%) . According to the data mentioned above, CYUA can be regarded as a budding urban agglomeration. 2.2.2 Irrational hierarchy of urban system, development oflarge cities' slow growth In 2004, the nonagricultural population of Chongqing and Chengdu (downtown area) was 344.7xl04 and 327.4x104

• Only Mianyang and Nanchong outnumbered 50x104

, so that the primacy ratio of Chengdu and Chongqing reached as high as 6.07 and

5.76. As matters stand, there are obvious fractures in the hierarchy system of CYUA, namely, the metropolis is absent and the development of big cities is insufficient. In addition, owing to the industrialization lagging behind, though the number of small towns is big, the convergence degree of population and industries is low. In total, the urban system is at a relatively low level. 2.2.3 Wider gap weaker interconnection and among economic development of different cities Limited by the economic development phase (starting phase of middle industrialization), economic development among cities is imbalance which is mainly revealed in the situation of "big alone and strong alone of Chengdu and Chongqing". In 2004, GDP of Chengdu was accounted for 40.6% among 14 cities in Sichuan, and Chongqing was 51.6%. Only GDP per person of Chengdu, Mianyang, Yibing and Chongqing exceeded $2000. Other cities stood below the average, inside the gap is 4.77 times between Chengdu and Guangan.

As two cores of CYUA, Chongqing and Chengdu have had proper functions of proliferation, service and innovation. However, due to their insufficiency of self-development, economic capacity is weaker (In 2004, GDP per person of Chengdu was only equivalent to 37.4% of Shanghai, 37% of Guangzhou, 53.4% of Hangzhou). In addition, industrial division has not been formed, and the industrial structure is in a similar state. So, the connection, between Chengdu and Chongqing and other cities as well, is weaker, which restricts the improvement of economic strength. 2.2.4 Loosely spatial structure of urban system and weakly convergent effect At present, cities of Cheng-Yu region are mainly located in the Chengdu Plain in the west and along the Yangtze River in the south. The spatial structure of urban system is scattered. In the western region, cities and towns are more crowded. Around Chengdu, there are five district-level cities and 9 country-level cities so that the spatial .structure is densely laid out. For instance, only Jiangjing, Luzhou and Yibing distribute in the 384km reaches from Chongqing to

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Yibin along the south bank of the Yangtze River. As for the central north region, the cities are not as dense owing to the influence of the varied topography in the Sichuan Basin. The absence of some cities with more influence results in the weak concentrating effect of population and industry.

3 KEY POINTS OF CYUA INTEGRATION

The word "integration" stems from the geographic layout of the area, but it has been used in economics, sociology and planning fields as well. Integration emphasizes the important role of increasing economic efficiency, integral strength and high competition in resource usage and allocation, industrial organization, industrial structure, development pattern and spatial structure readjustment. The practical integration in content includes industry, population, infrastructure, market, urban and rural, and space. Integration will be realized with the help of open market competition, industrial division based on specialization, and establishment of cooperative mechanisms. In future years, the key points of CYUA are industry, population and space integration.

3.1 Industrial integration: extending industrial chain and developing industrial aggregation

In the future, the backbone industries of CYUA will be electromechanical equipment, electronic information, chemical industry, medical manufacture, food industry, tourism and modern service based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis to this region. And then the industrial development direction and focal points of each central city should be defined clearly according to its urban location, traffic, industrial basis, technology, market and information comparative advantages on the principles of highlighting features, superiority complementation and cooperation. For example, Chongqing should be different from Chengdu in industrial direction and function division. Chongqing should put particular emphasis on manufacture and materials circulation service. Chengdu should put emphasis on the financial market and scientific and technological

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innovation. The emphasis of other cities is listed as follows: electronic information and textile industry of Mianyang. The food -drink and energy and chemical industry of Yibing, the natural gas and the food-drink and harbor materials circulation service of Luzhou, equipment manufacture of Deyang, and biological medicine and building materials industry and farming industry and materials circulation service of Fulin, etc ..

In CYUA, the intersectional industry chains include: automobile, motor, electronic information, equipment manufacture, food and drink, natural gas, salt, medical manufacture, iron and steel, energy, building materials and building industry. These industrial chains should depend on all kinds of new investment and development zones and industrial parks to build up some characteristically industrial agglomerations including raw and semi-finished materials supplying, processing, selling and service industries. It is an important approach to promote reasonable division of industries, to strengthen backbone industries, and to carry forward the integrative distribution of industrial development. There are three Nationally owned cutting edge development zones in Chongqing, Chengdu and Mianyang, which will be the head and radiation poles to lead several new and high technology industrial belts. The establishment of industrial belts is important for breaking down segmentations and blockades among different administrative regions and promoting the economic harmonization and competitive power.

