The Industrial Revolution

1700 - 1850

1721 - Tull - seed drill

1733 -Kay - flying shuttle

1764 -Hargreaves - spinning jenny

1769 -Arkwright -water frame

1769 - Watt - steam engine

1779 - Crompton - spinning mule

1785 - Cartwright - power loom

1793 - Whitney - cotton gin

1804 - Trevithick - steam locomotive

FACTORS of INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

• CHANGES IN FARMING METHODS

• RISE IN POPULATION

• GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES

• INVENTIONS

CHANGES IN FARMING METHODS

•1700 – Agricultural Revolution begins before Industrial Revolution

•Wealthy buy much of the land

•Landowners rent fields to tenant farmers

•Tenant farmers – one who farms another's land and pays rent, usually in a share of the crops

•Landowners began fencing or hedging their land

•Process is called enclosure

•Landowners free to experiment

Scientific Revolution Meets Agricultural Revolution

• Landowners needed new ways to increase harvest

• Jethro Tull one of the first scientific farmers

• Invented a seed drill in 1721

• Seed drill created evenly spaced rows at a specific depth

Scientific Revolution Meets Agricultural Revolution

•Scientific farmers began to use crop rotation

•System of growing different crops each year in a field to preserve fertility of the land

•Raising livestock was also improved

•Selective Breeding = only the healthiest and most fit animals were bred

RISE IN POPULATION

•During the 1700’s the population of Europe increased rapidly•Result of better livestock and rising crop production = more food

•Reasons for population growth•Improved health•Increased food supplies

•Growth in population increased need for food•Population growth also supplied the extra workers needed in the factories to produce more food

Great Britain: Industrial Leader

•Great Britain had all of the factors needed to be a successful industrialized nation

•Abundant natural resources

•Favorable geography

•Favorable climate for new ideas

•Effective banking system

•Politically stable

•Industrialized countries needed 3 important natural resources:

• Water-power

• Coal

• Iron Ore

• Water and coal supplied energy for the machines

• Iron ore needed to build machines, tools, and buildings

Abundant Natural Resources

Favorable Geography

• Britain an island nation

• Had many fine harbors and 6,000 merchant ships

• Sailed to every part of the globe

• Overseas trade gave Britain access to raw materials and markets to sell products

Favorable Climate For New Ideas

• British were interested in science and technology

• Founded the Royal Society

• World famous “club” for exchanging ideas and inventions

• Wealthy British invested in inventions

Effective Banking System

• Great Britain had the most highly developed banking system in Europe

• Service of making loans was very important during this time period

• Loaning money at a reasonable interest rate encouraged people to invest in inventions

Politically Stable

• British lived in a century of peace

• Freedom from the expense of war allowed them to spend money on new technology

• Government favored economic growth

• It passed laws supporting and encouraging new investments

Inventions Revolutionize the Textile Industry

•Britain became world leader in raising sheep

•Wool became a major trading product

•Cotton popular for lighter weight clothing

•Cloth spun at home in cottage industries

•Work done by hand on spinning wheels and looms

One Invention Inspires Others

•Six Major Inventions Change the Cotton Industry

•John Kay - Flying Shuttle

•James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny

•Richard Arkwright - Water Frame

•Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule

•Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom

•Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin

John Kay’s Flying Shuttle

• Flying Shuttle invented in 1733

• Piece of wood that held yarn

• Shuttle woven in and out of the yarn tied to the loom

• Allowed the weaver to work twice as fast

James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny

• Invented in 1764

• A faster spinning wheel

• Could spin 80 threads at a time

• Humans could spin only 1 thread at a time

• Hand operated

Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame

• Invented in 1769

• Used water power from a fast flowing stream to drive the spinning wheels

Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule

• Invented in 1779

• Combined the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame

• Used to make stronger, finer thread

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

• Invented in 1793

• Removed seeds from cotton

• Before, seeds had to be removed by hand

• Took a lot of time

• Cotton Gin allowed for the cleaning of 10X more cotton per day

Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom

• Was invented in 1785

• New loom made weaving much faster

• Ran on waterpower

• In 1813 - 2000 looms were in use in English factories

• By 1833, 100,000 looms were in use

Industry Grows and Spreads

• To help transport goods faster from place to place engineers built:

• Durable roads• Canals• Railroads

Roads• A Scottish engineer, John McAdam, invented a better

way to build roads

• First layered the roadbed with large rocks

• Next, smooth a layer of crushed rock over the first layer

• Process was called the “Macadam” surface

Canals

• Canals are human made waterways

• Networks of canals were built in England

• Over 4000 miles of inland waterways were constructed

• Lowered the cost of transporting raw materials to the factories

Railroads

• The inventors of the railroad locomotive put the steam engine on wheels

• Richard Trevithick invented a small powerful steam engine which pulled a cart along tracks in 1804

• George Stephenson built 1st railroad line in 1821

• Was 27 miles long

• Called his steam engine the “Rocket”

• Ran 24 miles per hour

Far Reaching Effects of the Railroad

• Railroads encouraged industrial growth

• Were a fast, cheap way to transport raw materials and products

• Provided new jobs

• Boosted agriculture

• It was easier to transport goods (milk, fruit, etc.) to distant cities

• Made travel easier

Factories Grew Out of Cottage Industries

• New machines were too large to be used in homes• Wealthy merchants set up machines in large buildings• Buildings became known as factories

• Factory = a large building where goods are produced• Most machines ran off of water

• Looms and spinning wheels• Every factory had to be built near rushing water• Locations were often inconvenient

• Cotton cloth became popular• Most British cotton came from America• Cotton production increased

•1791: 9000 bales •1831: 987,000 bales

Industrial Revolution Changed Lives

• Industrial Revolution spread to other countries

• Growth of factories brought people to the cities

• Working conditions in factories began to improve

• Middle class social structure grew

• Social tensions began to build between the different classes

Vocabulary1. Crop Rotation

2. Cottage Industry

3. Cotton Gin

4. Enclosure

5. Entrepreneur

6. Factory

7. Industrialization

8. Seed Drill

9. Steam Engine

10. Tenant Farmers