THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED STATES DEFENSE

POLICY TO RESPOND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH

KOREA’S WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

(2009 – 2017)

By

Ari Nurahman

ID no. 016201400020

A thesis presented to the

Faculty of Humanities President University in partial fulfillment

of the requirements of Bachelor Degree in International Relations

Major in Strategic and Defense Studies

2019

i

RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This Thesis titled “The Implementation of United States Defense Policy to

Respond the Development of North Korea’s Weapons of Mass Destruction

(2009-2017)” prepared and submitted by Ari Nurahman in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the

Faculty of Humanities has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the

requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for

Oral Defense.

Cikarang, January 15th, 2019

Recommended and Acknowledged by,

Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D.

Thesis Adviser I

I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, MSc.

Thesis Adviser II

ii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I declare that this thesis, entitled “The Implementation of United States Defense

Policy to Respond the Development of North Korea’s Weapons of Mass

Destruction (2009 – 2017)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original

piece of work that has not been submitted, either or in part, to another university to

obtain a degree.

Cikarang, January 15th , 2019

Ari Nurahman

iii

PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET

The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis “The Implementation of United

States Defense Policy to Respond the Development of North Korea’s Weapons

of Mass Destruction (2009 – 2017)” that was submitted by Ari Nurahman

majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of Humanities was assessed

and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on January 15th 2019.

Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph. D

Chair – Panel of Examiners

Thesis Adviser I

Yj

I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, MSc.

Thesis Adviser II

Teuku Rezasyah, Ph. D

Examiners

iv

ABSTRACT

Ari Nurahman, International Relations 2014, President University

Thesis Title: “The Implementation of United States Defense Policy to Respond

the Development of North Korea’s Weapons of Mass Destruction (2009 – 2017)”

The dynamic of political developments-international security apparently

could not be separated from the question of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

This type of weaponry in addition to owned by the Group of developed countries,

also owned by some developing countries, namely North Korea. North Korea

WMD development in the period of 2009-2017 then leads to a variety of impacts.

The perception that North Korea WMD is threat to the United States. In the United

States Defense policy in the era of George w. Bush to Barack Obama the country

has several interests including the handling of terrorism until the handling of WMD.

There are international political constellations in the State the owner of WMD that

became United States ally, and there are countries that are opposite, one is North

Korea. This is what later became a threat to the United States.

This study discusses the implementation of United States defense policy

respond the development of North Korea’s WMD 2009-2017. This research uses a

number of approaches, namely, the theory of the defense policy, theory of threats

perception, as well as the concept of application of policy. While the methodology

used is descriptive qualitative to data collection and library research techniques.

North Korea became one of the world's countries that have nuclear. North

Korea became one of the world's countries that have nuclear then became threat to

United States interests in sovereignty, but also with regard to the interests of

countries that had become a close ally of the United States, namely South Korea

and Japan. For that, the United States seeks to implement policies in the context of

the internal and external. Thus, the United States seeks to strengthen the capacity

of the defense and military field. A variety of these efforts is the policy of the United

States for a nuclear deal with North Korea that is complete will be discussed on the

following research.

Keyword : US Defense Policy, Threat Perception, North Korea, WMD, Policy

Implementation

v

ABSTRAK

Ari Nurahman, International Relations 2014, President University

Thesis Title: “The Implementation of United States Defense Policy to Respond

the Development of North Korea’s Weapons of Mass Destruction (2009 – 2017)”

Perkembangan politik-keamanan internasional ternyata tidak bisa lepas dari

persoalan WMD (weapon of mass destruction). Jenis persenjataan ini selain

dimiliki oleh kelompok negara maju, juga di miliki oleh beberapa negara

berkembang, yaitu Korea Utara. Pengembangan WMD Korea Utara pada periode

2009-2017 kemudian menyebabkan berbagai dampak. Salah satunya adalah

persepsi ancaman WMD Korea Utara tersebut bagi Amerika Serikat. Dalam

kebijakan pertahanan Amerika Serikat pada era George W Bush hingga Barack

Obama negara ini memiliki beberapa kepentingan diantaranya penanganan

terorisme hingga penanganan WMD. Dalam konstelasi politik internasional

terdapat negara pemilik WMD yang menjadi sekutu Amerika Serikat, serta terdapat

negara yang berseberangan, salah satunya adalah Korea Utara. Inilah yang

kemudian menjadi ancaman bagi Amerika Serikat.

Penelitian ini membahas tentang implementasi kebijakan pertahanan

Amerika Serikat terhadap perkembangan WMD dari tahun 2009-2017. Penelitian

ini menggunakan beberapa pendekatan, yaitu teori kebijakan pertahanan, teori

persepsi ancaman, serta konsep penerapan kebijakan. Sedangkan metodologi yang

digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan dan penelitian

perpustakaan.

Korea Utara menjadi salah satu negara di dunia yang memiliki senjata nuklir

yang kemudian menjadi ancaman bagi kedaulatan Amerika Serikat, dan juga

ancaman bagi kedaulatan sekutu terdekat Amerika di wilayah tersebut, yaitu Korea

Selatan dan Jepang. Sehingga membuat Amerika Serikat berupaya menerapkan

kebijakan dalam konteks external dan internal. Dengan demikian , Amerika Serikat

berupaya untuk memperkuat kapasitas bidang pertahanan dan militer. Upaya ini

merupakan Kebijakan Amerika Serikat untuk merespon pengembangan senjata

nuklir Korea utara yang lengkap akan dibahas pada penelitian berikut.

Keyword : Kebijakan Pertahanan Amerika Serikat, Persepsi Ancaman, Korea

Utara, WMD, Penerapan Kebijakan

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, Praise and gratitude to the almighty God, Allah Subhanahu

wa taala for the blessings he has given until the thesis entitled "The Implementation

of US defense Policy to respond the development of North Korea’s Weapons of

mass destruction (2009-2017)" can be resolved and to the prophet Muhammad

shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam for his mercy, blessing and efforts for his followers.

This thesis I make as an obligation to fulfill the final duty to gain a bachelor's degree

in international relations.

Deepest gratitude for those who have been involved in the process of doing

this thesis:

1. To my parents, Ayah Rapani and Ibu Almawati who have given me

many prayers and support morally and materially until this thesis can be

completed.

2. To my brother and sister and also my big family who devote themselves

to prayer and support.

3. To my Beloved friends and comrades who endlessly provide support

and motivation.

4. To my beloved thesis adviser, Prof. AA. Banyu Perwita and Mr. Dharma

Agastia who have guided me in composing this thesis.

5. The last for those who has helped a lot in the preparation of this thesis

that I cannot mention all.

And the last, hopefully this thesis will give you the best knowledge about

the topic and I hope this thesis can be a complement to finish my study in President

University. Thank you very much. And enjoy it.

Cikarang, January 15th , 2019

Ari Nurahman

vii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Map of North Korea............................................................................ 2

Figure 1.2. North Korea WMD and its threat range ............................................. 9

Figure 1.3. A Logical Framework for Analysis .................................................... 15

Figure 3.1 United States Military Bases Worldwide ............................................ 44

Figure 4.1 THAAD Missile Defense System ........................................................ 61

viii

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 North Korean Leadership Succession 1948-2017 ................................. 23

Table 2.2The History of North Korea’s WMD Development .............................. 28

Table 2.3 North Korea WMD Test period 2006-2015 .......................................... 31

Table 3.1 Important Issues in United States Defense Policy (1980-2010) ........... 38

Table 3.2 Super Power State Armament Sales Commodity (2013-2016) ............ 43

Table 3.3 Frequency of Friction between South and North Korea (1995-2015) ..

............................................................................................................................... 52

Table 3.4 Frequency of Japanese and North Korean Friction (1995-2015) .......... 52

Table 4.1 United States Armament Sales Potential (2014-2015) ......................... 67

Table 4.2 Commodity of Army, Sea and Air Armament Equipment As well as

Short, Medium, Far Distance and WMD Missiles ............................... 68

Table 4.3 Ranking of the World's Largest Armament Producers ......................... 69

ix

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone

AFV Armored Fighting Vehicles

ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States

APCs Armored Personnel Carriers

ATT Arms Trade Treaty

LDP Liberal Democtratic Party

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GPS Global Positioning System

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies

IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile

JSDF Japan Self-Defense Forces

JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

LM Lockheed Martin

MIC Military Industrial Complex

MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System

MNC Multinational Corporation

MRBM Medium Range Ballistic Missile

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NDPG National Defense Program Guideline

NK North Korea

PAC Patriot Advanced Capability

PMC Private Military Company

PMF Private Military Firms

PMRF Pacific Missile Range Facility

PRC People’s Republic of China

PSC Private Security Contractor

SDF Self Defense Force

x

SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

SLBM Submarine Launch Ballistic Missile

THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

UN United Nations

UNSC United Nations Security Council

US United States

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS RECOMMENDATION LETTER ........................................................................ i

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................... ii

PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET ............................................. iii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ vii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. viii

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1

I.1. Background of the Study ....................................................................... 1

I.2. Identification of the Problem ................................................................. 6

I.3. Statement of the Problem .................................................................... 10

I.4. Research Objectives ............................................................................. 10

I.5. Significance of the Study ...................................................................... 10

I.6. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 10

I.6.1. Defense Policy ................................................................................ 11

I.6.2. Threat Perception ............................................................................ 12

I.6.3. Implementation ............................................................................... 13

I.7. Scope and Limitation of the Study ...................................................... 16

I.8. Research Methodology ......................................................................... 16

I.9. Structure of the Thesis ......................................................................... 17

CHAPTER II THE PROFILE OF FOREIGN AND DEFENCE POLICY OF

NORTH KOREA UNDER KIM JONG-UN AND ITS DEVELOPMENT OF

NORTH KOREA’S WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD) ........ 18

II.1 Foreign and Defence Policy of North Korea Under Kim Jong-un ... 18

II.2 Development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) of North

Korea ............................................................................................................... 27

II.2.1 History of North Korea’s WMD ..................................................... 27

II.2.2 Profile and Development of North Korea’s WMD ......................... 30

CHAPTER III THE OVERVIEW OF US DEFENCE POLICY AND GEO-

POLITIC OF EAST ASIA ................................................................................. 33

III.1 US National Security Interest .............................................................. 33

xii

III.2 Overview of the Capacity of US Defence Policy ................................ 36

III.2.1. Description of the United States Defense Policy ............................. 39

III.2.2. United States Defence Force ............................................................. 42

III.2.3. WMD Capacity of US and world countries ..................................... 45

III.3 The Threat of the Development of North Korea’s WMD for US

National Interests ............................................................................................ 47

III.3.1. Threat to United States Domestic .................................................... 48

III.3.2. Threats to US Allies ......................................................................... 51

CHAPTER IV THE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF US DEFENSE POLICY

TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH KOREA’S WEAPONS OF MASS

DESTRUCTION (WMD) ................................................................................... 54

IV.1. The Policy Implementation In External Contexts ............................. 54

IV.1.1. United States Support for Japanese Defense .................................... 56

IV.1.2. United States Support for South Korea's Defense Sector in Handling

North Korean WMD ..................................................................................... 59

