National Trends in the Prescribing of Anti-Hypertensive Medications
The Infrastructure of EMS Nationwide commitmentIsrael – Physician Act •The practice of medicine...
Transcript of The Infrastructure of EMS Nationwide commitmentIsrael – Physician Act •The practice of medicine...
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Michael Halberthal MD, MHA
Deputy Director
Rambam Health Care Campus
NIEM Workshop
Bangkok
December, 2015
The Infrastructure of EMS
Nationwide commitment
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Patient Outcome?
• Bystander Care
• Dispatch
• Response
• Prehospital Care
• Transportation
• ER Care
• Definitive Care
• Rehabilitation
EMS Service
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EMS Service Definition
Network of pre-hospital
coordinated services
that provide emergency
care to the community
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EMS Requirements
Response to a single
patient
Response to a MCI
Other community
services
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Response to a Single Call
• Receiving the Emergency call + Telephonic
aid.
• Reaching the patient.
• BLS – removal from danger, preventing
further damage, basic life saving
procedures.
• ALS – sophisticated medical Tx aimed at
stabilizing the patient (if possible).
• Medical evacuation => definitive care.
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Response to MCI
• Accumulating forces and special means
(rescue, C&C, etc).
• Collaboration with other Emergency
forces (military, fire department, police,
etc).
• Triage.
• On scene life saving procedures.
• Regulation of the evacuation process.
• Allocating resources for secondary triage
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Community Responsibilities
• First aid training – various audience.
• Medical “protection” for public events.
• Publishing important medical information.
• Managing first aid equipment in public
places (AED).
• Humanitarian activities (MDA, RED
CROSS).
• Involvement in community medical
services (future).
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EMS – Check list 1
• Health Regulations - MOH.
• Dispatch center – responding to mergency
calls, C&C systems, communication (incl.
data).
• Skilled manpower – Dispatchers, Medics
(EMT-B, EMT-I), paramedics (EMT-P),
Doctors (?).
• Means of transportation – ambulances,
motorcycles, helicopters, 4x4 , etc.
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• Medical equipment and medications –
delivering medical aid.
• Special Means – for special events (e.g.
– protection).
• Teaching and Training formation – for
public and medical teams.
• Logistic formation.
EMS – Check list 2
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National formation Municipal formation
Combined EMS and FD MD based services
EMS – Around the World
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National EMS formation
Independent
based mainly
on medics and
paramedics
4 tiered formation
The Israeli Solution
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The Regulator
• Legislation
• Regulation
• Certification
• National Medical Policy
• Supervision
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Israel – Physician Act
• The practice of medicine – Definition (examination, treatment, prescribing medications, and other medical services)
• Only a certified MD can practice medicine
in Israel.
• A physician is allowed to employ (under
his personal supervision) nurses, medics
and other assistants – to aid him with his
work.
• A physician can’t pass on his/her
authorization to practice medicine.
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Exceptional Act (reg. 59)
• An action which is by definition a
“medical practice” (under the physician
act), that is authorized for practice by
“non physicians” – under certain
conditions.
• It’s a specified action, authorized in a
specified process, and defined by these
regulations.
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“Exceptional action” features
• Delegated from doctors to “others”
• Allowed to be practiced by authorized
personnel only
• Limited to a pre-specified environment
(hospital, clinic, ambulance, etc)
• Limited to special terms
• Responsibility on the performer and the
doctor in charge
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• Intubation
• Defibrillation
• Injection of certain medications
• Needle Thoracotomy
• Carotid massage
• Use of external pacemaker
“Exceptional action”
Paramedics (10th adjunct 2001)
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Terms of Implementation
• A certified paramedic
• At least one year of field experience
• During resuscitation and/or critical
situations
• Not during emergency – only under
direct order from a physician
• Under specific medical protocols issued
by the medical director
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Example – Death Declaration
• Definition
– Absent autonomic cardio-respiratory activity
(cardiorespiratory arrest)
– Absent brain activity (brain death)
• MD → “dead” (physician act, anatomy and pathology act)
• Problem:
– Availability - No MD in MICU
– Resource utilization - MICU availability
– Damaged training - Paramedics
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• Regulator/MOH – Professional committee
• Protocol – Death declaration by
paramedic w/o MD
Example – Death Declaration
D/C CPR
Report to MD at dispatch & approval
Document asystole 3 leads 3 min
ID of deceased
Police?
