The Industrial Revolution & Its Effects
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution & Its Effects
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The Enclosure Movement
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Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
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Mine & Forge1840-1880ù More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible. “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible
steel.
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John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
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The Power Loom
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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
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James Watt’s Steam Engine
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Steam Ship
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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Later Locomotives
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The Impact of the Railroad
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“The Great Land Serpent”
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Capitalism) Economic system, based on:
• Competition• Profit motive• Private ownership• Free market (supply and demand)
) Era of laissez faire
) Entrepreneurs take financial risk to make profits
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Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”
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Factory Production) Concentrates production in one place
[materials, labor]
) Located near sources of power rather than labor or markets• Until invention of steam engine
) Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor
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By 1850: Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
ù Northeast France.ù Belgium.ù The Netherlands.ù Western German states.ù Northern Italyù East Germany Saxony
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Industrialization By 1850
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Railroads on the Continent
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Share in World Manufacturing Output:
1750-1900
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Drawbacks of Capitalism…
1. Potential for greed and corruption = development of monopolies
2. Misuse/abuse of labor force and the environment
3. Workers lose pride in their work
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) Widening gap between the rich and the poor
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19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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The Factory System
× Rigid schedule.
× 12-16 hour day; 6-7 days per week
× Dangerous conditions.
× Mind-numbing monotony.
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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
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British Iron Production
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1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!
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Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
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Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”