3.2 Population integration: developing big cities and small towns in the process of increasing nonagricultural population

In the next few years when industrialization level is improved and agriculture further develops, the number of a big city over 50x104 population and small towns with 3xl04-10x104 population is few in the urban system. On the one hand, the population will move to central cities reaching critical mass quickly in the course of nonagricultural population increase and rural surplus labor transferring. On the other hand, small cities and towns will develop labor force

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and resource intensive industries to support the big cities, which will contribute to the expansion of employment

According to forecasts, Mianyang, the base of the electronic information industry and national defense scientific research in this area, will have a permanent resident population that will exceed 1 million in 2010; the populations of Luzhou, Yibin and Leshang will reach 1 million in 2020 through industries and population concentration and the readjustment of administrative divisions.

The results of forecasting the urban scale and hierarchy system of CYUA is that there are two metropolises whose permanent resident population are above 2 millions, there are 3-4 metropolises whose population are about 1 million-2 millions, there are 12 big cities whose population are about 0.5 million-! million, there are 24 mid-scaled cities whose population are about 0.2 million-0.5 million, there are 30 small cities whose population are 0.1 million---o.2million, and there are 80 small towns whose population are 0.03 million-O.lmillion. They will form a complete six-level urban system.

3.3 Spatial integration: establlsbing ''two cores, five axis lines, three districts'' urban spatial stmcture along the main tramc galleries

3.3.1 Two cores (1) Chongqing The development direction of Chongqing: It will be the core of east CYUA, the economic and commercial center in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the largest manufacturing industry base in southwest China, the strong point of economic development and ecological restoration is the three gorges reservoir area (Zhang Jingxiang, 2000).

The functions of Chongqing in CYUA can be summed up as follows: firstly, the traffic superiority of Chongqing is determined by its biggest river port in west China and its most important railway terminal is helpful for its commercial service and materials circulation; Secondly, the good fotmdation of

manufacturing industry contributes to the development of automobile, motorcycle, metallurgy, electromechanical equipment, natural gas and medicine; Thirdly, the . science-education superiority will be used to establish the science and technology innovation center. (2) Chengdu The development direction of Chengdu: It will be the core of west C~A. the science and technology, financial, commercial and information centers in southwest China, the high-technology industry base of electronic information, and bio-medicine (Zhang Jingxiang, 2000).

Frrstly, Chengdu will become the financial and commercial center impacting the whole southwest China; secondly, it will become the source and innovation base of high-new-technological industry relying on its science - technology-education resource; thirdly,· Chengdu has many tourist attractions and will

become major vacation destination. 3.3.2 Five axis lines of urban-industrial development "Five axis lines" are the urban-industrial development axis lines which are composed of railway, express way and the Yangtze river. They have formed a pattern of ''two vertical and three horizontal lines". (l)Mainyang-Chengdu-Leshang development axis line in west region: taking Chengdu as the center, the north part is composed of Bao-Cheng railway and Cheng (Chengdu)-Guang(Guangyuan) express way; the south part is composed of Cheng-kun railway and Cheng(Chengdu)-Le(Leshan) express way. Along the axis line, there is one metropolise(Chengdu), two big cities (Mianyang,Leshan), two medium cities(Deyang, Meishan) and nine small cities. (2)1ijiang-Chongqing-Nanchong development axis line in east region: taking Chongqing as the center, the south part is composed of Yu-Qian railway and express way; the north part is composed of the main

stream of Jiaoling river and Yu (Chongqing)-Nan (Nanchong) express way. Along the axis line, there are one metropolis, one big city (Nanchong), one medium city (Hechuan) and three small cities. (3)The Yangtze River development axis line in the

