The Importance of Metadataufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/01/06/00001/Acuril_Mark.pdf · Library...

Metadata Research and

Application in The

Management of Digital

Collections

Mark Sullivan University of Florida Libraries

Digital Library of the Caribbean

Introduction

• What is metadata?

• Standards

• Standards Comparison

What is metadata?

Library and Museum Metadata


Greek Vase

470 – 460 BC

35 centimeters

Odysseus and Eumaios

the Swineherd

from Homer’s story of the

Odyssey


Format: Greek Vase

Date: 470 – 460 BC

Height: 35 centimeters

Title: [Greek Vase of

Odysseus and Eumaios

the Swineherd]

Notes: from Homer’s story

of the Odyssey


Title: L' Isle St. Domingue

Alternate Title: Atlas portatif Universel..

Physical Desc: 1 Map. : col ; 17 x 22 cm on sheet 23 x 32 cm.

Language: French

Creator: Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles , 1688-1766

Date: 1749

Place of Publ: Paris 1749

Subjects: Maps -- Early works to 1800 -- West Indies ( lcsh )

Maps -- Early works to 1800 -- Hispaniola ( lcsh )

Genre: single map ( marcgt )

Maps ( lcsh )

Early works to 1800 ( lcsh )

Spatial Coverage: Haiti, Dominican Republic

Note: Outline color.


Title: Avanzamos o retrocedemos? : reflexiones sobre temas educativos

Physical Desc: 165 p.

Language: Spanish

Creator: Radhames Mejia

Publisher: Santo Domingo : PUCMM/CIEDHUMANO

Date: 2010

Subject: Educacion - Republica Dominicana - Ensayos, conferencias, etc.

Abstract: Este libro recoge una serie de artaculos sobre temas educativos

publicados en los aos 2006 y 2007 en el periodico El Caribe. En su mayorÃa son

reflexiones alrededor de asuntos de la agenda educativa nacional que iban

apareciendo o, que de manera estructural, caracterizan a la educacion dominicana.

Identifier: RD 370.97293 M516a

isbn - 9789945415339

Library Metadata

Library Metadata - MARC

Metadata Standards

Why Metadata Standards?

Standards

“The nice thing about standards is there are so

many to choose from.”

- Andrew Tannenbaum ( 1988 )

Types of Metadata Standards

• Bibliographic Description

• Metadata “Wrappers” and Transport

• Collection Descriptions

• Other Standards

• Authority Standards

• Proprietary Standards

• etc…

Bibliographic Description Standards

• MARC

• Dublin Core

• MODS

• VRA Core

Bibliographic Description Standards: MARC

• MARC

• Originally developed in 1960s by Library of Congress

• Most embraced metadata standard in libraries

• MARC 21

• Combination of USMARC and CAN/MARC

• Metadata standard for 21st century

• MarcXML

• Same MARC format, except encoded in XML

Bibliographic Description Standards: MARC

• MARC

• Positives:

• Can encode a very granular amount of data

• Very well adopted and works well with machine readers

• Negatives

• Not very human-readable

• High learning curve

• Mixes data with display (as commonly implemented)

Bibliographic Description Standards: DC

• Dublin Core

• Originally developed between 1994 and 1995 in Dublin Ohio

by OCLC

• Used widely on web pages to assist search engines

• Simplified Dublin Core

Title Creator Subject

Description Publisher Contributor

Date Type Format

Identifier Source Language

Relation Coverage Rights

Bibliographic Description Standards: DC

• Dublin Core

• Qualified Dublin Core

• Added three elements ( Audience, Provenance, RightsHolder )

• More importantly, added some basic refinements

• Positives

• Widely accepted and easy to read and encode

• Negatives

• Even with qualified dublin core, difficult to encode complex data

• Lack of data refinement leads to loss of UI options

Bibliographic Description Standards: MODS

• Metadata Object Description Scheme

• Developed in 2002 by Library of Congress

• Beginning to be the de facto standard for digital libraries

(MODS/METS)

• Positives

• Can handle a (large) subset of MARC tags

• Handles complex objects and can easily be extended

• Negatives

• Hard to do round trip portability from MARC MODS MARC

Bibliographic Description Standards: VRA Core

• Visual Resource Association

• Developed in 1996 by Visual Resource Association

• Used for describing visual/cultural materials

• Includes all the standard tags

• Date, Title, Description, Rights, Subject, etc..