Complete medical and declar. form
Transfer of forms to:
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Basic Protocols
• Cardiac arrest
• Cardiology – ACS, Arrhythmia, CHF
• Pulmonology – Asthma, COPD, Resp. failure
• Neurology – Coma, Stroke/TIA, Seizures
• Endocrinology – Hypoglycemia
• enviromental – intoxications, snake bites,
anaphylaxix, heat stroke, etc
• Trauma
• Childbirth
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For example :
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and in MDA :
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New Protocols EBM
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We have the evidence
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a medical
protocol :
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Dispatch
• Usually the publics first contact
• Training level varies
• Complex - Scene may differ
• Obligation
– Emergency instruction to caller
– Diagnosis by proxy
– Allocate resources according to priority
– Major role on MCS
– Coordinate with other agencies
– Quality Assurance
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Dispatch operative models
• Territory
– Local
– Regional
– National
• System
– One stop shop 911
– Hospital Based
– Independent service
– Private service stand alone
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Resources
• Human resources
– MD, Medics, Paramedics, Nurses
– Training
• Means of Transportation
• Equipment / Medication
• Special means
• Logistic
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Paramedics
• M/P the anchor of EMS
• Paramedics in Israel:
– First Paramedic Class in Israel graduated in
1979
– >2000 trained > 90 courses
– continuously updating and modifying the
curriculum according to International
Standards and ILCOR/AHA/PHTLS protocols
• Programs: MDA (full/half), IDF, Hebrew U,
Ben Gurion U B.EMS
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• 3 phase structure to all programs
– Didactic and skill training (aprox. 700 hours)
– Clinical hospital rotations (aprox 320 hours)
– Ride along in MICU (640-800 hours)
• ACLS, PHTLS, PALS courses
• Graduation exam (Written and OSCE)
Paramedics Course
Curriculum
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Subjects learnt
• Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology
• Physical examination and medical history taking
• Pharmacology
• Airway management techniques, basic and advanced
• Respiratory Emergencies
• Cardiovascular Emergencies
• Trauma (including MCI & HAZMAT)
• Pediatric Emergencies
• General Emergencies (including Psychiatric)
• Gynecology
• Communication, Ambulance Operation, National SOP
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Skills required
• BLS training (including the use of AED)
• Airway management including Surgical AW
• IV Access + IO Access
• Drug administration and medical mathematics
• 12 lead ECG interpretation
• Defibrillation; Cardioversion; External Pacing
• Advanced and basic Trauma Skills
• Needle Decompression, Thorax Drain insertion
• Extraction and Special rescue operation
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Hands on
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Realistic Mega Codes
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ALS Team Leader
• Advanced paramedic training
• 5 phase training: 1. 40 shifts of supervised training with a paramedic
tutor on board the ALS units.
2. A 1 week course at the paramedic education
center.
3. Additional 40 supervised shifts.
4. Qualification exams (2 days – OSCE style).
5. 3 months – working as a team leader under
remote supervision by the regional paramedic
supervisor.
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Primary Responsibilities
• Preparation
• Response to scene
• Scene assessment
• Patient assessment
• Recognition of injury or illness
• Management
• Appropriate disposition
• Patient transport and transfer of care
• Documentation
• Return to service
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MCI Preparedness
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On Call Census
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MCI application
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Transportation
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Transportation
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CQI (continuos quality improvement)
Training and assimilation
Publication of medical guideline
Market survey, bid, purchasing
Defining the need = medical literature review (E.B.M)
Acquisition of Medical Equip.
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Continuous Positive Pressure
Ventilation (CPAP)
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Evidence Based Medicine
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Market Survey, Bid, Purchase
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Publication of
a medical
guideline :
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Training & Simulation
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Fresh dried
plasma
Automatic
resuscitators
Video
laryngoscope
Future
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Medical Documents
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Quality Data base
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Research & Publication
• Participation in clinical research,
alongside hospitals and other medical
institutes
– Medication prescribing errors in the prehospital
– Participation in NASIS and ACSIS
– Prehospital use of IIb/IIIa inhibitors
– Prehospital use of Tranexamic Acid
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Thank you