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south region: the line is the important integrant with the national one. It is from Fulin in the east to Changhou, Chongqing, Jiangjing, Luzhou and Yibing in the west. Along the axis line, there is one metropolis (Chongqing), one big city (Luzhou), four medium cities (Fulin, Changshou, Jiangjin, Yibin) and four small cities. ( 4 )The development axis line in middle region: this line starts from Chengdu and passes through the middle of the Sichuan basin to Ziyang, Neijiang, Yongchuan and Chongqing along Cheng-Yu express and railway. Along the axis line, there are two metropolis (Chengdu, chongqing), four medium cities (Neijiang, Ziyang, Yongchuan, Jianyang) and three small cities. (5)The development axis line in north region: this line starts from Chengdu to Dianjian along Cheng (Chengdu)-Da(Dachuan) railway, Cheng(Chengdu)­Nan(Nanchong) express way and Nan(Nanchong)­Guang(Guangan) express way. Along the axis line, there is one metropolis (Chengdu), one big city (Nanchong), two medium cities (Shuinin, Guangan) and six small cities. 3.3.3 Three cities and towns compact districts (1 )Chongqing district The district takes the main metropolitan area of Chongqing as the center, around which there are Puling, Changshou, Jiangjing, Hechuan, Yongchuan and Nanchuan. They have formed an initial formation of a single-center urban agglomeration. Because of the lower industrialization and urbanization, the dual-structure between the main metropolitan area and peripheral area is very clear. (2)Chengdu district This district takes Chengdu as the· center, around which there are 14 cities: Mianyang, Deyang, Meishan, Leshan, Shifang,Mianzhu, Guanghan, Doujiangyan, Penzhou, Chongzhou, Qionglai, Jianyang and Emeishan. Currently, there have been advances in traffic and communication networks and certain divisions and cooperations among these cities have promoted economic growth. However, there are still some problems in the region. The first is that the in~ustrial chain has not formed and the second is that the transferring of the rural surplus labor is slow.

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(3)South Sichuan district This district is composed of Zigong, Luzhou, Yibin and Neijiang. The average distance of these cities away from each other is 50-lOOkm. Beside the superior location, there are rich natural gas and salt resources and an established logistics for transportation. The characteristic industrial agglomeration has been established including natural gas of chemical industry and food and drink industry. There are still some problems in the district, such as similar industrial structure, imperfect infrastructure and insufficient expansion power.

4 COUNTERMEASURES OF CYUA DEVE­LOPMENT

4.1 Speeding up the industrialization and urbanization

In view of problems and the gaps away from the developed ''The Pearl River delta", ''The Yangtze River delta", "Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei" urban agglomerations, CYUA should grasp the historical opportunity of "Go-West Campaign" and speed up the development. Therefore, it is firstly important to fully exploit any advantages. Development of new technological industries, change of traditional industries and development of labor force intensive industries will depend on its natural resources, traffic location, human resources, science and educational resources (Zhang Jingxiang, 2000). The backbone industries, such as the equipment manufacture industry, the automobile and motor industry, the electronic information industry, the natural gas of the chemical industry and the food-drink industry, will enlarge the scale, improve technology, and strengthened competitive power. The second is to quicken the rate of large scale agricultural industrialization including specialization, regionalization, and management. These methods will contribute to the movement of rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries and small towns. The third is to develop modern services. Modem services are meant to be applied in large increments, with a strong impact and produce higher employment rates.

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Traditional services, commercial, traffic, real estate and tourism should also be advanced, meanwhile, modem services such as finance, insurance, materials circulation and intermediary should match the speed of construction. With the rapid development of industry, per capita GOP forecasted will reach to 18000RMB in 2010, 45000RMB in 2020; the ratio of agriculture in GOP will be reduced to 10% in 2010 and 6% in 2020 from 16% in 2004; fitting with the above mentioned changes, urbanization level will be raised to 45% in 2010, and 55% in 2020 from 37.4% in 2004.

4.2 Strengthening the building of traftic network and express ways

The traffic infrastructure is the basic condition supporting the social-economic development and integration of CYUA. Now, CYUA has had a basic traffic network formed by railways, highways, channels, water ways and airways. The traffic distances of railways, highways and shipping lanes are 2800km, 60000km and 5000km respectively. The speed system of ''two vertical and two horizontal ways" has become a tentative framework. However, the external ways are not straightway enough. The external traffic depends on the Bao-Cheng, Cheng-Kun, Nei-Kun, Xiang-Yu, and Yu-Qian and Yu-Huai railways mainly and the express ways are not yet connected with the national express way network. In addition, railways and highways mentioned above are at a low level and the transportation capacity is limited. Furthermore, there are no expressway in many cities, such as Nanchong, Luzhou and Yibin.