IV.2. Policy Implementation in Internal Context ......................................... 63

IV.2.1. Application of Sanctions ................................................................... 63

IV.2.2. Strengthening the Domestic Defense Industry ................................. 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................... 71

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 73

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background of the Study

Defense policy is a systematic effort of a country to protect its national

security from external actions and threats. Every country of the world, whether

developed or developing countries need a defense policy to protect their territorial

sovereignty, protect the people, economies and other sectors.1

The existence of the United States (US) as s superpower country also cannot

be separated from its various defense policies. During the Cold War, the US defense

policy tended to be impressive by building strength / empire along with its affiliates,

including North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Australia, New Zealand and

United States Treaty (ANZUS) and several organizations to strengthen its position

in the international political constellation. Entering the decade of 2010, the US

defense policy has shifted due to the emergence of various issues such as terrorism

and the issue of nuclear weapons proliferation.2

In 2009 the US defense policy was confronted with the issue of North Korea

nuclear weapons.3 This country is one of the countries in the East Asia Region

bordering with South Korea, Russia and China. North Korea has gone through a

long history of the Korean Empire, the occupation of Japan and Russia 1905 until

the 1950 Koran War that led to the split of Korea into two, North Korea and South

Korea.4 North Korea is a country located in the East Asia region geographically

1 Barry Buzan, Defense Policy : The Dynamics After Cold War, Palgraff Mc Millan, London and

New York, 2009, page.41-42. 2 Chusnan Maghribi, “Amerika Serikat dan Pergeseran Kebijakan Pertahanan Era Barac Obama”,

Jurnal Politik GLOBAL, Vol. III, PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2014, chap ter iv. 3 Barry Buzan, Ibid. 4 “North Korean : Profile and Overview”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15258878,

accessed on April 30th 2018.

2

bordering with Sea of Japan, South Korea, the people republic of china (PRC) and

Russia5, as seen in figure 1.1. below.

Figure 1.1. Map of North Korea Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kp.htm

The United States declared that North Korea’s nuclear resources produce

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which is then seen as a threat to global

security. Officially through the US Department of Foreign Affairs in 2002 stated

that:

“…The develoment of defense system is a right for every country, but so far

North Korea has not been cooperative enough to be able to control the

weapons. Precisely these weapons used to build political fears in the East

Asia Region. For this reason, the United States government remain

5 Ibid.

3

consistent in supervising and managing North Korea’s nuclear issues in a

comprehensive manner”.6

Since the beginning of 2000s, North Korea has succeeded in developing

weapons that can be classified as WMD including hydrogen bombs and chemical

bomb. It is in accordance with a study issued by the US defense department on

2012 that North Korea is a country that indicates positive suspend that has WMD

above the capacity of Iran and India’s WMD.7 The conclusions about the ownership

of WMD by North Korea strengthened by the act of this country on rejecting the

recommendations that are intended as a form of coercive diplomacy so that North

Korea reviews and ends the nuclear enrichment program from the International

Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the recommendations of the G-6 (groups of six

in the European Union that consist of Germany, United Kingdom, French, Poland,

Italy and Spain) in support of nuclear non-proliferation.8

In addition to its focus on WMD and nuclear defense systems, North Korea

also focuses on strengthening the human resources. North Korea army is the fifth

largest army in the world, estimated about 1.21 million personnel, with

approximately 20% of men aged 17-54 years in the army. North Korea has the

highest percentage of military personnel per capita in the world, with about one

registered soldier for every twenty-five citizens. The regular army is about 700,000

people, 4,5 million reserve troops, and fifth of North Korean people are military.

All men in the communist country are required to attend military education of any

kind. Thus, the North Korean military is twice the size of South Korea.9

6 “Democrat : Need More The Hot Air on North Korean”,

https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/17/democrats-need-more-than-hot-air-on-north-korea/, accessed

on January 17th 2019. 7 WMD is a weapon designed to kill humans on a large scale, usually targeting ordinary people

and military personnel. Some types of WMD are considered to have psychological consequences

rather than military uses. One form of WMD is a nuclear weapon, where it gets power from

nuclear reactions and has a powerful destructive power - a nuclear bomb capable of destroying a

city. The confirmed owners of nuclear weapons are the United States, Russia, United Kingdom,

France, People's Republic of China, India, North Korea, Pakistan and Israel. 8 “North Korean Nuclear Program : How Advantages Is It”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-

pacific-11813699, accessed on April 30th 2018. 9 “North Korean Military Strength”, https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-

detail.asp?country_id=north-korea, accessed on April 29th. 2018.

4

In 2009-2017, the dynamics of US Defense Policy was faced with the issue

of North Korea WMD. The country has 21,000 long-range heavy artillery arms that

are mostly high-powered and capable of reaching the capital of South Korea, Seoul.

Then regardless of the number of soldiers and artillery the biggest threat posed by

the North Korean military is the nuclear explosive missile system. Developed since

the 1970s by relying on Scud missile design, North Korea now has three types of

missiles, one of which is cruising 8000 kilometers. With Taepodong 2 Pyongyang

can hit Canada, Europe and the United States.10

In October 2006, North Korea conducted their first nuclear weapons test

under the leadeship of Kim Jong-un. The force of the explosion is estimated to be

less than a kiloton and test alerts are announced just 20 minutes before nuclear

launches.11 Then in February 2013, North Korea was testing the third nuclear test.

The underground explosion at North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear testing site was

detected, with experts estimating blast size between 6 and 7 kilotons. Furthermore,

in April 2015 North Korea proved to rebuilt the Yongbyon nuclear reactor, the main

site of North Korea's nuclear.12

The existence of North Korea’s military and defense fields as a threat to

regional stability is also cannot be separated from the issue of its nuclear resources.

If it is linked to development of North Korea’s nuclear weapons, it is part of nuclear

proliferation to increase North Korea’s domestic military capacity.13

For North Korea, the development of WMD is to realize this military

interest. Their goal and functions closely related to national security, which is to

protect the state from external threats. Since Korean War until cold war, North

Korea become an isolated country. Even when its close alliance China on the era of

10 “Seberapa Besar Kekuatan Militer Korea Utara”, http://www.dw.com/id/seberapa-besar-

kemampuan-militer-korea-utara/g-39567433, accessed on April 15th. 2018. 11 “North Korean Pledges to Nuclear Test Bomb”,

http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/03/nkorea.nuclear/index.html, accessed on June

17th 2018. 12 “North Korea Nuclear Weapon : What We Know”,

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/north-korea-testing-nuclear-weapons-

170504072226461.html, accessed on April 16th, 2018. 13 Ibid.

5

Den Xiaoping success to change the dogmatize paradigm to pragmatist paradigm

still cannot make North Korea Change its foreign policy orientations and still stick

to be a country that against the western interests.14 Since the devided of Korea into

two, North Korea tend to dogmatics and close itselft for foreign relations especially

with western, so that with the development of WMD make North Korea has a good

bargaining power in east asia region.

Military capability is a foundation of the power of the state to deal with

threats from outside the country. This military capability depends on the quality and

quantity of the armed forces. In the military field there are two types of weapons

used, that are conventional weapons and non-conventional weapons. Non-

conventional weapons types are divided into chemical / biological weapons and

nuclear / thermonuclear weapons.15

In a different perspective, the United States considers that North Korea is a

country that promotes confrontational action. This is in accordance with the

statement of US secretary of Defense, Robert M Gates that:

“…North Korea Nuclear weapons has become a serious threat to

the United States directly. The characteristic of North Korea as a closed

country increasingly complicates the supervision of the anti-proliferation

regime. Therefore, joint monitoring is required to achieve global security

stability.”16

From the statement above, show that the position of the Unites States as a

superpower is necessary to make a defense policy that a decision to create a security

from an external threat, related to the development of North Korean WMD. This

defense policy will be able to support the achievement of national interest, namely

the stability of international security, as well as the security of the United States in

maintaining the global hegemony.17 US defense policy become very important

14 “We Are North Korean Military Capabilities”, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-koreas-

military-capabilities, accessed on May 22th 2018. 15 Ibid. 16 “Gates Warrn of North Korean Missile Threatening”,

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/world/asia/12military.html, accessed on may 10th 2018. 17 “US Policy Toward North Korean”, https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/us/rm/2006/76178.htm,

accessed on June 17th 2018.

6

because of this state is promoting the system of democracy, as well as claiming

their state is a pioneer of democracy. That is why, US defense policy not only

propose the executives function that are the president and US defense department

but also the parliaments, defense industries, interest groups and others, so that the

legitimate policy can be achieved. US defense policy to respond North Korea’s

WMD has some approach, such as one opinion building with alliances states, Japan,

South Korea, ANZUS18 and others. Besides, the next US defense Policy are through

the development of air shield, the implementation of Air Defense Identification

Zone (ADIZ).19

I.2. Identification of the Problem

Foreign policy has an important role as a strategy in supporting the

achievement of national interests. Both developed and developing countries have

almost the same foreign policy objectives, namely maximizing the achievement of

national interests. The existence of the United States as a country that has mastered

the global political constellation seeks to consistently develop its hegemony,

including in the East Asia region. According to the United States Secretary of State,

Hillary Clinton stated that:

“The United States with its various potential powers continues to

strive to safeguard democracy, human rights and global security. The

Ministry of Foreign Affairs will fully support the various decisions of the

president (Barack Obama) and together will build a new paradigm to

advance the world economy and development, but for various specific issues

coercive diplomacy is still needed to implement sanctions, including the

case of Russia, North Korea and several others.”20

The United States is a country that consistently applies democratic values,

so the policy-making process not only emphasizes the power and legitimacy of the

executive, especially the president, but also the legislature that consider the interest

groups, including considering the various aspirations of the opposition, although

18 Anzus is Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty. 19 “National Security Policy Procces”, http://rcnsc.dodlive.mil/files/2013/11/NatSec-Policy-

Process.pdf, accessed on May 20th 2018. 20 “Foreign Policy Endorse Hillary”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/10/09/foreign-policy-

endorses-hillary-clinton-for-president-of-the-united-states/, accessed on January 16th 2019.

7

this is not an absolute. This proposition also applies to US policies towards

countries that are at odds with their national interests related to the revocation of

the arms embargo.21

The processes and mechanisms of defense policy-making of the United

States originated from government (executive) initiatives of either the president,

minister or equivalent institutions to be included in Congressional discussions in

order to be denied or approved by his ratification and the last is the discussion on

the senate level or House of Representatives so it can be decided whether it will be

a regulation of defense policy or not.22

The United States need to implement defense policies in the form of

sanctions, establish the mutual opinion and the establishment of an active missile

defense system because North Korea is seen as a country that ignore diplomatic and

dialogical efforts.23 This country tends close itself to western countries, so that

North Korea is almost excommunicated in regional or international relations. With

so many incidents with neighboring country, particularly with South Korea

showing that Kim Jong-un remains adamant to show a positive image of North

Korea, especially in the East Asia Region, including in against United States which

opposes leadership of Kim Jong-un.24

US defense policy against North Korea's WMD development is also carried

out with careful and systematic considerations. Moreover, the relationship between

the United States and North Korea has tended to run confrontatively.25 This turned

out to be much influenced by self-reliance or that in North Korea known as Juche.

