The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Hong Kong Branch ...
THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch
description
Transcript of THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch
![Page 1: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS
United States of America Branch
Fire Service Deployment:
Meeting the Standards of Cover Performance Criteria
Indianapolis, April 2002Indianapolis, April 2002
![Page 2: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
FIRE DEPARTMENT RESPONSE TIMES
What would it take to make a difference?
![Page 3: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
John R. Waters, CFPS, EFO
• Chief Fire Marshal
• Director of Safety and Codes Enforcement
• Upper Merion Township, PA
![Page 4: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY
Executive Fire Officer Program
![Page 5: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RESPONSE TIMES
• Why take the time to study them?
![Page 6: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
BUDGETS!
• response times translate to travel distance
• travel distance translates to number of stations
• number of stations translates to $$$$$$$$
• Volunteer vs. Career also translates to $$$$$
![Page 7: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
It doesn’t matter who provides the service.
• proprietary• by contract
• response times response times changes impacts changes impacts budgetsbudgets
![Page 8: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
UNITED STATES FIRE ADMINISTRATION
1987
“The United States has one of the highest fire death rates per capita in
the world.”
![Page 9: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
JOHN HALL & ARTHUR COTE 1997
“As a nation, the United States appears to do a better job in
protecting property than protecting its citizens, at least compared to other fully industrialized democracies.”
![Page 10: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
NFPA Standard 403 - Aircraft Rescue & Firefighting
Services(1996)
“The principle objective of a rescue & firefighting service is to save lives. ...Demonstrated response time to any point on the operational runway shall
be 2 minutes or less....”
![Page 11: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fire Incidents vs. Fatalities
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
FiresFatalities
![Page 12: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fire Incidents vs. Injuries
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
FiresInjuries
![Page 13: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fire Statistics% Residential
0102030405060708090
FatalitiesInjuries
![Page 14: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
George Miller (1999)
“…while the overall number of home fire deaths dropped in 1997, the percentage of home fire deaths
rose…we’re winning the battle but we’re winning the battle but losing the war.”losing the war.”
![Page 15: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PREVENTING RESIDENTIAL FIRE FATALITIES & INJURIES
IS THE KEY
Is this news?
![Page 16: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Benjamin Franklin (1770)
“It appears to me of great importance to build our dwelling houses, if we can, in a manner more secure from
fire”
![Page 17: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1st National Fire Prevention Convention (1913)
“At the outset of the work we established a statistical table of fires, returned monthly by the
fire marshals; and for two years that table has read exactly alike each month and, at the end of at the end of
the year, totals up the same percentage of the year, totals up the same percentage of figures, with the astounding result that 60% of figures, with the astounding result that 60% of
the fires occur in the homes of peoplethe fires occur in the homes of people.”.”
![Page 18: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
America Burning (1973)
Residential fires account for about half of all fire deaths and a third of all
property loss. The structures in The structures in which Americans live must be the which Americans live must be the prime focus of a national effort to prime focus of a national effort to
reduce fire lossesreduce fire losses.”
![Page 19: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
M. Karter (1993)
“If we examine deaths by the type of properties in which they occurred, we find that the increase in civilian deaths was due in large part to a rise in deaths in residential properties…with home fire with home fire deaths accounting for 78.4% of all fire deaths, deaths accounting for 78.4% of all fire deaths,
residential fire safety initiatives remain the key to residential fire safety initiatives remain the key to reduction in the overall fire death tollreduction in the overall fire death toll.”.”
![Page 20: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fatalities by type of residential use
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Deaths
1 & 2 FamilyDwellingsManufactured Homes
Apartments
Rooming Houses
Hotels/Motels
Dormitories
Home Hotels
Other ResidentialProperties
![Page 21: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Injuries bytype of residential use
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
140001 & 2 FamilyDwellingsManufactured Homes
Apartments
Rooming Houses
Hotels/Motels
Dormitories
Home Hotels
Other ResidentialProperties
![Page 22: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Yet, in 1998, there were no Yet, in 1998, there were no performance standards for performance standards for
fire department response to fire department response to house fires!house fires!
NFPA 1710 Committee appointed - January 1999
1st Meeting - February 1999
Adopted - May 2001
![Page 23: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NFPA Standards 1710 & 1720(2001)
Deployment Standards
Standard 1710 - Career Fire Departments
Standard 1720 - Volunteer Fire Departments
![Page 24: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A Philosophical Question
Compartment fires, do they differ when the structure protected is served
by career or volunteers?
If not, why two standards?If not, why two standards?
![Page 25: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fire Department Response Times
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
• At which point does a fire in a structure become deadly?
• What would it take for the fire department to respond and intervene prior to that point?
![Page 26: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1st Research Question
• At which point does a fire in a structure become deadly?
![Page 27: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
James Milke (1984)
“Flashover is considered the point of transition from a ‘small’ fire to a ‘large’ fire involving all
objects in the room. Once a fully developed room fire exists, life safety for occupants within life safety for occupants within that room is no longer of concern because the that room is no longer of concern because the room is obviously untenable after flashoverroom is obviously untenable after flashover.”.”
![Page 28: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Richard Bukowski & Richard Peacock (1995)
“The occurrence of flashover within a room is of considerable interest…it is perhaps the ultimate
signal of untenable conditions within the room of origin as well as a sign of greatly increased risk to
other rooms within the building.”
![Page 29: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
T.T. Lie (1997)
“Thus the time interval between the start of the fire and the occurrence of flashover is a major factor in the time that is available for safe evacuation of
the fire area.”
