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The Industrial Revolution. Essential Questions How can nationalism be a unifying and a divisive...
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution. Essential Questions How can nationalism be a unifying and a divisive...
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The Industrial Revolution
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Essential Questions• How can nationalism be a unifying and a
divisive force?
• How does a state gain or lose power over others?
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – PART I
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Industrial Revolution Overview
• A time of greatly increased output of machine-made goods drastically changing the way people lived and worked
• Began in ENGLAND but quickly spread through Europe and to the US
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Industrial Revolution • Causes
– Agricultural Revolution• ENCLOSURES
– Forced small farmers off land to create large farms
– Done to INCREASE PRODUCTION as population increased
– Forced small farmers to the cities
• Crop Rotation– Rotation of crops to different
fields each season produced HIGHER crop amounts
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Industrial Revolution• Causes– Scientific Revolution • Scientific
discoveries, new machines, printing press, exploration, etc.
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Industrial Revolution
• Why England? – Large population of workers due to enclosure– Abundant natural resources
• Water power• Coal and iron ore• Rivers for inland trade• Many harbors for international trade
– Political/Economic Stability• Isolated from European wars • Parliamentary system successful for hundreds of years• Parliament monetarily supported entrepreneurs• Financially successful colonies with abundant resources
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Industrial Revolution • Effects – Greater need to move
goods TRANSPORTATION rapidly improved• Better roadways,
canals, tunnels, etc.• Steam engine • Steam boats• Railroads– Extensive systems
become necessity• Factory engines
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INDUSTRIALIZATION – PART 2
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Industrialization
• Industrialization Overview – Process of SOCIAL and ECONOMIC change that
modernizes a human group– Social change and economic development are
closely related with TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
– Is progress at the price of human suffering justified?
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Industrialization• Effects of Industrialization– GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES• Factories for efficient production• Urbanization: rapid movement to cities
– POOR LIVING CONDITIONS• Small cities became too big too fast• Poor sanitary conditions• Insufficient housing, education, security• Air and water pollution
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Industrialization• Effects of Industrialization (cont.)
– POOR WORKING CONDITIONS• 14 hour days, 6 days/week, poor pay• Workers had to keep up with machines• Child Labor
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Industrialization
• Effects of Industrialization (cont.)– Class Tension
• Rise of middle class – Upper-middle class factory owners and merchants grew wealthy
and influential in politics– Lower-middle class factory foremen, skilled tradesmen, supervisors
lived comfortably
• Many living in extreme poverty and working class begins to replace peasant class
– Aristocracy resents upper-middle class• Being pushed out of power
– Workers resent upper-middle class• Gap between classes getting larger
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Global Impact of Industrialization
• Global Impact of Industrialization (cont.) – Global Inequality• Industrialized WEST vs. “ALL THE REST”• Great economic and military inequalities
– Transformation of Society• Great economic power of EUROPE• More wealth overall• Better opportunities for education and democracy
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Global Impact of Industrialization
• Global Impact of Industrialization (cont.) – Emergence of new political and economic ideologies • Business leaders encouraged gap between rich
and poor–LAISSEZ-FAIRE: “hands-off” economy–Promotion of CAPITALISM
– Reformers encouraged governments to play a more active role in bettering conditions• Emergence of SOCIALISM and COMMUNISM
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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC IDEOLOGIES - PART 3
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Do Now
• Why do political revolutions occur?
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Political and Economic Ideologies • Capitalism
– Economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit, economic liberty guarantees economic progress
– ADAM SMITH Father of modern capitalism– Other capitalists included
• Thomas Robert Malthus– Wars and epidemics necessary to reduce excess population
reduce number of poor• David Ricardo
– Permanent underclass always poor– Wages forced down as population increase SUPPLY AND
DEMAND
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Political and Economic Ideologies• Socialism
– Factors of production are owned by public and operate for the welfare of all
– Government actively plans economy
– Other socialist ideas include • Bentham
– UTILITARIANSIM judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness
– Government should provide the greatest good for the greatest amount of people
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Political and Economic Ideologies
• Karl Marx– Believed that economic forces controlled society– Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) calling for
“workers of the world unite” and overthrow the “bourgeoisie”
– Radical socialism called Marxist– Gap between rich and poor too wide and will
widen– More control over economy will reduce class
conflict
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Marxism
Factories drive small
artisans out of business
Small # of manufacturers
to control wealth
Large PROTELTARIAT would revolt & seize factories
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Marxism
Proletariats would produce
what was NEEDED
Workers would share profits
Creation of economic equality
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Marxism
Workers would control gov’t in “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
Create cooperative living and education
The state/government would wither away = classless society
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Political and Economic Ideologies
• Karl Marx (cont.) – Marx’s final phase would become
– COMMUNISM• Complete form of socialism in which the means of
production owned by the people• No private property• Classless society• All goods and services shared equally
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Political and Economic Ideologies
• Karl Marx (cont.) – Marx’s ideas of communism didn’t have much appeal
until 20th century• Lenin’s Russia• Mao’s China• Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam• Castro’s Cuba
– Most of Marx’s predictions never occurred proving that society is not just controlled by economic forces but also by religion, nationalism and political forces