This policy is part of the North Korean communist ideology that was oriented by

21 Andrew Robertson, US Foreign Policy Dictionary : Third Edition, Routledge Publishing, New

York, 2015, page.27. 22 Cecil V. Crabb and Gleen J. Antizo, 2000, Congress and The Foreign Policy Process, New York:

LSU Press, page.29. 23 Ramon Procecho Pardo, North Korean and US Relations Under Kim Jong-il, New York and

London : Routledge Publishing, 2014, page.42 24 “Explaning US Policy Toward North Korean”,

https://www.npr.org/2017/09/13/550607412/explaining-u-s-policy-toward-north-korea, accessed

on April 30th 2018. 25 Ramon Procecho Pardo, Ibid.

8

former President Kim Il-sung around 1955 which means that: “…humans control

everything and decide everything”. Then the concept of self-reliance developed in

North Korea and formed a new ideology of believing in oneself.26

The North Korean self-reliance policy then has a profound impact on the

implementation of its foreign policy, including to the United States. 27 Relations

between North Korea and the United States do fluctuate and tend to worsen, due to

Kim Jong-un's authoritarian policies that ignore international norms, including

nuclear enrichment and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) development as

WMD launchers.28

North Korea has at least nine type of WMD that have short, medium, long

distance to intercontinental. On average within a year, North Korea’s defense

industry can create around 140 – 150 units of missiles.29 Some of these weapons

are used instead to fulfil the domestic requirement of North Korea as well as export

commodities. Some of the countries that managed to buy the North Korean missiles,

including Libya, Yemen, Vietnam, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Iran and several

other countries.30 See the figure of North Korea WMD and its threat range below:

26 “Self Relliance : North Korea Desperates Leader”, https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-self-

reliance-of-north-koreas-desperate-leaders_2241685.html, accessed on April 28th. 2018. 27 “Self Relliance Ideology”,

http://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/archives/supreme_leader/ideology.htm?lang=e,

accessed on May 19th, 2018. 28 Ibid. 29 “What Are North Korean Military Capability”, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-koreas-

military-capabilities, accessed on June 19th 2018. 30 “Who Are North Korean Trading Patner”,

https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/08/north-korea-trading-partners-

170807142149131.html, accessed on May 8th 2018

9

Figure 1.2. North Korea WMD and its threat range Source: http://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/

The United States administration under Barack Obama sees a defense policy

to North Korea was very necessary because it related to US national interests in

East Asia Region especially on the position of South China Sea and the relations of

US with South Korea and Japan. it is underpinned that North Korea's WMD will

pose a serious threat to East Asian security stability. On the other hand, the United

States has a big interest in the region. Including to maintain the stability of the

security of its allied, Japan, South Korea or Taiwan which threatened by WMD of

North Korea. Because of that, It can be conclude that US defense policy to North

Korean WMD and other dangerous missiles not only because of the US interest on

develop their defense hegemony, but also a part to create a stability on East Asia

region, especially on south china sea region. It is because of there is a lot of US

10

strategic interest that related to Japan and South Korea geo-strategy and other

interest that always have to be secured.31

I.3. Statement of the Problem

Based on the explanations on identification of problem above, then it can be

understood that United States on decade of 2010 still on the position of a

superpower country, especially on defense field. This state always tends to expand

its influence to its alliances states, such as NATO, ANZUS, European Union and

others. Meanwhile, for the state that against the US interest, that is North Korea try

to make any defensive, persuasive and offensive policies. Because of that, the

statement on this thesis can be focused on one specific question:

“How was the implementations of United States defense policy to respond

the development of North Korea’s weapons of mass destruction (2009 – 2017)?

I.4. Research Objectives

This thesis is intended to analyze the United States defense policy to

respond the development of North Korea’s weapons of mass destruction in 2009 -

2017.

I.5. Significance of the Study

To know the implementation of United States defense Policy to the

development of North Korea’s weapons of mass destruction 2009-2017 which is

deemed to be detrimental to international security stability especially in East Asia.

I.6. Theoretical Framework

In this study, to answer the statement of problem above then the author uses

the theory of defense policy, threat perception and theory of implementation. The

31 “An New Approach to Security in East Asian”,

http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/a-new-approach-to-security-in-east-asia/

accessed on June 20th, 2018.

11

approaches are chosen because it is able to elaborate in detail the implementation

of United States defense policy to respond the development of North Korea’s WMD

in 2009-2017.

I.6.1. Defense Policy

Defense policy after the end of cold war has formed a new structure, where

diaspora is spreading to the involved political-security actors. In other words,

political-security actors are not only divided into two big groups, the more involved

actors that have new potential and power in economic, political and military

aspects. Defense policy has several aspects that are mutually integrated and

independent, including personnel (human resources), equipment (arms), doctrine,

political support, the presence of foreign cooperation partners and others. Defense

policy is a discourse for policy makers that is difficult to dichotomize, domestically

or internationally because defense policy applies to both.32

Defense policy conducts by a country with attention to the strength, capacity

of foreign cooperation to the legitimacy of interest groups, political parties to the

idea of the leader of a country. According to Barry Buzan the defense policy applied

by a country has three main things, that are:33

a. Defense policy to be able to build dominance and control of opposing

countries.

b. Defense policy will be able to build leadership from allied countries

c. Defense policy will be able to build on the potential expansion of new

conflicts and tensions that will enlarge the strength and anticipatory attitude

of the opponent.

Barry Buzan also stated that the defense policy applied by a country will

always be related to the grand policy, that is foreign policy. In many cases, defense

policy is a follow-up as part of a foreign policy scheme to deal with old mapped

issues. It is mean that if the implementing country issued a defense policy, then this

32 Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver, Security : A New Framework and Analysis : Second Edition,

Lynne Rienner Publisher, London-Boulder, 2002, page.37. 33 Ibid.

12

issue has actually been a long time and has generally part of political experiences

and learning.34

Based on the description of the defense policy above, it is understood that

US defense policy is a decision based on mature considerations involving

bureaucracy, including parliament, president and defense department. If linked to

Barry Buzan’s proposition, the US defense policy towards North Korea is an

attempt to build superiority and eliminating potential conflicts.

I.6.2. Threat Perception

The development of international political-defense stability is not separated

from the threat factor. After the end of cold war, the dynamics of threats began to

multiply not only in open conflict between countries, but also other issues related

to the aggression of a country in the development of weapons system as well as the

tension between two or more countries in developing international hegemony.

Basically there are various definition of threats in relation to defense and

state security. In international relations studies, several theories explain the

definition of the threat. According to Buzan dan Waever (1998), the threat within

the sociological security framework is divided into two, horizontal threats and

vertical threats. Horizontal threats are several competing identities within a social

group. Meanwhile, the vertical threat is a threat that causes the identity of social

group to weaken at the point of disintegration or is actually constrained by a

political power.35

In other definition, according to Craig A. Snyder (1999) mentioned that the

threat can be seen from two different perspectives, strategic studies and security

studies. Based on strategic studies, a threat is a military threat that aimed at a

country. While the definition from security studies is that a threat of non-military

34 Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver, Ibid. page.38-39. 35 Barry Buzan and Waever, O. Regions and Power, The Structure of International Security.

Cambridge University Press. New York, 2003, page.87.

13

threat that are not only directed against the state, but also to non-state actors and

sub-state groups.36

The spectrum of threats that can arise and threaten sovereignty, the integrity

and the safety of nation and state. With the development of the strategic

environment of the post-cold war, the threat spectrum shifts from traditional

(military) to non-traditional (non-military) resulting in conventional warfare shift

to unconventional warfare and asymmetric warfare. The development of strategic

environment, both global and regional, has contributed to the threat characteristics

with the emergence of security issue such as terrorism, cross-border security threats

and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.37

Through the description above, it can be understood that the development

of North Korean WMD is a threat to the United States, either directly or indirectly.

Indirectly, North Korea may launch missiles to the neighboring countries, such as

Japan and South Korea, where the states have a close relationship with the United

States as a partner that has important political-economic value. While the directly

threat is related to the disruption of global security stability and the image of the

United States as an exporter of armaments.

I.6.3. Implementation

The implementation of policy has broad consequences, both domestically

and internationally. The term of policy implementation is often used and exchanged

its meaning with purpose, program, legal decision and proposal. In fact, the term of

policy has different definitions and understandings. With the enactment of policy

by the government indicates the existence of a state interest to be achieved.

Basically, a county’s policy is to achieve, defend and protect the national interest

of the country. According to Heinz Eulau and Kenneth Prewitt, in the book

labyrinths of Democracy, policy is:

36 Rorbett, Julian S, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy. Dover Publications, New Jersey, 2004,

page.34-35. 37 Ibid.

14

”Policy is a fixed decision made by stakeholders and groups below

and then obey the decision”38

The implementation and actualization of defense policy then becomes a

legitimate policy when obtaining the support of power balance groups from the

parliament, interest groups and other political entities. Policy is also a summary of

ideas from the ideas and values achieved by formulating and then choosing based

on aspects of efficiency and effectiveness.39 Term of policy in general can be

applied by government, organizations, private groups or individual.40

In the process of policy making there is a system. The system is a composite

or unity of a sub-system that has a dependency among its elements. The theory of

system is an approach that refer to the mechanism of input and output of a political

moment. Theory of system has characteristic that are:41

a. The identification properties in the form of unit and boundaries

b. The existence of input and output

c. Distinction within the system

d. Integration within the system

This policy implementation theory also describes binding decision to

society as a result of political action by policy makers, on the analysis of political

units (input). Input in the form of demand and support becomes input in the political

system, while output is a political action of decision, between input and output

linked through the environtment.42

From the description above, it can be understood that the implementation of

the defense policy will lead to various reactions from the object of defense policy

itself. Thus the US defense policy toward North Korea will be able to become a

38 Catherin Athlaus and Peter Davis et, all, The Australian Policy Handbook : Edisi Keempat,

Allen and Unwin Press, Sydney, 2007, page.2. 39 BN. Marbun, Kamus Politik Edisi Baru, Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta, 2005,. page 265. 40 Ibid. 41 David Easton, A Frame Work for Political Analysis, in Ronald Chilcote, Teori Perbadingan

Politik:Penelusuran dan Paradigma, Raja Grafindo Perkasa, Jakarta, 2003, page. 199-200. 42 Ronald Chilcote, Ibid.

15

feed back and will be able an evaluation (feedback) and will be follow with further

policies. In the period of 2009-2017, indeed the US defense policy againts North

Korea has not been able to stop the WMD of this country, however at least the

implementation of the defense policy can minimize the aggressive action of North

Korea in enriching its WMD.

To conclude this theoritical framework, the theory of theat perception will

be used to explain the discussion of chapter II. Furthermore Defense Policy theory

will refer to the discussion of Chapter III, in which this section describe about

overview of US defense policy. Lastly, the theory of implementation will be used

to explain the discussion of chapter IV. From figure 1.3 below, US defense policy

in responding the development of WMD of North Korea is influenced by the input

factor which is from the domestic and international political constellations. Then,

from those two considerations converted to defense policy making process. US

defense policy will be follow up through the evaluation based on the development

of the threat perceptions.