![Page 30: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
John Hall (1998)
“The majority of people killed in home fires (51.5%) are killed in a room other than the
room of origin by a fire that spreads beyond the room of origin, which suggests flashover
in the room of origin.”
![Page 31: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Victim Location1994-1998
Intimate w/ignitionIn Room of OriginNot in Room of OriginNot classified
![Page 32: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
WHAT IS “FLASHOVER?”
A stage in the development of a contained fire in which all exposed surfaces reach ignition
temperatures more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space.
NFPA 555 (1996)
![Page 33: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Richard Custer (1997)
• Triggering conditions for flashover– temperature of upper gas layer of 600C– radiant flux of 20kW/meter2
![Page 34: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How long to flashover?
![Page 35: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
National Bureau of Standards (1980)
• < 4 minutes– heavy flame pouring our the full height of
doorway
• 6 minutes– average gas temperature at 700C
![Page 36: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
National Bureau of Standards (2001)
• 2 minutes 12 seconds– living room flashes over
![Page 37: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fire Power (1986)
first flame to flashover took only
3 minutes 41 seconds
![Page 38: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fire:Countdown to Disaster
first flame to flashover took only
2 minutes 12 seconds
![Page 39: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Institute for Research in Construction
Fire Evaluation and Risk Assessment System
Modeled restaurant kitchen fire
flashover occurred in
4 minutes 30 seconds
![Page 40: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Flashover Time (average)
• 4.3 minutes
• It is interesting to note, that the for the purpose of NFPA Standard 1710, the committee used the standard time-temperature curve, as it relates to flashover, as the basis for fire department response times..
![Page 41: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2nd Research Question
• What would it take for the fire department to respond and intervene prior to flashover?
![Page 42: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fire Department Response Time(Traditional)
(Total)
• ignition and pre-burn
• smoke detector activates and sends alarm
• alarm arrives to central station & is processed to dispatch center
• dispatch center processes alarm
• dispatch
• turn-out time
• travel time
• set-up time
![Page 43: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Alarm to central station & transferred to dispatch
• 15 seconds to arrive
• 30 seconds to process
• TOTAL - 45 seconds
![Page 44: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Dispatch Time (average)
• 56 seconds
![Page 45: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Turn-Out Time (average)
• leaving the fire station– staffed - 57 seconds– unstaffed -184 seconds
• NFPA 1710 allows 60 seconds for turn-out
![Page 46: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Travel Time
• from fire station to arrival at fire scene
• NFPA 1710 defines this as response time– from time apparatus clears the station to arrival on
scene• 4 minutes for 1st unit
• 8 minutes for balance of 1st alarm
![Page 47: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Set-Up Time
• arrival at fire scene
• disembark apparatus
• pull hoseload from apparatus to front door
• charge hoseline
• don SCBA masks
• advanced hoseline into the building
• apply water
![Page 48: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Set-Up Time (average)
• 98 seconds
![Page 49: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Compare
• average time to flashover - 4.3 minutes
• average FD response time – not including detection time– not including travel time
• staffed 4.2 minutes
• unstaffed 6.3 minutes
![Page 50: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fire Dept. vs. FlashoverTime in Seconds
Does NOT include travel time
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Ignition Smoke Detector Processing Flashover Staffed Unstaffed
![Page 51: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Fire Dept. vs. FlashoverTime in Seconds
allows 240 seconds for travel time
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Ignition Smoke Detector Processing Flashover
Staffed Turnout Unstaffed Turnout Staffed Travel Unstaffed Travel
Staffed Set-Up Unstaffed Set-Up
![Page 52: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Compare
• average time to flashover - 4.3 minutes
• NFPA standard response time – 30 seconds to answer the call (NFPA 1221NFPA 1221)– 60 seconds to dispatch the call (NFPA 1221NFPA 1221)– 60 seconds to hit the street (NFPA 1710NFPA 1710)– 240 seconds to travel to the scene (NFPA 1710NFPA 1710)
• TOTAL 6.5 minutes
![Page 53: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Conclusion(s)
• We can’t beat flashover
• Alternatives– non-combustible construction - possibly– non-combustible furnishings -unlikely– non-combustible contents - nearly impossible
![Page 54: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Long-Term Answer?
The widespread use of fixed protection (read sprinklers) in all new construction, with an emphasis on residential occupancies, including
single-family dwellings.
![Page 55: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
With whom do we work to solve the problem?
• International City Managers Association
• National Fire Protection Association
• International Code Council• Elected Officials
Associations• Building Officials
Associations• Insurance Service Office
![Page 56: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Upper Merion’s Modifications to the Model Building Codes
![Page 57: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
International Building Code Modifications
• Section 903 (as modified) requires sprinklers in all use groups if over 2,000 square feet in area or 35 feet in height– Exception: open parking structures
• originally adopted in 1987originally adopted in 1987
![Page 58: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
International Residential Code Modifications
• Section 317 (as modified) requires an automatic sprinkler system to be installed in all new One and Two Family Dwellings
• originally adopted in 1988originally adopted in 1988
![Page 59: THE INSTITUTION OF FIRE ENGINEERS United States of America Branch](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56815738550346895dc4dcfd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
John R. Waters, CFPS
Executive Fire Officer
Chief Fire MarshalDirector of Safety and Codes Enforcement
175 W. Valley Forge Road
King of Prussia, PA 19406
610-205-8513