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Transcript of The Inland South. Physical Geography Includes portions of several physiographic provinces:...
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The Inland South
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Physical Geography
• Includes portions of several physiographic provinces:– Atlantic Coastal Plain
• Flat, sandy soil; meandering rivers; swamps
– Piedmont• Fall line settlements; largest cities in South
– Appalachia• Not affected by glaciation; reduced erosion
– North American central lowland• Geologically Appalachian, but more like Heartland
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Physical Geography
• Climate & Hazards– Humid sub-tropical (Cfa)
• Appalachians affect local climate
– Tornados– Hurricanes
• But not surf-pounding
– Abundant precipitation• Flooding
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
• Conceived by President Franklin D. Roosevelt early in his first term
• Designed to…– Deal with the chronic floods
experienced throughout the Tennessee Valley
– Develop the river for transportation
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Tennessee River Basin
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Historical Settlement• Large Native American population• Early English settlers, 17th century• Trail of Tears, 1830s
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Historical Settlement
• Civil War and Slavery– Secession– Inhabitants dependent on agriculture– Sharecropping– Poverty
• Segregation– Jim Crow laws
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Long Term Consequences of Civil War
• Persistent Poverty
• Racial Segregation
• Sectionalism – Led to the formation of the “solid south”– Enhanced by the following…
Four years of war fought on southern soil Loss of the war Repressive aspects of reconstruction Occupation by a conquering army
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Long Term Consequences of Civil War
Out-migration was slow for ~50 years after the Civil War:
1. A lack of information
2. Initial improvements in local opportunities
3. Skill and education limitations
4. Poverty
5. Simple inertia
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Long Term Consequences of Civil War
• Migration patterns during the post WWI era• Push Factors
• Jim Crow Laws• Violence• Subsistence economic conditions
• Pull Factors• Jobs in industry• Opportunity for a better life• Positive info/feedback from family & friends
• The Great Migration = negative impact on the Southern economy
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The national dropout rate for adults 25 and over was 25 percent in 1990.
High school dropout rates, 1990
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Unemployment rate, 1995
The national unemploymentrate was 5.5 percent in 1995
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Civil Rights Memorial
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Major Components of Southern Culture
• Agrarian
• Strong Rural Provincialism
• Lack of Influence from Non-British Sources
• Persistent Adherence to Various Protestant Religions
• Amalgamation of Southern White and African Cultures
• Antiblack/Pro-Slavery Attitude
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Major Components of Southern Culture
• Agrarian– Spatial organization based on early plantation
economy– Rural population spread evenly, with the few
large export cities– Cities located on the coast or at major transport
routes along inland waterways
• Strong Rural Provincialism– Rural isolation = distinct local allegiances
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Major Components of Southern Culture
Lack of Influence from Non-British Sources─ Immigration limited due to a lack of
opportunities available within a plantation economy
─ Region well-established by 1840 Persistent Adherence to Various Protestant
Religions
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Major Components of Southern Culture
• Amalgamation of Southern White and African Cultures– Cultural borrowing affected patterns of speech,
diet, and music– Amalgamation process ≠ transculturation or
acculturation.
• Antiblack/Pro-Slavery Attitude– Supported the plantation system– Required to justify the practice
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Places in Inland South: Appalachia
• Two distinct sub-regions:– Southern
• Rugged topography; isolated; WASPs
– Northern Appalachia• Thrives on relative location; less poverty; better
transportation
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US Poverty
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Appalachia
• Settlement Patterns– Outset, small farms of 25-50 acres– Predominantly rural
• Regional Economy– General farming, hindered by physiography
• “Hillbilly” stigma endures– Most “hillbillies” are WASPs & low-income
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Inland South’s Economic Reorganization
• 1870 to Mid-1930s– Agrarian; Capital deficient– Featured sharecropping and the crop-lien
system– Crop-Lien System
• A farm-financing scheme• Money loaned at the start of growing season• Subsequent harvest used as collateral
– Urban Structure• small market centers, railroad towns, textile mill
towns, and county seats
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Inland South’s Economic Reorganization
• 1950 – Present– By 1950, half of the labor force engaged in urban-
based nonagricultural employment– Sharp increases in tertiary economic sectors– Agriculture more diversified– Mechanization increases, sharecropping declines– Rural to urban migration continues to increase
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The Inland South Today• “New South”
– Breaking down isolation and modification of distinctive southern culture
– Usually refers to the south post-World War II– Trends:
• 2/3's of the region's people live in major metropolitan centers
• In 1940: 35 cities had populations > 50,000• In 1950: 42 cities had populations > 50,000• In 1996: 110 cities had populations > 50,000• In 2000: ~200 cities have populations > 50,000
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Changes inRegional Distribution
ofUS Black Population
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The Inland South Today
• Low costs of living and cheap labor attracts many industries
• Significant infusion of Northern migrants bringing “cultural baggage”
• Isolation, sectionalism, and racism declining
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Discussion & Reading
• Reading: The Vidalia Onion: Only grown in Georgiahttp://www.vidaliasfinest.com/about_onion_story.htm
How will the continuing influx of more and more ethnic groups affect the “New South”?
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Related Books• Abramson, Rudy and Jean Haskell, eds. 2006.
Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Johnson City TN: The Center for Appalachian Studies and Services.– Enlightening book smattered with well-known and little-known
Appalachian facts.• Hart, John Fraser. 1998. The Rural Landscape.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.– A geographic interpretation and analysis of the evolution of rural
landscapes of the United States, with a focus on the Inland South and Midwest.
• Jordan-Buchov, Terry. 2003. The Upland South: The Making of an American Folk Region and Landscape. Harrisonburg, VA: University of Virginia Press.
• Wilson, Charles Reagan. 1995. Judgment and Grace in Dixie. Athens: University of Georgia Press.– Analysis of how Southern religious values have impacted North
American culture.
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WebSources
• Inland Southhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500822_6/United_States_(Geography).html
• Atlanta Tourismhttp://www.atlanta.net/index.html