INPUT

• EXTERNAL:

Strategic Environment

• INTERNAL:

National Values

(translated into

interests)

Values->Interests

Policy Making

Process

Defense

Policy

OUTPUT

PROCESS

OUTCOME

Implementation

Figure 1.3. A Logical Framework for Analysis

16

I.7. Scope and Limitation of the Study

In order to realize a structured and targeted research, the author restricted

this study in 2009 to 2017. Selected in 2009 for being the first period for Barack

Hussein Obama's leadership as 44th president of the United States to replace George

W. Bush. While the year 2017 as the period indicates the still growing problem of

North Korean WMD is considered a threat to international security stability,

especially the East Asia region. The range behind the period is discussed as long as

there is still relevance to the theme of the study.

I.8. Research Methodology

The research method used is qualitative method, that is research method that

focuses on the analysis of data that is non-numeric and without using statistical

formulas as its approach. While the data analysis of the author uses descriptive

qualitative which is intended to describe situations that are considered relevant

objectively and clearly on the basis of the facts that occur so that it can be taken

conclusion.43

Facts or information utilizing the secondary data used in connection with the

issues that will be discussed in this thesis. The process of analysis in this research

is descriptive, where the data has been collected and then compiled and described

so that there is a systematic description of the research problem. Then the data

collection technique is done through library research. Data is obtained through

sources derived from books, journals, newspapers and the internet.

43 Catherine Cassel and Gillian Symon (editor), Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research,

London : Sage Publications, 1994, page.3-4.

17

I.9. Structure of the Thesis

In writing the following chapters, the author will divide this thesis into five

chapters, with details of each chapter as follows:

CHAPTER I is an introduction consisting of background of the study,

identification of the problem, statement of the problem, research objectives,

significance of the study, theoretical framework, scope and limitation of the study,

research methodology and structure of the thesis.

CHAPTER II discusses North Korean politics and WMD’s historical

overview and the progress to the threat of East Asian regional stability.

CHAPTER III is a chapter that discusses the description and overview of

US defense policy

CHAPTER IV is an analysis and discussion chapter that discusses the

implementation of US defense policy to respond the development of North Korea

WMD

CHAPTER V will conclude the thesis. Recommendations or suggestions to

the topic of the thesis that may be advantageous for further research will be

provided and elaborated.

18

CHAPTER II

THE PROFILE OF FOREIGN AND DEFENCE

POLICY OF NORTH KOREA UNDER KIM JONG-UN

AND ITS DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH KOREA’S

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD)

North Korea is a country in the East Asia region experiencing an interesting

dynamic of foreign and defence policy. Since the outbreak of Korea in 1948, North

Korea has developed as a closed country in the context of totalitarian dictatorships.

One of the North Korean regimes that have a strong influence on the dynamics of

North Korea’s foreign and defence policy is King Jong Un.44

Kim Jong-un is the son of the previous North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il.

In relatively young age, Kim Jong-un managed to build a foreign and defence policy

that tends to be confrontational with Western Countries, and its allies in Eastern

Asia, including South Korea and Japan. In fact, it is not separated from the

bargaining position of North Korea in developing the weapons of mass destruction

(WMD). In this second chapter will be described further on foreign and defence

policy of North Korean, as well as the WMD profile this country.

II.1 Foreign and Defence Policy of North Korea Under Kim Jong-

un

Foreign policy is the policy direction of a country to regulate relations with

other countries with a view to the national interest of the country internationally.

Foreign policy is part of a country's national political strategy that is different from

the foreign policy of other countries. In general, foreign policy (foreign policy) is a

strategy of a country in dealing with other countries based on values, attitudes,

directions and targets for the country's national interests in the international arena.

44 “History of North Korean”,

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/History_of_North_Korea, accessed on July 30th

2018.

19

Thus each country has its own foreign policy depends on the national goals of the

country, including in this case the North Korea.45

North Korea is a country with a foreign political orientation that tends to be

dominated by primordial forms passed down from generation to generation from

each regime.46 In the white book and the North Korean constitution it is stated that:

"... every leadership is responsible for advancing North Korea's

future. Juche must always be held firmly in every leadership. The leader

must be able to open the broadest possible cooperation by achieving

national interests, and positioning the country's honor above all else."47

Through the official statement from the North Korean government above it

is clear that North Korea is actually an open inclusion country as evidenced by the

achievement of cooperation and foreign relations with 164 independent countries,

spread across Asia, Australia-Oceania, Africa, Europe and the region America.

However, North Korean relations with these countries are often exposed to friction

(tension) and this is where North Korea tends to ignore the flexible orientation

because it is related to Juche.

A further formal statement relating to North Korea's foreign policy was

stated by Ri Su Yong who served as North Korean Foreign Minister that:

"... nuclear (WMD) and the existence of North Korea as a threat

indeed become a growing issue in the international world, especially the

East Asia region. For us this accusation is not true, we defend ourselves

against neo Western imperialism and the West's grip on allied countries in

East Asia. For that, we defend ourselves not as a threat to others. "48

The dynamics of politics and security of the world’s countries is not

separated from the leadership factor that will determine the image of the country as

well as the domestic and foreign political orientation. If viewed from the orientation

45 David William, International development of Global Politic, Routledge Publishing, New York,

2013, page.51. 46 Primordialism is a view or ideology that holds fast to things that are carried from generation to

generation, both in the aspects of tradition, customs, beliefs, and all its environment at the beginning 47 North Korean People Supreme Assembly, “New Foreign Policy and Foreign Relations”, chapter

iv, North Korea Review, Nanyang University Preess, Singapore, 2016. 48 North Korea Review, Ibid

20

of leadership patterns, then the world countries can be distinguished democratic and

authoritarian.49 One of the countries deemed to run an authoritarian system is North

Korea, especially during Kim Jong-un’s Leadership.

North Korea is a country that has been through a long history of the Korean

Empire, the occupation of Japan and Russia in 1905 until the 1950 Korean war that

led to the split of Korea into two, North Korea and South Korea.50

Post-colonization Japan, born the power of two groups of movement,

namely communist and nationalist. Japan's defeat in World War II resulted in Korea

being divided into two regions in a 38-degree parallel. The northern part is

controlled by the Soviet Union and southern is controlled by the United States. This

division occurs as a result of the "ideology" wars that the two superpower countries

waged as an attempt to establish hegemony over their existence. The USSR, which

controls North Korea, formed North Korea Provisional People's Committee with

Kim Il-sung as the highest leader. He undertook a radical project of "land reform"

and nationalization of private companies. In September 1948, North Korea formally

renamed itself as the "Democratic People's Republic" under the leadership of the

Korean workers' party. At the time of the Korean war (1950), the two regions that

had previously been an integral part of this were much in intervention by foreign

powers, the United States in the south and China in the North.51

As time passes, between these two areas is intensely conducting

reunification efforts, but with North Korea's stubborn attitude this effort is

increasingly becoming a despair. This attitude cannot last long because of the severe

economic crisis that hit North Korea, He softened with reunification invitation,

proved in 1972 north-south cooperation that aims to promote peace and maintain

good relations. By upholding the socialist-communist ideology, North Korea, the

49 Ibid 50 “North Korean : Profile and Overview”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-

15258878, accessed on June 21st 2018. 51 “Decades of Us Diplomacy on North Korean”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/12/a-timeline-

of-u-s-negotiations-talks-with-north-korea-trump-kim-jong-un-pyongyang-nuclear-weapons-

diplomacy-asia-security/, accessed on July 3,2018.

21

agricultural industry is formed collectively, and factory and financial institutions

are nationalized and the economy is emphasized on industrial and rural

mechanization in the investment program. During the leadership of the workers'

party, the pattern of policy making in North Korea is autocratic and "self-reliance"

despite some relaxation efforts such as "market oriented" and "open door policy.52

In order to legitimate its position internationally, North Korea conduct

various foreign cooperation, among them with 77 countries of the world, including

Angola, Brazil, Vietnam, Turkey, Uganda, South Africa to the United States and

the European Union as two parties who often opposed the foreign politic of North

Korea. Even North Korea also runs its civic neighbour country, South Korea,

through an integrated industrial development project in Kaesong region.53

North Korea is the only country that allows one party to stand, the Workers’

Party of North Korea. The North Korean government unilaterally declares its

country as Juche State. The ideology of “Juche” that understands “National

Independence” was first created by Kim Il-sung the first former leader of North

Korea. The essence of this ideology is to apply the general principles of Marxism

and Leninism with some modification made by Kim Il-sung himself. Juche

Ideology that believed and dependent on its own strength has actually been used by

Kim Il-sung since the beginning of 1955 to form policies, but it was officially

recognized when North Korea established a new constitution in 1972.54

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990/1991 North Korea's foreign

policy subsequently underwent various adjustments to the initiative of Kim Il-sung.

Foreign policy that should be able to build a reunification initiative for North and

South Korea, but instead seeks to strengthen the values of socialist-communist

primorsialism. For the North Korean government the country's foreign policy

52 Ibid 53 Ibid 54 “Sistem Pemerintahan di Korea Utara”, http://bahasa-korea.com/sistem-pemerintahan-di-korea-

utara.htm, accessed on June 21st 2018.

22

remains consistent in applying Juche, which is an attempt to develop ideas from

Marxist-Leninism that can be categorized into 3 values each:55

a. First, Chaju (Domestic and Foreign Independence) is the main principle of

juche. In international relations, this principle emphasizes equality and

complete mutual respect among nations. In addition, Chaju also affirmed to

every country has the right to self-determination to safeguard the happiness

and prosperity of its people. Kim Il believes that North Korea's foreign

policy is independent and principled. North Korea's closing political stance

becomes a picture of chaju itself.

b. Secondly, Charip (Economic Independence) weighs on the economic needs

of North Korea is not dependent on other countries and rely on its own

resources. Such a word as 'standing on its own feet is better than standing

on the feet of others', and building on the strength and efforts of the people

of North Korea. North Korean society instilled anti-imperialist thinking and

reinforced efforts against economic dominance and subjugation from

imperialist countries like the US. Charip leads North Korea to focus their

resource development on heavy industry because it will be the backbone of

the national economy. After the ceasefire of the Korean War, much of the

infrastructure was degraded so that manufacturing-focused development

became essential.

c. Third, Chawi (Self-Defense in Military Affairs) advocates the need for

defense and North Korea to protect citizens and countries about the threat

of imperialist aggression. The demands of each country build its own

military power and not rely on the military power of other countries. Today,

although the regime has shifted, the North Korean government has

continued its predecessor belief that as long as there are imperialist

countries in the world like the United States, a military-oriented self-defense

policy still needs to protect political liberty and economic development in a

55 “Juche Ideology”,

http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/North%20Korea%20materials/3.html,

accessed on 5th July 2018

23

socialist country such as North Korea’ nuclear weapons development

program.

