The Importance of Veterinary Toxicology for Animal Agriculture and the Food Supply Birgit Puschner...
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Transcript of The Importance of Veterinary Toxicology for Animal Agriculture and the Food Supply Birgit Puschner...
The Importance of The Importance of Veterinary Veterinary
Toxicology for Toxicology for Animal Agriculture Animal Agriculture
and the Food and the Food SupplySupplyBirgit PuschnerBirgit Puschner
DVM, PhD, Dipl. ABVTDVM, PhD, Dipl. ABVTCalifornia Animal Health California Animal Health
and Food Safety and Food Safety Laboratory SystemLaboratory System
School of Veterinary School of Veterinary MedicineMedicine
University of California, University of California, DavsDavs
Belgium PCB and Dioxin Belgium PCB and Dioxin IncidentIncident
In January, 1999, In January, 1999, 500 tons of animal 500 tons of animal feed were feed were contaminated with:contaminated with: ~ 50 kg of PCBs and~ 50 kg of PCBs and 1 gram1 gram of dioxinof dioxin
Distributed to Distributed to animal farms in animal farms in BelgiumBelgium
1 storage tank of
fat
10 livestock feed manufacturers
2140 pork, poultry and beef
farms
Timeline of eventsTimeline of events Feed contamination: January, 1999Feed contamination: January, 1999 Early Feb, 1999: Early Feb, 1999: VeterinarianVeterinarian diagnosed diagnosed
chicken edema disease chicken edema disease prompted prompted investigationinvestigation
Mid March, 1999: Mid March, 1999: Feed and animal tissues were sent for tox Feed and animal tissues were sent for tox
testingtesting Veterinarian considered fat in animal feed the Veterinarian considered fat in animal feed the
most likely sourcemost likely source April 26, 1999: Dioxin and PCB April 26, 1999: Dioxin and PCB
contamination confirmed by laboratorycontamination confirmed by laboratory
60 billion Belgian francs or ~ 1.5
billion U.S. dollars
Animal agriculture is an easy targetAnimal agriculture is an easy target Toxicants can be widely distributedToxicants can be widely distributed Veterinarians may be the first Veterinarians may be the first
respondersresponders Veterinary toxicology laboratories Veterinary toxicology laboratories
are crucial in investigationsare crucial in investigations
Toxicology Case StudiesToxicology Case Studies
Lesson learned…Lesson learned…
Poisoning Case in Dairy Poisoning Case in Dairy CowsCows
22 – 24 lactating cattle died over 22 – 24 lactating cattle died over a period of 9 days in a herd of ~ a period of 9 days in a herd of ~ 300 cows300 cows
Affected cattle in one penAffected cattle in one pen Clinical signs:Clinical signs:
Reduced or no rumen motility Reduced or no rumen motility Lethargic and hunched upLethargic and hunched up Decreased milk productionDecreased milk production Increased respiratory rate and effortIncreased respiratory rate and effort
↓ ↓ Tongue Tongue tonetone
↓ ↓ Palpebral Palpebral reflexreflex
TimelineTimeline
Consultation with herd vet: Day 1Consultation with herd vet: Day 1 Necropsies: Day 2Necropsies: Day 2 Hold placed on milk and milk Hold placed on milk and milk
products: Day 2products: Day 2 Awaiting toxicology resultsAwaiting toxicology results Awaiting possible danger to the food Awaiting possible danger to the food
supplysupply Toxicology testing: Day 3-5Toxicology testing: Day 3-5
Toxicological AnalysesToxicological Analyses OleanderOleander OP and carbamate OP and carbamate
insecticidesinsecticides Ionophore antibiotics Ionophore antibiotics
(monensin, etc.)(monensin, etc.) Toxic plants: tree Toxic plants: tree
tobacco, jimsonweed, tobacco, jimsonweed, poison hemlock, yews, poison hemlock, yews, larkspurs, lupine, larkspurs, lupine, foxglove, foxglove, rhododendronsrhododendrons
HypocalcemiaHypocalcemia HypomagnesemiaHypomagnesemia
LeadLead Arsenic, Mercury, Arsenic, Mercury,
CadmiumCadmium CopperCopper SeleniumSelenium GC/MS screen: GC/MS screen:
pesticides, drugs, natural pesticides, drugs, natural productsproducts
FERN LC/MS screen: a FERN LC/MS screen: a large variety of chemicals large variety of chemicals that may result in high that may result in high morbidity or mortalitymorbidity or mortality
Rat poisonsRat poisons
Decision with regards to safety of milk & Decision with regards to safety of milk & dairy productsdairy products
Final Diagnosis – Day 7Final Diagnosis – Day 7 Diagnosis of Botulism Type C – SourceDiagnosis of Botulism Type C – Source Challenges:Challenges:
Vagueness of clinical signsVagueness of clinical signs Tests for botulinum toxin not sensitive Tests for botulinum toxin not sensitive
enoughenough Tox testing crucial!Tox testing crucial! Source of toxinSource of toxin
March 2006March 2006
47th and Stockton blvd
Cooked mushroom samples positive for alpha- and beta- amanitin.