• Also more unique tags

• Cultural Context

• Style

• Technique

Bibliographic Description Standards

• MARC

• Dublin Core

• MODS

• VRA Core





• Other Standards



• etc…

Metadata “Wrappers” and Transport

• Contents

• Files and Structural data

• Administrative data

• Choices

• METS

• OAI-PMH

• No wrapper necessary

Metadata “Wrappers” and Transport: METS

• Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard

• Standard by Library of Congress (2001)

• Contains

• Descriptions section(s)

• Administrative section(s)

• File section(s)

• Structure map(s)

• Accepts any XML schema

Metadata “Wrappers” and Transport: OAI-PMH

• Open Archives Initiative - Protocol for Metadata

Harvesting (2000-2001)

• Defines a protocol (over HTTP)

• Main Verbs

• Identify

• ListMetadataFormats – usually dublin core (99%)

• ListSets

• ListRecords





• Other Standards



• etc…

Collection Metadata Standards

• (METS)

• EAD

• Encoded Archival Description

• Electronic Finding Guide/Aid

• Main Sections

• Descriptions

• Container List – can link to digital objects

• Examples: Smithsonian Univ of Florida

http://www.aaa.si.edu/collectionsonline/blumerne/overview.htm

http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/manuscript/rawlings/rawlings.htm







• Other Standards



• etc…

Still to come…

• Authority Metadata Standards

• NACO

• MADS

• EAC

• Other Standards

• KML

• DarwinCore

• Z39.50 / ZING

• Standards are like weeds….

Proprietary and Custom Formats

• Proprietary File Formats

• Greenstone Document File (doc.xml)

• Fedora Object File (FOXml)

• Custom Schemas

• SobekCM Schema ( UFDC and dLOC )

Back to the beginning?

Evidence-based

• Universities within Florida ( 10 schools )

• Digital Objects

• MARC ( linked to catalog )

• Dublin Core ( no wrapper, simple objects )

• METS wrapper ( for complex items )

• MODS

• EAD for Finding Aids / Guides

• OAI-PMH Harvesting

“One Standard to Rule Them All”


METS Wrapper


METS Wrapper

DC MODS

Additional Custom Data


METS Wrapper

Dublin Core



METS Wrapper

MODS


Archival Service Metadata

METS

MODS

SobekCM

Greenstone

Archival

Service

Archival Service Metadata

METS

MODS

SobekCM

Fedora

or

ContentDM

Archival

Service

Standards

Comparison

What is XML?

• XML = eXtensible Markup Language

• Allows information and services to be encoded with

meaningful structure and semantics that computers

and humans can understand.

• Established by the World Wide Web Consortium

XML Syntax

XML Declaration

Elements in matching tags

Nested tags

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" standalone="no" ?>

<title>Grandmother Puss, or, The grateful mouse</title>

<book><title>Grandmother Puss, or, The grateful mouse</title>

</book>

XML Syntax ( continued )

Empty Tags

Attributes

Remarks

<book> </book>

<book />

<identifier type="oclc">32380062</identifier>

<? Data for a new digital resource ?>

XML Example

• Example for a book with a title and OCLC number

• This defines a book, but does not adhere to any

standard or schema


<? Data for a new digital resource ?>

<book><title>Grandmother Puss, or, The grateful mouse</title>

<identifier type="oclc">32380062</identifier>

</book>

XML Schemas

• Creates a vocabulary to use

• Constrains the structure of XML data

• Defines a namespace


<? Data for a new digital resource using 'dc' schema ?>

<book xmlns:dc="http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/metadata/"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/metadata/dc.xsd" >

<dc:title>Grandmother Puss, or, The grateful mouse</dc:title>

<dc:identifier type="oclc">32380062</dc:identifier>

</book>

Metadata Example

http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?m=ld1J&i=370

Metadata Example: Dublin Core

<dc:title>Grandmother Puss, or, The grateful mouse</dc:title><dc:title>Grateful mouse</dc:title><dc:creator>McLoughlin Bros., inc ( Publisher )</dc:creator><dc:subject>Cats -- Juvenile literature ( lcsh )</dc:subject><dc:subject>Mice -- Juvenile literature ( lcsh )</dc:subject><dc:description>Cover title.</dc:description><dc:description>Pagination includes wrappers; text completed on

lower wrapper.</dc:description><dc:description>Chromolithographs: cover ill.,

text illustrations.</dc:description><dc:description>(Funding) Preservation and Access for American and