Since splitting up with South Korea, North Korea’s development has

increasingly led to a pattern of authoritarianism. It can be seen from the application

of the Juche concept of the enormous self-confidence of the ability to be

independent without being dependent on other countries. In addition, another

authoritarianism form is the cult of personality Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il in an

organized manner as well as treating him as the eternal president.56

Politically, North Korea embraces a single party or party mono system

which is an alliance of the Workers’ Party of North Korea with other minor parties

namely the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chongu Chonduis Party. The

alliance later succeeded in filling North Korea’s parliament in Pyongyang and

simultaneously supporting North Korean government legitimacy.

Throughout the history of North Korea, the country has changed three of its

leadership. An overview of this see table 2.1. as follows:

Table 2.1

North Korean Leadership Succession 1948-2017

No. North Korea Leader Leadership Period

1.

2.

3.

Kim Il-sung

Kim Jong-il

Kim Jong-un

9th September 1948 – 8th July 1994

8th July 1994-17th December 2011

17th December 2011- Until Now

Source: ”North Korean Profile”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-

15258881, accessed on June 22th 2018.

Through the table above it can be understood that since 1948 North Korea

has changed the leadership period three times. Each leadership is not elected by

general election, but more by lineage and the legitimized through the recognition

56 “History of North Korea”, http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/,

accessed on June 21st 2018.

24

of a political party to an election that makes North Korean leaders seem to be

legitimate leaders.

Under Kim Jong-il’s leadership, since 1994, North Korea has become a

country that strive to live without the help of other countries, in other words that

Kim Jong-Il stressed that must move on the principle of self-reliance. The politic

that built the North Korean community life in general must accept the reality of life

with low economic growth. The country’s economic condition makes North

Koreans living in poverty and suffering, the condition is exacerbated by the limited

conditions of agricultural land and limited employment. Ironically, North Korean

leaders live in luxury and sufficiency and can even freely enjoy imported and luxury

goods. But the situation seems to be masked by Kim Jong-il’s Leadership style,

through policies issued in the form of propaganda by the government, and even the

people are convinced that their leader is the best leader capable of uniting North

Korean so that North Korean people honour and worship their country’s leader.

Kim Jong-il leadership style in leading North Korea is similar to his father’s

leadership style, Kim Il-sung, by putting himself into a respectable leader, leading

North Korea in a authoritarian and dictatorial style and putting the military power

of the country above all else, building massive weaponry as well as nuclear

weapons, and with no reluctance to take repressive measures for political opponents

and his subject who oppose government policy.

Succession from Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-Il to Kim Jong-un did not eliminate

the authoritarian dynamics in North Korea. During leadership of Kim Jong-un, the

authoritarian action was carried out by removing opposing camps, including murder

and allegations against the opposition, restrictions to internet bans until the

irrational policy of regulating the hairstyle of North Korean citizens.57

Kim Jong-un is the third leading figure of North Korea who succeeded Kim

Il-sung who led the country from September 8th, 1948 to July 8th, 1994 and Kim

57 “How Old is Kim Jong-un and When dis He is Take a Pwer”,

http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/802731/Kim-Jong-un-age-North-Korea-how-old-

pyongyang-leader, accessed on June 24th 2018.

25

Jong-Il who led the country from 8th July 1994 to 17 December 2011. Kim Jong-un

the second son of the couple Kim Jong-Il and Ko Yong-Hui who earned the title as

Mother of Pyongyang, as well as a Great Shogun Mother is a North Korean woman

born in Osaka –Japan which has three children, namely Kim Jong-chul as the first

child and Kim Yo-jong as the third child.58

Kim Jong-un young age is very closed. As a child, Un graduated from

elementary and secondary education in Pyongyang, which at the same time became

the school of children of North Korea’s political elite at that time, but enters top

education and college Kim Jong-un choose to go to education in Western country

that can be assumed as a liberal state. Some of these countries, including high

school and college in Bern, Switzerland, anthropology anatomy education, Lyong

University, France. In education, Kim Jong-un has obtained a doctorate in

economics from Help University, Malaysia. Moreover, Un is also expected to be

friends with Basketball players Michael Jordan and Denis Rodman.59

In the time of Kim Jong-un, North Korea seeks to develop effective defense

policy as part of the Juche concept. This effort was undertaken to strengthen North

Korea's bargaining position in the international political constellation. Although

this is at the expense of various fundamental interests for life, including poverty,

education, welfare, accession to basic needs and others. This effort is part of efforts

to strengthen North Korea's defense system to protect itself against the impresive

attitude of opposing countries, including the United States, Japan, South Korea and

several other countries.

58 “North Korea’s Dynasty : The World Mysterious Family Tree”,

http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/15/asia/kim-jong-un-family-tree-trnd/index.html, accessed on June

24th 2018. 59 “Riwayat Hidup Kim Jong-un Yang Masih Teka-Teki”,

https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/riwayat-hidup-kim-jong-un-masih-merupakan-teka-teki-

136347483/102701.html, accessed on June 26th 2018.

26

During the leadership of Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un defense policy and

foreign policy is an important part of the country's foreign policy orientation is run

quite heavy due to several reasons, each of which is:60

a. North Korea's defense system can not develop optimally when most of the

defense equipment has been at a fairly old age, while domestic

modernization is constrained by R&D aspects (research and development).

b. North Korea's defense system could not develop optimally due to supply

cuts from China and the Soviet Union before the Cold War became its main

ally.

c. North Korea's defense system though the majority has a fairly old age, but

has a large enough amount to strengthen the country's foreign policy and

defense

North Korea's army are still the main force of the country. Nearly 70% of

army stationed only at a distance of 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the border of

South Korea. The army forces consist of a mixture of infantry corps dominated by

ordinary and light infantry units. In general, these powers are stored in underground

facilities and facing South Korea. In addition to infantry, the army corps also has

large armoured vehicles and artillery corps. Although both corps take advantage of

old technology, they will remain a threat to other countries in the East Asia region.

North Korean artillery, which is alarming is the cannons and long-range rockets

that can hit South Korea's neighbouring country.

North Korea's second largest military division is the air force. Like the

Pyongyang land forces, most of their powers are set up to confront South Korea.

As many as 50% of North Korea's air force is within 62 miles of the South Korean

border. In quantity, North Korea maintains a plane that is quite a lot that is estimated

to have 1300 aircraft. But the fleet is almost entirely an old Soviet heritage. The

most sophisticated are the MiG-29s that were thought to have been obtained from

the Soviets in the 1980s. North Korea also has several American-made MD-500

60 Bruche Bechol, 2011, Red Rogue : The Presistence Chalenges of North Korean, Washington :

Protomac Book Publishing, page.129.

27

helicopters gained in the 1980s by avoiding export controls capable of ground

attack missions. However, most of the North Korean air assets have been aging and

the country is quite difficult to modernize the air force.

North Korea's smallest defense division is the Navy. As many as 50% of the

naval assets are 62 miles from the border. The naval assets comprise mostly aging

patrol boats, submarines, and hovercraft and amphibious ships. Almost everything

is an old platform. Of these assets North Korea's submarine fleet is the most

potentially threatening. Although very old, they have about 70 submarines capable

of hiding around the Korean coast.

II.2 Development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) of

North Korea

The dynamics of foreign policy and international cooperation of North

Korea are also face with the nuclear issue. This is because openly North Korea has

developed weapons that can be classified as weapons of mass destruction, including

hydrogen and chemical bombs. This effort is an act deemed authoritarian for

rejecting the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

and the recommendation of the G-6 groups composed of Germany, United

Kingdom, France, Poland, Italy and Spain in support of nuclear non-proliferation.61

II.2.1 History of North Korea’s WMD

The History of North Korea’s WMD is not separated from the Soviet

Union’s support in the past, which made it successful in mastering the modern

WMD weapons system. It cannot be separated from the efforts of the Soviet Union

at that time, to make North Korea as a pivot point and to stem the hegemony of

United States through South Korea. The Soviet Union’s support for North Korea’s

nuclear development began in 1956 and continues to grow progressively to date

(2017) the development of this North Korean WMD see table 2.2. as follows

61 “North Korean Nuclear Program : How Advantages Is It”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-

asia-pacific-11813699, accessed on June 26th 2018.

28

Table 2.2

The History of North Korea’s WMD Development

No. Period Explanation

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1956

1959

1962

1965

1974

1980-1985

The government of Soviet Union provides training

support to North Korean military officers and

engineers to study basic nuclear systems.

The Government of North Korea and the Soviet Union

through a second meeting of leaders formally managed

to sign a nuclear cooperation agreement.

The North Korean government successfully opened

the Nuclear Scientific Research Center in Yongbyon

The Nuclear Scientific Research Center in Yongbyon

successfully achieved the 2 Mega Volt energy capacity

The Nuclear Scientific Research Center in Yongbyon

has successfully achieved 4 Mega Volt energy

capacity

The North Korean government has succeeded in

building Yongbyon nuclear industry to produce

nuclear reactor fuel.

Source: Shung Cul-Kim and Michael D. Cohen, North Korean and Nuclear Weapon: Entering New

Era Deterence, Goerge Washington Publishing, Washongton DC, 2017, page.9.

The history of WMD program development of North Korea’s nuclear

explosion began to be implemented in the early 1950s, when nuclear major research

began, appropriate infrastructure was created, and training of scientific and

technical personnel began. In 1947-1950, the Soviet Union undertook a series of

geological searches for uranium ore in North Korea. Reserves of uranium deposits

in the country are estimated at 26 million tons of ore equivalent to 15 thousand tons

of uranium.62

In 1956 an agreement was endorsed with the Soviet Union regarding North

Korea’s participation in the work of an international research center at Dubna (the

62 “North Korean : Nuclear Weapon Program”, Retrieved from

https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/nuke.htm, accessed on July 30th 2018.

29

current JINR Nuclear Research Institute). In 1957, an agreement was signed

between the governments of both countries on the condition of sending Soviet

specialists to North Korean and North Korean experts in the Soviet Union for the

provision of technical assistance and other services.63

In its development in 1959, between the Soviet Union and North Korea have

signed agreements for the provision of Soviet technical assistance to North Korea

in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purpose and agreement on granting aid to

North Korea in the development of scientific research in nuclear physics and in

application of nuclear energy in the national economy.64

In 1964, with the help of Soviet Union, a research and development center

was established in Yongbyon, where, together with work in the field of nuclear

power, military implementation research was soon launched. In 1965, a 2 megawatt

IRT-2000 Soviet research reactor was commissioned at Yongbyon. Since 1985, the

construction of another nuclear reactor started in Yongbyon, its capacity to 50

megawatts. Construction of a 200 megawatt reactor in the Thoncheon region was

also launched. All of these reactors, according to experts, have two goals: to

generate electricity and get weapon level plutonium. For its nuclear program, North

Korea has chosen plutonium as a fission base.65

As the time progressed, in December 1985, North Korea followed the

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. A year later in 1986, the United States In Yonben

area discovered another nuclear reactor and fuel production facility for it that was

not under IAEA’s control. The North claim that it was not new, but the former

Soviet reactor whose capacity is estimated to increase 5 MW. Since then, a difficult

political struggle began on the nuclear issue between Pyongyang, on the one hand,

and the international community on the other. The IAEA and the United Nations

63 Ibid. 64 “Soviet DPRK Relations : Purges, Power and Discent of North Korean”, in

https://sinonk.com/2013/03/29/lankov-on-ussr-dprk-50s-60s/, accessed on July 30th 2018. 65 sinonk.com, Ibid.

