The Indian Subcontinent From Colony to Independence
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Transcript of The Indian Subcontinent From Colony to Independence
The Indian SubcontinentFrom Colony to Independence
Rise of Nationalism• Indian National Congress—
1885– Hindu dominated
• Muslim League—1906– Wanted separate seats in
legislature
Effects of Imperialism
Positive• Sanitation• Health care• Infrastructure—
railroads, telephone, telegraph, dams, bridges
• End of local warfare
Negative• Political and economic
power in British hands• Restrictions on Indian
owned industries• Loss of self-
sufficiency• Cash crops=decrease
in food production=famine
• Second class status• Threats to traditional
Indian way of life
Gandhi
• Civil disobedience
• 1930—Salt March– Demonstrators arrested
• 1935—Government of India Act – Not complete independence
• 1942—Quit India Resolution
• Post WWII Britain weighs cost of maintaining colony
Independence dividesIndia and Pakistan-1947
• Muslims resist rule by Hindus
• Partition of India—10 million refugees result in 1 million dead
Kashmir
•UN ceasefire
•Water resources vital to Pakistan
Jawarlal NehruJawarlal Nehru
Follower of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister
of India, 1947-1964.
Advocated Industrialization.
Neutrality during Cold War=Nonaligned Movement
Non-Alignment MovementNon-Alignment Movement
The “mix” refers to private and public ownership.
Foreign aid and foreign investment are crucial.
Urban areas have high-tech companies.
Three quarters of the population are farmers living in small villages.
India's "Green Revolution" allowed farmers to triple their crop by using modern science and technology.
India’s “mixed economy”India’s “mixed economy”
India’s “Green Revolution”India’s “Green Revolution”
Introducing higher-yielding varieties of seeds in 1965.
Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation.
GOAL make India self-sufficient in food grains.
Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of
India, 1966-1984. Continues Nehru’s
policies. Faced corruption
charges & internal rebellion.
Assassinated in 1984.
Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi
India’s persecution of the SikhsIndia’s persecution of the Sikhs
Overpopulation 1 billion & climbing. Economic development. Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues dowry killings. Caste bias discrimination against untouchables continues.
The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.
Political assassinations.
Major problems & Issues in India today
Major problems & Issues in India today
Is the dream gone?Is the dream gone?
Strong Islamic fundamentalism. Impoverished.
Pakistan divided in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh
PakistanPakistan
First Woman Prime Minister, 1988 Twice elected and
twice removed in 1990 and 1993 on corruption charges.
Self-imposed exile Returned during
elections in 2007 Killed December
2007
Benazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto
Coup d’etat. U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.” Resigned August 2008
General MusharaffGeneral Musharaff
Asif Ali Zardari
• Widower of Benazir Bhutto
• Elected as President-September 2008
Economic development. Political instability/military dictatorship.
Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues honor killings. Terrorism. The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.
Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today
Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today
The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s
The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s
Partners in the “War on Terror?”Terror?”
Partners in the “War on Terror?”Terror?”