The Industrial Revolution. Industrial Diffusion How do industrial regionalization, uneven...
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution. Industrial Diffusion How do industrial regionalization, uneven...
The Industrial Revolution
Industrial Diffusion
How do industrial regionalization, uneven development, and core-periphery
patterns come to exist?
The Industrial Revolution
A. Pre-Industrialization: How were goods produced BEFORE IR?1. People had made goods
for thousands of years before IRa. things made slowly
(low productivity), all by hand
b. workmen handled all facets of production > different quality goods
c. guilds created production standards, but prices were high
The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
A. Pre-Industrialization: what did the Revolution change?2. Spatial distribution
a. work done at home (cottage industry) • goods sold
locally• workers paid
by the “piece”b. industry was
dispersed in all locales
The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
B. What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution?1. Once the IR occurred
a. things made quickly (high productivity), mostly by machine
b. workmen handled one discrete task > same quality of mass-produced items
c. Factories made similar goods with same production standards; prices came down
The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
B. What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution?2. Spatial Distribution
a. Work done at factories– Goods sold
near and far– Workers paid
by the hourb. Industry was
clustered in a few places
The Industrial Revolution (Cont)
C. Why did it begin in the Great Britain?1. capitalist system
a. guilds had created a middle class of workmen
b. people free to form businesses
c. education d. patent system encouraged
development
2. labor: a. Jethro Tull’s seed drill
(1701) and other developments > improved productivity in farming > people can leave farms and work elsewhere
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
C. Why did it begin in the Great Britain? (CONT)3. raw materials (iron ore,
coal)4. rivers, canals, harbors
(ease in trade)5. small, compact size
(iron and coal near rivers and harbors)
6. existing banking system (borrow $ to buy machinery)
7. stable political system8. colonies (guaranteed
markets, additional raw materials)
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
D. Key developments1. James Watt patents the
steam engine (1769)a. wood replaces
running water as source of energy
b. changes location of machinery– was located by
running water (streams, rivers)
– now can be located wherever wood exists (more flexibility)
The Industrial Revolution (cont)D. Key developments (cont)
2. steam engine adapts to iron industry (iron deposits in Midlands, So. Scotland, So. Wales)a. steam engine provides steady supply of hot air for
blast furnaceb. ease in smelting iron and shaping it into “pig iron”
[common size]
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
D. Key developments (cont)3. steam engine adapts to textile industry
a. cotton fiber spun into thread (inefficient by hand; efficient by machine)
b. thread woven into cloth with power looms in large factories
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
c. other industries arise from iron industry• wood becomes
scarce > coal > coke (factories move to coal fields)
• > integrated factories where iron is smelted and processed into steel
• need to transport coal and iron > railroad
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
E. Effects1. economic: more
goods at lower prices2. social: available labor
leaves farms and clusters in cities a. urban blight,
pollutionb. canned food
(encourages new industry)
3. political: surplus labor > mistreated workers > liberalism and communism
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
E. Effects4. technological: >
railroad, steamship 5. agricultural: > 2d
Agricultural Revolution a. increased
productivityb. use of machinery
> larger farms > enclosures
6. demographic: caused move from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of DTM
The Industrial Revolution (cont)
F. Early Diffusion1. eastward to Belgium, France, and
Germany (early 1800s; delay due to Napoleonic Wars)
2. further diffusion to Italy, Netherlands, Russia and Sweden by late 1800s
3. U.S. not affected by political instability in Europe: diffusion by early 1800sa. 8,000 spindles of textiles in 1808 > 80,000
spindles by 1811b. by Civil War, U.S. was world’s 2d largest
industrial power
End of Part I
Industrial Regions
How can the theme of culture regions be applied to industrial activity?
Types of industrial activity
A. Primary = extracting resources. Ex.?B. Secondary = processing stage. Ex?C. Tertiary = services
1. Transportation/Communication2. Producer Services3. Consumer Services
D. Each type of industrial activity displays unique spatial patterns, or “industrial regions.”
Primary Industry
A. Extract resources1. Renewable
can be used without being permanently depleted. Risk of overexploitation
2. Nonrenewable are depleted when used.
Secondary Industry
A. A.K.A. “manufacturing”1. Traditionally clustered
together in several regions
2. Each region is specialized because each activity has certain requirements; locations are chosen based on how advantageous they are. Ex.?
3. Regional specialization core-periphery dynamic (UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT)
Secondary Industry (cont)
A. Global trends since 1950’s1. Secondary industry declining in core countries
a. Factories closing down; people out of workb. Core countries retain industries that require
highly skilled or artisanal work. Ex. technopolesc. Service industry boomd. This is called deindustrializatione. Core countries entering post-industrial phase
2. Periphery countries becoming industrialized3. Transnational corporations manage a complex
business system with multiple specialized locations. Effect of globalization.
Service Industries
A. U.S., Canada, Europe and Japan = postindustrial
B. Transportation/communication services1. Services that facilitate the
distribution of goods, services and information to meet the requirements of modern industry.
2. Regional differences in the relative importance of various modes of transportation. EX Russia = rails; US=highway
3. Ex.?
Service Industries (cont)
A. Producer services1. Required by those who produce
goods; necessary for business growth and developmenta. Generally located in the coreb. Require more educated labor
force2. Ex.?3. Leads to more uneven
development; industrialization of LDCs makes them more dependent upon industrial powers.
4. Information technology – growing fielda. Requires skilled, creative
labor force, and little land– High-tech corridors
developing. Ex. “Silicon Valley”
Service Industries (cont)
A. Consumer Services1. Services aimed
at keeping people healthy, educated, safe and happy.
2. Ex.?
The End