30

demand that North Korea honor its obligations under the treaty and terminate a

control agreement with the international organization.66

II.2.2 Profile and Development of North Korea’s WMD

North Korea’s WMD profile and development have progressed

progressively since 2003, when the country is no longer a member of nuclear non-

proliferation due to the various trials it undertakes. In 2005, North Korea during

Kim Jong-il’s era of leadership claimed that the country did have some nuclear

weapons, but will not program nuclear development. The international political

constellation of that era which tended to corner the North Korea then encouraged

the country to change its course to confront western countries, especially United

States.67

Since 2006, North Korea has successfully conducted WMD trials in large

quantities. Since implementing a policy that tends to be confrontational with

western countries, North Korea tends to no longer pay attention to the application

of sanctions, including by the IAEA, where the nuclear development is a form of

defence of North Korea’s national sovereignty. This is in accordance with Kim

Jong-Il’s statement that:

“…WMD is not the ultimate goal for us, but we need an instrument

to survive and realize national interests. Through WMD, we can establish

wider international cooperation, which in turn can develop economic,

social, political and other fields.”68

From 2006 to 2015 North Korea has run WMD trials 63 times. It can be

seen in table 2.3. as follows:

66 “IAEA Ready to Play Essential Verification on North Korean”,

https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaea-ready-to-play-essential-verification-role-in-north-

korea-director-general-tells-board-of-governors, accessed on 29th 2018. 67 Ibid. 68 Shung Cul-Kim and Michael D. Cohen, op,cit, page.28.

31

Table 2.3

North Korea WMD Test period 2006-2015

No. Period Number of Trial

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2007-2007

2008-2009

2010-2011

2012-2013

2014-2015

9

10

11

15

18

Source: from Kathleen J. Ilniss, “The North Korean Nuclear Chalenges”, Congress National Journal

Service, Vol. IX. New York, 2015, chptare iii, page.3.

Some types of WMD result from the development of North Korean defense

system until 2015 are:

a. Hwasong 7 type Medium Range Balistic Missile (MRBM) with a distance

of about 900-1,500 km.

b. Hwasong 10 is a type of Intermediate Range Balistic Missile ( IRBM) with

a distance of about 2,500-4,000 km.

c. Hwasong 12 is Intercontinental Balistic Missile (ICBM) type with a

distance of over 12,000 km.

d. Taeopodong I type Medium Range Balistic Missile (MRBM) with a

distance of about 2,500-3,000 km.

e. Taepodong II type Intercontinental Balistic Missile (ICBM) with a distance

of over 12,000 km.69

The existence of North Korea’s Military and defence fields as a threat to

regional stability is also not free from the issue of nuclear resources it has. If it is

linked to North Korea’s nuclear power, it is part of nuclear proliferation to increase

North Korea’s domestic military capacity. One of the interest that the state defends

is the interest of the military. In term of these military interests, their goals and

69 Kathleen J. Ilniss, “The North Korean Nuclear Chalenges”, Congress National Journal Service,

Vol. IX. New York, 2015, chapter iii, page.3

32

functions are closely related to national security, that is to protect the state from

external threats.70

Military capability is a foundation of the power of the state to deal with

threat from outside the country. This military capability depends on the quality and

quantity of the armed forces. In the military field there are two types of weapons

used, namely conventional weapons and non-conventional weapons. Non-

conventional weapon types are divided in chemical / biological weapons and

nuclear / thermonuclear weapons. The nuclear proliferation issue is one of the

problem regulated by international law of pacts or treaties.71

North Korea’s nuclear technology application in the armed forces (military)

produces two types of nuclear weapons, namely strategic and tactical. Strategic

weapon are bombs, missiles that become the main protective instrument of a

country. Tactical weapons are nuclear weapons designed for war purposes. Nuclear

weapons possess some characteristic of having a greater destructive power than just

conventional weapons. The effects of destruction are more diverse than

conventional weapons that have a high speed and accuracy so that they can reach a

very remote place according to the program. In addition, nuclear weapons also

require executing personnel are much smaller than conventional weapons. The

uniqueness of nuclear weapons is the absence of the affective defence against it.

Nuclear weapons proliferation can be divided into two, namely horizontal

proliferation and vertical proliferation. Horizontal proliferation is the spread of

nuclear weapons to countries that did not previously have such weapons. Vertical

proliferation is an increase in the supply of nuclear weapons by the country of

ownership of the addition of nuclear weapons sites beyond the previous territory.72

70 Kathleen J. Ilniss, Ibid 71 “North Korean Nuclear Programe”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-11813699,

accessed on June 26th 2018. 72 ibid

33

CHAPTER III

THE OVERVIEW OF US DEFENCE POLICY AND

GEO-POLITIC OF EAST ASIA

The United States of America is a super-power country which after its

victory in the cold war became the world's biggest power, when viewed from

economic and military / defence forces. Like other superpowers the United States

also has WMD to support the achievement of its national interests.

In the United States defence policy in the era of George W. Bush to Barack

Obama, this country has several interests including handling terrorism to handling

WMD. In the international political constellation, there are WMD countries that are

allies of the United States, and there are countries that are opposite, one of which is

North Korea. This is then become a threat to the United States. In this chapter III,

it will be explained further about the United States defence policy and East Asia's

geo-politics.73

III.1 US National Security Interest

For modern countries the achievement of national interests is a matter that

greatly determines the continuity and existence of a country. This relates to the

proposition of international realism that the national interests of a country are

unlimited, whereas resources, both economic, trade, natural wealth and others are

limited. This is what makes international cooperation and international politics

important.74

For superpower countries, defense policy is an important factor in achieving

national interests. This is due to the dependencies between the interests of

developing countries as consumers and the position of the superpower of the

73 JM. Minnich, “Resolving the North Korean Nuclear Crisis : Chalenges and Opportunities in the

Redjusting The US ROC Alliance”, The Journal of Asia-Pacific Centre of Studies, Nanyang

university of Singapore, Singapore, 2016, Page.14. 74 Jack Donneli, Realism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, New York,

2000, page.29.

34

defense industry as a producer. This proposition also applies to the United States.

This country's work in the field of defense has indeed gone through a long history

of development in the 1960s to achieve it as a champion of the world's largest arms

producer.75 In this regard, former US president Richard Nixon suggested that:

“...Long experience makes the United States need positive foreign

political interaction to support the achievement of shared national interests.

The United States has gradually succeeded in developing the defense

industry. The victory of the United States over Japan in the Pacific War

(World War II) made a positive experience that was able to support the

existence of US weapons and the defeat of the United States over Vietnam

made us (the government) not always proud of ourselves.”76

The progress of the United States defence sector was originally the ambition

of this country in controlling world hegemony after the collapse of the Soviet Union

in 1990/1991 during the Cold War. To legitimize its foreign policy, the United

States sought to strengthen its military and defence capacity, which then made the

country capable of self-defence in light weapons, heavy weapons and defence

equipment.

The United States defense policy is important to realize the national

interests of this country. This is due to the existence of six facts relating to the

interests of the United States for the policy, including:77

a. The United States defense policy greatly determines the effectiveness of the

United States business in the international sphere whose value reaches 1,883

billion in 2014.

b. The United States defence policy is related to the country's efforts to

maintain energy security, where the United States is very dependent on oil

and natural gas from abroad about 63-65% of its total needs.

75 Ibid. 76 David F. Smicth, Richard Nixon and Vietnam War : The End of American Century, Rowman

Littlefield Publishing, Boulder-New York, 2015, page.112 77 Doug Rosinouw, op,cit, page.137-140.

35

c. The United States defence policy relates to efforts to secure the business

and activities of expatriates, academics and other groups spread in various

countries of the world.

d. The United States defence policy became important when the country made

arms as its main export commodity, where weapons, both small arms,

artillery, and air defence equipment and US missiles were ranked first in the

world.

The existence of the United States as a superpower turned out to be

inseparable from export capabilities / arms sales. Through this commodity, the

United States managed to earn a huge profit of 47.16 billion US dollars since 2008-

2013. This achievement at the same time makes armament exports of this

superpower in the world first ranks. 78 According to US Secretary of Defense

Donald Rumsfeld:

“...the amount of profit in the sale of weapons is not reactive. Long

experience since World War II made our weapons (United States) more

easily accepted by world countries. Foreign aid and political approaches

since the Reagent, Clinton and subsequent presidents have also been an

important contribution to the US arms sales promotion.”79

Arms sales for the United States have become a major commodity for the

country's economy. In 2001 to 2017 the United States remained in the first position

as the largest arms exporter in the world, but related to this there is an interesting

phenomenon, which when compared to the two leadership between George W Bush

(2001-2009) and Barack Hussein Obama (2009 -2017) there are differences in

volume and export destination.

During the period of George W. Bush's leadership, the value of US arms

exports averaged 98.32 billion US dollars annually, while in Barack Obama's time

US weapons exports averaged 84.6 billion US dollars annually. In Bush's time the

aim of arms exports was the Middle East and East Asia region, which was about

78 “Defense and Arms”, https://www.statista.com/topics/1696/defense-and-arms/, accessed on

August 2nd 2018. 79 Jack Donneli, op.cit.

36

68% of the total US arms exports, while in Obama's period exports in both regions

decreased to 43.1%.80

To show the world that the United States is still strong and powerful. United

States troops deployed in large numbers abroad, including in Germany 60,053,

Japan 41,257, South Korea 35,663, Italy 11,677, England 11,379, in Spain 3,575.

In addition, in the Balkans there were 13,774 and in the Middle East 9,956 people.

However, to conduct military operations the United States does not have concrete

capabilities that are in accordance with its potential.81

Thus it can be understood that the United States is the largest weapons

exporter in the world, covering defense equipment for land, sea and air, land-to-air

missiles, personnel transport vehicles and others. In addition to developing

production through its domestic companies, the United States also builds weapons

commodities by involving international actors, including NATO, ANZUS, the

European Union and others. These efforts are part of the efforts of the United States

to realize the achievement of national interests.

III.2 Overview of the Capacity of US Defence Policy

Defense policy is an important instrument to support the achievement of

national interests. This implementation has dependencies with other fields namely

state image, economic-trade capability and others. If linked to the United States

defense policy, then this is a planned decision and has the legitimacy of various

national elements.82

The United States is a super power country that has the widest defence

policy capacity in the world. In the 1990s, the United States Department of Foreign

Affairs stated that this country was involved in 38 security operations directly and

was involved in 68 collective missions with international organizations and other

countries, for example with the UN Security Council, NATO, ANSUZ or with

80 “Locate, Military, Member, Unit and Facilites”, https://www.usa.gov/military-personnel-and-

installations, accessed on July 30th 2018. 81 Ibid 82 The Journal of Asia-Pacific Centre of Studies, op.cit.