Onions
Mushroom pieces
Toxicology InvolvementToxicology Involvement
beta-Amanitin
alpha-Amanitin
Soup available for testing – rapid Soup available for testing – rapid diagnosisdiagnosis
New methodology (LC/MS)New methodology (LC/MS)
Poisoning Case in Dairy Poisoning Case in Dairy CowsCows
6 lactating cattle (total in pen = 6 lactating cattle (total in pen = 16) died within 24 hours in a herd 16) died within 24 hours in a herd of ~ 600 cowsof ~ 600 cows
““Just found dead”Just found dead” Other information:Other information:
All animals are off feed a littleAll animals are off feed a little All animals on dairy get the same ration: All animals on dairy get the same ration:
TMR (corn silage and premix, top-dressed TMR (corn silage and premix, top-dressed with hay)with hay)
Owner washed a spray tank the day beforeOwner washed a spray tank the day before
Diagnostic Work-upDiagnostic Work-up
Necropsies: cardiotoxic eventNecropsies: cardiotoxic event Toxicology testing: oleandrinToxicology testing: oleandrin
GI contents, liver, muscle & feedGI contents, liver, muscle & feed Serum, urine, milkSerum, urine, milk
+EPI (577.40) CE (20) CES (5): 7.375 min from Sample 1 (D0404700-My282 Liver, 200mg) of 081004-28.wiff (Turbo Spray) Max. 2.1e6 cps.
100 150 200 250 300 350 400m/z, amu
0.0
5.0e5
1.0e6
1.5e6
2.0e6
Inte
ns
ity, c
ps
373.3337.3
355.3
319.3433.3291.2
Results Results within a within a
few hours few hours (LC/MS)(LC/MS)
Benefit of Toxicology Benefit of Toxicology TestingTesting
Rapid diagnosisRapid diagnosis Testing of milk and meatTesting of milk and meat
Perchlorate
PerchloratePerchlorate
Developed LC-MS/MS method in Developed LC-MS/MS method in 2 weeks2 weeks
Method detection limit: ~ 0.8 Method detection limit: ~ 0.8 ppbppb
46 milk samples:46 milk samples: All samples were positiveAll samples were positive 1.54 ppb to 20 ppb1.54 ppb to 20 ppb
Perchlorate Interlab Perchlorate Interlab Comparison StudyComparison Study
Sample Sample No.No.
FDA/CFSAN – FDA/CFSAN – IC-MS/MSIC-MS/MS
CAHFS – HPLC-CAHFS – HPLC-MS/MSMS/MS
Milk Milk #1#1
5.21ppb5.21ppb 5.83 ppb5.83 ppb
Milk Milk #2#2
4.59 ppb4.59 ppb 5.28 ppb5.28 ppb
Milk Milk #5#5
4.66 ppb4.66 ppb 5.28 ppb5.28 ppb
Milk Milk #7#7
4.70 ppb4.70 ppb 4.85 ppb4.85 ppb
Milk Milk #8#8
4.59 ppb4.59 ppb 5.82 ppb5.82 ppb
Perchlorate Regulatory Perchlorate Regulatory IssuesIssues
NAS recommendation: 0.7 NAS recommendation: 0.7 µµg/kg/dayg/kg/day Drinking water equivalent level Drinking water equivalent level
(DWEL)(DWEL) 24.5 ppb for an adult24.5 ppb for an adult 4 ppb for infants4 ppb for infants
CA - Public health goal: 6 ppbCA - Public health goal: 6 ppb
Perchlorate, Dairy Perchlorate, Dairy Cattle and Human Cattle and Human
HealthHealth Human health:Human health:
WHO – iodine deficiencyWHO – iodine deficiency Rapid transfer of dietary perchlorate Rapid transfer of dietary perchlorate
to milkto milk Perchlorate in dairy cows:Perchlorate in dairy cows:
Ruminants – biofilters?Ruminants – biofilters? Perchlorate intake and milk iodidePerchlorate intake and milk iodide
Goal: limit perchlorate content Goal: limit perchlorate content of the dairy cow’s dietof the dairy cow’s diet
Insecticide CasesInsecticide Cases Cattle: Cattle:
PhoratePhorate 167 deaths167 deaths Diagnosis Diagnosis
established established within hourswithin hours
Analysis of milk Analysis of milk and fat within and fat within hourshours
HumansHumans Thai food Thai food
restaurantrestaurant 107 affected 107 affected
peoplepeople Methomyl Methomyl
exposureexposure
MethomylMethomyl
Testing of food, and Testing of food, and food ingredients (oil, food ingredients (oil, salt, herbs)salt, herbs)
MycotoxinsMycotoxins
AflatoxinsAflatoxins FumonisinsFumonisins OchratoxinOchratoxin Tricothecene mycotoxinsTricothecene mycotoxins Penitrem APenitrem A ZearalenoneZearalenone
Algal ToxinsAlgal Toxins
SaxitoxinsSaxitoxins
AnatoxinsAnatoxins MicrocystinsMicrocystins
ImportanceImportance
Testing for toxicants in a Testing for toxicants in a large number of matriceslarge number of matrices
Diagnosis of intoxicationsDiagnosis of intoxications Prevention of Prevention of
intoxicationsintoxications Ensuring food safetyEnsuring food safety Assisting with risk Assisting with risk
assessmentsassessments Providing information to Providing information to
regulatory agenciesregulatory agencies
www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu
CAHFS Toxicology CAHFS Toxicology LaboratoryLaboratory
Member of FERNMember of FERN Received funding through the Received funding through the
Homeland Security DepartmentHomeland Security Department Largest Vet Tox Lab in the CountryLargest Vet Tox Lab in the Country
Highly trained personnelHighly trained personnel Continuous method development Continuous method development
and expansion of existing testingand expansion of existing testing