In connection with these problems, the first countermeasure is to open up the internal and external galleries, for example, relying on the national er(Erlianhaote)-he(Hekou)expressway to open up the south and north way out of the west vertical main line, relying on the building Hu-Han-Rong express way to open the west gallery, relying on the Yu-Zhan express way to get through the south gallery and relying on the Arong-Beihai express way to open up the south

and north way out of the east vertical main line. The second is to enlarge the capacity of existing railways and accelerate the speed, for example, building the second Xian- Chongqing railway, the Cheng-Yu high-speed railway and the Chengde-Mianyang urban high-speed railway for passenger transport; the third is to build the express way circling CYUA. Based on the existing express way framework, CYUA will have an express way loop from Chengdu, through Ya'an, Leshan, Yibing, Luzhou, Chongqing, Guanan, Nanchong, Shuining, Mianyang, and to Chengdu by building new lines and linking-up current ones. The fourth is to build high-speed roads in the suburbs of Chengdu and Chongqing and to form a high-speed traffic network.

4.3 Making more self- innovation power

Innovation is a powerful driving force to ensure the sustainable development of CYUA. There are better sciences -technology and education base in CYUA. Chengdu is only inferior to Beijing and Shanghai in scientific and technological potential, sophisticated equipments and the number of senior intellectuals

(Zhang Jingxiang, 2000). Chengdu-Deyang-Mianyang high-new technological industry belt is the national demonstration of technological innovation and Chongqing is one of the first 10 science-technology enterprise hatcheries. The innovation system is coming into being, which is composed, mainly by science research institutes, key laboratories, engineering centers, colleges and universities, and industrial enterprises.

Based on science-technology and education capacity, the crucial point is to implement a diverse strategy in CYUA. The original innovation strategy should be implemented for those industries that have better foundations and innovation capacity, such as electronic information, aerospace, nuclear energy, new material, bioengineering and medicine. Electromechanical, metallurgical, chemical and textile manufactures, the importing strategy of advanced technology should be implemented to improve the technological content of production.

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4.4 Increasing the strength of ecological restoration and environmental protection

CYUA lies in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It is an important part of the ecological defense for national ecological preservation. At present, there are some environmental problems in this region. Water pollution is serious and aggravated; atmosphere is polluted by harmful chemicals, especially by the sulfur dioxide.and acid rain; soil erosion results in the sedimentation (five hundreds million tons) in the three gorges reservoir area (Zhang Jingxiang, 2000). Environmental pollution spreads from city to country and from industry to living pollution. That is to say, environmental problems in CYUA not only imperil the operation of three gorges reservoir, but also influence the economic production and people in the middle and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The establishment of CYUA will change the environmental management. The environmental problems in the mainstream and tributaries of the Yangtze River, the upper-middle-lower reaches, mountain and plain, city and country should be tackled in a comprehensive manner, According to the natural conditions, urbanization and economic level, environmental pollution situation and the amount of

ecological destruction, the regions with the environmental problems can be divided into five management sections: Chengdu plain, mountains and hills in middle­south Sichuan, mountains and hills in middle-north

Reference:

Sichan, mountains hills in west Chongqing, and three gorges reservoir area. In order to improve the eco-environmental quality of CYUA, the methods of economic growth should be changed, and then the circular economy and ecological economy should be developed. In addition, the investment on ecological restoration and environmental protection should get a raise in the basic infrastructure.

4.5 EstabUsbing the coordination mechanism among different districts

The development of urban agglomeration is an important revolution to the traditional division system of organization and of great advantage to integrate the industrial collision, construction of redundant projects, market barrier and disorder competition, and urban­rural duality. The progress of urban agglomeration in China has indicated that effective coordination mechanism; competitive rules and authority institutions are the important conditions for ensuring the sustainable development. Therefore, in CYUA, the summit authority institution should be established. Some agreements and laws should be made as legal basis for coordinating the contradictions and conflicts among cities and sections (Wang Yuning, et al., 2003) Other nongovernmental organizations should expand the communication among districts to propel the relations among enterprises and regions.

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60(5):827-840. [13] Wang Yuning, et al. Research on City and Town Development Strategy in Chongqing. 2003. [14] Yao shimou, Zbu yingtning, et al. Ulban Agglomeration In China. Hefei: China science and technology university press, 2001. [15] Yu hongjun, N"m yuetning. An Introduc:lion to Ulban geo8J11Phy. Hefei: Anhui Science and Technology Pless, 1983. [16] Zhang Jingxiang. The Spatial Combination ofUJ:ban Group. Nanjing: Southeast University Pless, 2000. [17] Zhou Bing,Shi Yuan. The Modulating Mechanisms for Regional Coonlination in China Ulban Agglomeration Region: Vtsions and Propooa1a for the PRO Region,

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