37

several allied countries. Whereas in the 2000s Individual missions declined to

around 26 missions, while collective missions increased to 105 cases.83

The defence capacity of the United States is indeed an interesting

international political study, when this country managed to defeat the supremacy of

the Soviet Union which collapsed due to economic depreciation.84 During the cold

war, the United States individually or collectively (together with allies) succeeded

in mastering the international political constellation which also represented the

victory of liberalism and international capitalism. This is in accordance with the

statement of the former President of the United States, Ronald Reagan that:

“…The United States has succeeded in building international

strength achieved by a path that is not easy. This achievement is not solely

to achieve the national interests of the United States, but together to develop

the supremacy of human rights (human rights), liberalism and international

security and the international world should support this concept.”85

A statement about US ambitions in the Reagan era was able to be a

benchmark in determining the capacity of the US defence policy which turned out

to be oriented towards efforts to uphold liberalism, democracy and international

security. Based on a study published by IISS Military Balance86 based in London

stated:

“…entering the third millennium (globalization era) liberalism,

human rights, democracy and global security are still the core objectives of

the United States defence policy. It's just that at the end of George W. Bush's

administration, security issues related to terrorism, nuclear proliferation,

WMD, clandestine and other problems became increasingly dominant.”87

83 JW. Eldgar. US Foreign Policy After Cold War, Routledge Publishing, London and New York,

2012, page.118. 84 The Soviet Union collapsed due to the economic crisis of 1990/1991, the rescue effort carried out

by Mikeil Gorbachev through glasnost and perestroika failed to save the Soviet Union's political

economy at that time which then led to the disintegration of the country into several countries 85 Doug Rosinouw, The Ragen Era : A History of 1980s, Columbia University Press, New York,

2016, page.29-30. 86 IISS Military Balance is an international study focusing on the field of defense and military based

in London, England which consists of practitioners, academics to defense business people who issue

scientific studies every 6 times a year in the field of defense research. 87 Ibid, page.43.

38

The capacity of the United States defence policy turns out to have issues

that have not changed much. Nonetheless, in each period it turns out that various

issues that arise are developing dynamically. Based on this study, it turns out that

from the mid-1990s to 2010s, the United States made the field of defence and

security its focus. This can be seen in table 3.1. as follows:

Table 3.1

Important Issues in United States Defense Policy (1980-2010)

No Regime Period Issues

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ronald Reagan

George HW

Bush

Bill Clinton

George W.

Bush

Barack Obama

1981-

1989

1989-

1993

1993-

2001

2001-

2009

Prioritizing security, and liberalism to

strengthen hegemony and the

economic and trade interests that the

United States began to develop

through cooperation with Asian,

European and Middle Eastern

countries.

Prioritizing security, democracy and

liberalism to strengthen hegemony

and economic interests and energy

security that the United States has

begun to develop through

cooperation with Asian, African and

Middle Eastern countries, including

through war policies.

Prioritizing security, liberalism and

democracy in the group of new

countries that have not yet developed

a strong bilateral cooperation with the

United States, including through

international organizations.

Prioritizing security, democracy,

human rights, liberalism to strengthen

hegemony and economic interests, as

well as campaigns to deal with

terrorism and weapons of mass

destruction.

Prioritizing security, democracy,

human rights, liberalism to support

39

2009-

2017

hegemony and economic interests

and restore the image of the United

States that has fallen. Source: from Doug Rosinouw, The Ragen Era: A History of 1980s, Columbia University Press, New

York, 2016, page.35-37.

From the table above, it can be understood that the capacity of US defense

policy has differences from each leadership. It shows that, even though the United

States is a democratic country, where the implementation of policies must have

legitimacy from parliament, society, interest groups and others, leadership remains

the most influential factor for the orientation and implementation of US defense

policies globally. This also applies from the time of Ronald Reagent, to George W.

Bush and Barack Hussein Obama.

The end of the administration George W. Bush and then changed to Barack

Obama's succession there were some adjustments to the United States defense

policy, namely:88

a. The United States prioritize the handling of arms, nuclear proliferation and

international terrorism handling.

b. The United States develop soft diplomacy forms through cooperation in

education, global culture as a preventive effort to reduce conflict.

c. The United States develop an advanced weaponry system that is more

targeted and minimizes civilian casualties by using high-accuracy semi-

conductor technology

III.2.1. Description of the United States Defense Policy

The United States defense policy was built upon the achievement of post-

victory in the cold war of 1990/1991. Since the leadership of Defense Minister

William J.Perry, this defense policy has three main objectives, first, defense policy

is aimed at supporting the capacity of the national economy, second, defense policy

is an agenda in supporting the image of the United States internationally, supporting

the realization of cooperation, technology transfer and arms transfers and thirdly,

88 Ibid.

40

defense policies are used to build international peace, increase bargaining position,

to emphasize countries perceived as threats.89

The United States Defense Policy after the end of the Cold War focuses on

the strength of human resources (personnel), ideology and devices (defense

equipment). The development efforts of these three things continually make the

United States develop as a superpower. This is in accordance with the statement of

former president Richard Nixon that:

“…Defense policy is part of the United States foreign policy to

support the achievement of national interests. The achievement of the

United States in the development of the next generation will be followed by

other countries either through purchasing or technology transfer.”90

Defense policies in the United States were formulated and ratified by

involving various faction bearers and opposition factions. Nonetheless, the

existence of the president as the highest head of state and military leader in the

United States will dominate policy formulation because first, the Minister of

Defense is a close and linear relationship with the president and secondly, the

support of the bearer political party became the power of defense policy-making

which succeeded in eliminating opposing forces.91

The United States adheres to the ideology of liberalism. Then from the idea

of liberalism was born democracy which is the freedom / opportunity of the public

to contribute in the administration of politics-governance in the United States

through predetermined channels, including political parties, interest groups and

others. That is why the policy-making in this country is not only dominated by

government actors, but also the private sector, interest groups, civil society and

several other entities. The teachings of orthodox liberalism greatly influenced the

thoughts of the US Founding Fathers such as George Wythe, Patrick Henry,

Benjamin Franklin, or Thomas Jefferson. The existence of the United States as a

89 “Defense in Age and Hope”, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1996-11-01/defense-age-

hope, accessed on September 12th 2018. 90 David F. Smicth, op,cit. 91 Ibid.

41

world superpower also cannot be separated from the dynamics of foreign policy as

a measure of its progress in various fields. Generally, US foreign political actors

can be divided into two, namely:92

a. Formal actors, foreign political actors who are structurally related to the

government, for example foreign ministers, embassies, military attaches and

others.

b. Non-formal actors, foreign political actors who do not structurally have

relations with the government, including multinational corporations

(MNCs), non-formal economic diplomats, multinational trade and others.

Between formal and non-formal actors, each is able to contribute in

determining foreign policy. Whereas when compared between formal and non-

formal actors, this becomes a different subjective proposition on each leadership in

the United States, but it can be understood that during the leadership of the

Democratic Party (Barack Obama, Bill Clinton and other actors) non-formal actors

were quite dominant while in the leadership of the Republican Party (George W.

Bush and other actors) formal actors were quite dominant.

The foreign policy of the United States is supported by an enormous

national budget, namely the global reach of the economy in the amount of US $

14.3 trillion. In addition, there is also a global coverage of the defence sector which

amounts to US $ 711 billion. Behind the political-economic progress of the United

States, there was a huge contribution from the United States defence industries

which in the 2013-2016 period was still ranked first in the world with US $ 3.6

billion with the aim of exporting India, Pakistan, South Korea, Australia and several

other countries.93

Some US military organizations that play an important role in foreign policy

making because of their contribution to the economy through the sale of weapons,

as well as being able to build political lobbying in the United States parliament are

92 David P. Forsithe, US Foreign Policy and Erlarging of Democartic Community, Human Rigth

Quartely Press, New York, 2016, page.49 93 Ibid.

42

The American Legion, Air Force Association, The Fleet Reserve Association, The

National Guard of the United States, The Marine Corp League, serta Rockwell

Cooporations.94 The existence of this organization has become a benchmark for

US weapons sales because it consists of military elites who have entered retirement

and in the United States this group is known as 'old patriot'.95

The military organization has affiliations with arms companies and access

to politics, either to the government or to the United States Congress. During the

leadership of Barack Obama the existence of security organizations related to the

military business had factions in the Congress known as the Warlord and US

Patriot. The existence of this faction is to oversee various issues related to foreign

defence policies, especially arms sales.96

III.2.2. United States Defence Force

The defence power of the United States as a modern state is determined by

three things. First budgetary factors and political support, second factors of human

resources and third, facilities and infrastructure factors, especially defence

equipment. These three fields have been dominated and developed by the United

States, which makes this country a benchmark of progress in the world defence

sector, which ranks first, in terms of budget factors of 610 billion US dollars or

defence equipment owned by the United States armed forces.97

The United States is a super power country in the field of military and

defence, where in the period 2013-2016 the country remained ranked first in arms

exports. It can be seen in table 3.2. as follows:

94 Christopher M. Dawson, Peacemaking and US Arms Sales Contradiction Issue, Routledge

Publisking, New York, 2016, page.56. 95 “US Arms Makers Praise New Export Weapon Policy”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-

britain-airshow-usa-exports/u-s-arms-makers-praise-new-u-s-weapons-export-policy-

idUSKBN1K62LQ, accessed on August 24th 2018. 96 Ibid. 97 “US Armed Force Overview”, https://www.military.com/join-armed-forces/us-military-

overview.html, accessed on August 23rd 2018.

43

Table 3.2

Super Power State Armament Sales Commodity

2013-2016

No. Country Number of Armament

Sales (Million US Dollars)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

United States of America

Russia

China

France

Germany

47.169

33.186

9.312

8.564

7.946

Source:“Top Liv Arms Sales : Table SIPRI”, http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php,

accessed on August 20th 2018.

The United States has a very large defence force. This country has 800

official military bases in 80 countries in the world. This has not calculated the

placement of the US military in certain embassies or missions. The number can be

1000 military bases. In addition, more than 230 thousand US troops are stationed

in the 800 military bases. As many as 80.000 troops were stationed in East Asia and

the Pacific, including 50 thousand troops stationed in 109 military bases in Japan

and 28 thousand in 89 bases in South Korea. In Europe, there are 65 thousand US

troops, with 58 bases in Italy and 179 in Germany. The military bases can be easily

developed into an active WMD defense system when there is a regional military /

security crisis or passive security system, as is the Iron Dome.98

An overview of the mapping of US military bases as part of the country's

defence forces see figure 3.1. as follows:

98 Ibid

44

Figure 3.1

United States Military Bases Worldwide

Source: “Where in the World US Military”, Retrieved from

https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/us-military-bases-around-the-world-119321,

accessed on August 3th 2018.

The United States is a country with the largest defence budget in the world.

The size of US military power has become a public secret, this is the factor that can

make the United States become a superpower. The US has 1,477,893 army

personnel ready to be deployed to the battlefield. In addition, the United States

ranks second after China which has 2,285,000 active troops. In terms of funding,

the United States is the country with the largest military budget in the world.

According to 2011 data, the United States has a military budget of US $ 689,591

billion.99

It should be understood that the United States is a fairly complete country

in the field of defense. This is what makes this country have a high bargaining

99 “United States Military Force Overview”, http://www.military.com/join-armed-forces/us-

military-overview.html, accessed on August 3th 2018.