British Children's Lit (NEH PA-50860-00).</dc:description><dc:publisher>McLoughlin Brothers</dc:publisher><dc:type>Book</dc:type><dc:format>7, [1] p. : col. ill. ; 17 cm.</dc:format><dc:identifier>http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00023488</dc:identifier><dc:identifier>002798984 (ALEPH)</dc:identifier><dc:source>University of Florida</dc:source><dc:language>English</dc:language><dc:rights>All rights reserved, Board of Trustees of U Florida.</dc:rights>

Title Encoding Comparison

Jessamines Children Book

MARC

245 14 |a The Jessamines

|h [electronic resource]

|b a story of a country house /

|c by Grace Stebbing.






MarcXML

<datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">The Jessamines</subfield><subfield code="h">[electronic resource]</subfield><subfield code="b">a story of a country house /</subfield><subfield code="c">by Grace Stebbing.</subfield></datafield>






MODS

<mods:titleInfo><mods:nonSort>The</mods:nonSort><mods:title>Jessamines</mods:title><mods:subTitle>a story of a country house</mods:subTitle>

</mods:titleInfo>

<mods:note type="statement of responsibility">by Grace Stebbing.

</mods:note>






Dublin Core

<dc:title>The Jessamines: a story of a country house

</dc:title>

<dc:description>by Grace Stebbing.

</dc:description>






Dublin Core

<dc:title>The Jessamines: a story of a country house

</dc:title>

<dc:description>by Grace Stebbing.

</dc:description>

245 1 |a The Jessamines : a story of a country house






• MARC Comparison

• From MODS

• From Dublin Core

245 14 |a The Jessamines


|b a story of a country house /

|c by Grace Stebbing.

245 1 |a The Jessamines : a story of a country house




MODS

<mods:name type="personal"><mods:namePart>Elliott, E. S.</mods:namePart><mods:namePart type="date">1836-1897</mods:namePart><mods:displayForm>Emily Steele</mods:displayForm><mods:role>

<mods:roleTerm type="text">Author</mods:roleTerm><mods:roleTerm type="code"

authority="marcrelator">aut</mods:roleTerm><mods:roleTerm type="text">Illustrator</mods:roleTerm><mods:roleTerm type="code"

authority="marcrelator">ill</mods:roleTerm></mods:role>

</mods:name>




Dublin Core

<dc:creator>Elliott, E. S. ( Emily Steele ), 1836-1897

</dc:creator>




Dublin Core

<dc:creator>Elliott, E. S. ( Emily Steele ), 1836-1897

</dc:creator>

700 |a Elliott, E. S. (Emily Steele), 1836-1897



• MARC Comparison

• From MODS


700 |a Elliott, E. S. (Emily Steele), 1836-1897

700 |a Elliott, E. S.

|q (Emily Steele),

|d 1836-1897.

|4 aut |4 ill

Subject Encoding Comparison

5 Little Pigs

MODS

<mods:subject authority="lcsh"><mods:topic>Children</mods:topic><mods:topic>Conduct of life</mods:topic><mods:genre>Juvenile fiction</mods:genre>

</mods:subject>

<mods:subject authority="lcsh"><mods:temporal>1890</mods:temporal><mods:genre>Children's stories</mods:genre>

</mods:subject>



5 Little Pigs

Dublin Core

<dc:subject>Children -- Conduct of life -- Juvenile fiction

</dc:subject>

<dc:subject>Children's stories -- 1890

</dc:subject>



5 Little Pigs

Dublin Core

<dc:subject>Children -- Conduct of life -- Juvenile fiction

</dc:subject>

<dc:subject>Children's stories -- 1890

</dc:subject>

650 4 |a Children -- Conduct of life -- Juvenile fiction

650 4 |a Children's stories -- 1890



• In practice

• Faceted Searching

• Citation Searching

http://ufdcweb1.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?m=lrdb&t=pleasewell


Lessons / Standards Conclusions

• Try not to tie your metadata to your system

• Archival vs. Service

• Don’t be afraid of extending for your own needs, but

continue to follow the standards

• Don’t cripple your metadata / Prepare for the most

information you would want

• METS / MODS v. simple Dublin Core

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