45

position in allied countries or opposing countries, first, WMD will not be optimal

if it is not supported by other military forces in such as short or medium distance

artillery, second, WMD is an achievement in the advanced level of World countries

in developing conventional weapons systems include small arms, artilery missiles

and then WMD and third, WMD is not a complement or substitute, but its existence

can equip weapons and defense equipment both land, sea or air.100

The United States has 8,325 units of tank. It proves that US as the country

with the most number of tank in the world. The United States also has 1,791 artillery

systems. Therefore, in artillery weapons, for the number of combat vehicles, the

United States has 18,539 Armored Fighting Vehicles (AFV), this number makes

the US ranked second behind China, the United States being the 6th country in

terms of number rocket launching weapons or Multiple Launch Rocket System

(MLRS), which is 1,330 units. The number of fighter planes owned by the United

States also made this country occupy the top position with the strength of 15,293

various types of fighter aircraft.

III.2.3. WMD Capacity of US and world countries

The United States maintains considerable nuclear weapons. According to

the Federation of Atomic Scientists, in April this year the United States retained

more than 7,200 nuclear bombs in their arsenal. Of this amount more than 2,000

were deployed (1,900 strategic nuclear weapons and 180 non-strategic weapons).

The country also maintains a large number of nuclear bomb delivery options. As

part of the nuclear triad, retaining around 94 nuclear-capable bombers (B-2 and B-

52), more than 400 Minuteman III ICBMs and 12 Ohio-class nuclear submarine

ballistic missiles equipped with sophisticated Trident II submarine ballistic missile

launches.101

The history of the United States WMD has been through a long history. In

1985, a US ICBM warhead had less than 60 percent success in destroying targets if

100 Ibid. 101 “Bom Nuklir Paling Berbahaya Di Gudang Amerika Serikat”,

https://www.jejaktapak.com/2015/10/20/inilah-bom-nuklir-paling-berbahaya-di-gudang-amerika/,

accessed on August 2nd 2018.

46

using silo launches. Now using Trident II missiles will have a chance of about 99

percent. Of the many nuclear bombs that US has, there is one that is very dangerous.

Namely the new B61-12. Many have written about B61-12, which is mostly focused

on very expensive costs. Even this is the most expensive nuclear bomb project

ever.102

WMD has actually been an important issue since the early 1940s. This can

be seen by the success of several countries that have succeeded in developing

WMD, either just testing technically or as an anticipatory effort in anticipating the

opposing party. Some of them are:103

a. WMD development and RDS and RDS 27 test by the Soviet Union in 1949

and 1953.

b. Development of WMD and the Huricane test trial by the British in 1953.

c. WMD development and French Gerbues Blue trial in 1960.

d. Developing WMD and testing the 596 program by China in 1964.

Basically developed countries compete with each other in developing

WMD. This is a classic problem, so that each country can defend itself not to launch

the WMD.

Of the several types of WMD that the United States has, there are large

explosive weapons and destructive capabilities, B61-12 is the most dangerous

nuclear weapon in US. Indeed, this bomb only produces a maximum power of 50-

kilotons, equivalent to 50,000 tons of TNT. Far when compared to the B83 nuclear

bomb has a maximum yield of 1.2 megatons (1,200 kilotons).

102 Ibid 103 Ibid

47

III.3 The Threat of the Development of North Korea’s WMD for

US National Interests

The threat of defense and security from other countries becomes a serious

problem for the existence of a country. In the global political constellation,

countries that have strong military potential will not be a problem when the country

is affiliated. Problems will arise when countries that have almost the same strength

or have certain commodities as pressure and among these countries are at odds with

each other in the international political-security constellation.104 This proposition

also applies to North Korean WMD as a threat to the United States.

North Korea's WMD is also seen as dangerous when the country tends to

contradict to the United States Interests. Basically there are two perspectives of the

United States on North Korea's WMD development as a treat. First, internal threats

related to the potential damage to the United States arms sales interests related to

the arm trade treaty issue (ATT), as well as the potential external threats, namely

the stability of the East Asian region, especially South Korea and Japan.

In its development, North Korea succeeded in developing WMD in the

ICBM system . The threat problem that was originally only related to the interests

of the United States in the East Asia region, related to Japan and South Korea then

developed more broadly because ICBM can reach the eastern United States, even

to Australia, India and several other countries.

Regarding North Korea's WMD as a threat, the US Secretary of Defense,

Leon Panneta, stated that:

“...WMD of North Korea continues to grow from the beginning only

produce shorth and medium-range conventional missiles, it has now developed in

a more modern system. At present, North Korea has succeeded in developing a

cutting-edge transcontinental system that can reach the United States, Australia

and several countries that were not previously predicted.”105

104 John Fisher, Security Dillema, Routledge Publishing, London and New York, 2014, page.14.

105 “Panneta Says Remain North Korean Seriusly Threat”, Retrieved from

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/world/asia/leon-panetta-lands-in-south-korea-for-talks.html,

accessed on August 23rd 2018.

48

The above statement shows that WMD North Korea which was originally a

regional threat, in 2015 later developed into a wider problem because the

achievement of ICBM missiles can reach a wider area. Even so, the United States

continues to strive to secure its various interests both inside and outside the country.

This is in accordance with the statement of the Minister of Defense of the United

States, Leon Panetta that:

“…We strongly support the Japanese government. Prime Minister

Shinzo Abe has carried out the right policy. In the past or at present, the

United States will remain consistent in supporting the security of Japan and

the East Asia region. The change in the defense paradigm from passive to

active is indeed quite necessary for Japan.”106

Then the next statement relating to North Korea's WMD as a joint security

threat was also raised by President Barack Obama that:

"... when the issue of terrorism in the Arab region (Middle east) is

gradually under control, new problems arise which actually also exist and

have not been resolved. North Korean WMD. The United States government

is actually quite soft over nuclear, it's just that North Korea has been

uncooperative and very impressive, so its existence can damage the stability

of regional security."107

The above statement proves that North Korea's WMD for the United States

remains a major issue of world security, especially the East Asia region. The

authoritarian and uncooperative attitude of the Kim Jong-un government makes this

WMD resource at any time it can be launched to opposing countries.

III.3.1. Threat to United States Domestic

The threat of security stability in the internal context is related to the

disruption of the potential for selling US weapons, as well as the potential threat of

global security stability that occurs due to increased supply of missiles that are

increasingly uncontrolled. According to the United States Secretary of Defense,

Ash Carter stated that:

106 “Panneta Says Remain North Korean Seriusly Threat”, Retrieved from

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/world/asia/leon-panetta-lands-in-south-korea-for-talks.html,

accessed on August 23rd 2018. 107 Doug Rosinouw, op,cit, page.119.

49

United States until now (2017) remains the largest producer of

defense equipment in the world. This achievement is not merely pursuing

economic benefits, but how the United States can supervise so that the

weapons can be used properly. With the existence of a new superpower that

is not in line with the United States rationally this will become a security

threat.108

For the United States, the development of North Korea's WMD will disturb

the achievement of economic and security interests. Economically North Korea's

WMD has been successfully sold to several countries including Libya, Rwanda,

Pakistan and several other countries.109 This is certainly an obstacle to the sale of

US defense equipment in the global scope because it is estimated that North Korea's

industry will continue to grow along with the existence of revenue from the sale of

these weapons in order to remake, according to SIPRI (Stockholm International

Peace and Research Institute) or IISS Military Balance. This condition if it is not

handled by US stakeholders seriously will cause disruption of MIC operations in

the future as one of the incomes of the United States national economy.

North Korea's WMD become a problem when this country refuses to ratify

ATT which has actually been ratified by 50 countries in the world, including

Australia, Belgium, Germany, Italy, South Korea, England and several other

countries. The ATT agreement is based on UN Resolution Number 61/89 which

aims to facilitate the achievement of peace because it regulates trade restrictions,

ranging from small arms to battle tanks.110

Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is a treaty that emerged in the mid-1980s that

began with the ideas of Nobel Peace Prize recipients, including Aung San Sukyi

from Myanmar, Nelson Mandela from South Africa, Yaserr Arafat from Palestine,

the Dalai Lama from Tibet, Jose Ramos Horta from Timor Leste and several other

figures.111

108 US Defense Departement, “Arsms Sales, US Policy and Global Treatening”, The US Defense

Departement Annual Paper, Washington DC, 2017. 109 “North Korean Shadowy Arms Trade”,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/18/history-north-korea-arms-dealing, accessed on

January 19th 2019. 110 “The Arms Trade Treaty”, https://www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/att/, accessed on August

4th 2018. 111 Ibid.

50

With the development of WMD North Korea, this will disrupt US domestic

interests in relation to arms trade. This is important because the United States is the

largest arms exporter in the world which has oriented the production of certain

armaments systems in mass production schemes. The United States defense

industry system is supported by a Private Military Company (PMC) a military

product company and as the main dealer selling weapons systems. PMCs

accommodate several companies known as Private Military Contractors, Private

Security Contractors (PSCs), Private Military Corporations, Private Military Firms,

Military Service Providers, other terms used that refer to Private Military

Companies (PMCs) are Private Security Companies or Contractors (PSCs) and

Privatized Military Firms (PMFs) and generally as Private Military Industry.112

In its development some of the Private industry companies (PIC) can then

develop into larger companies on a national scale. This later became part of the

Military Industrial Complex (MIC) as the private sector that was most associated

with world arms exports. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

states that Southeast Asia is a very potential region after the Middle East and East

Asia. The link with the SIPRI report that the more security issues in a region means

that there will be a potential market share for the US MIC, both small arms,

missiles, defense equipment and more sophisticated defense / artillery systems,

such as PAC-3 and THAAD made by Lockheed Martin.113

The Locked Martin case proves that the United States will adjust arms sales

policies if North Korea continues to develop WMD. Lockheed Martin manufactures

and sells Aegis sophisticated combat systems, used on naval vessels, as well as

various missile systems which include Trident submarines that launch ballistic

missiles (SLBM). At present, the company is also investing in the development of

missile defense systems including the PAC-3 and THAAD systems. With so many

products that are developed. This company provides a profit of 35.49 billion US

112 “MIC Industry Inc : Manufacturer Ultimate Building”, Retrieved from

https://www.epicos.com/company/14143/military-industries-corporation-mic, accessed on August

4th 2018. 113 Ibid.

51

dollars per year. 114 If North Korea further increases WMD missile production

capacity, countries that oppose North Korea will try to strengthen their defense

systems. and this will be an advantage for the United States which has advanced

WMD destroyer missiles, including PAC-3 and THAAD. however, because this

defense system is produced with a large budget and is still in a sustainable

development phase, only certain countries can obtain this passive defense system.

III.3.2. Threats to US Allies

The United States is a country that has many interests in the East Asia and

South China Sea region. This happened after the end of World War II, where Japan's

defeat of multinational forces (allies) caused the United States to have an obligation

to protect the security of Japan and the East Asian region in general based on Article

9 constitution.

Regarding to the external threat perception Harvey M. Sapolsky from the

University of Cambridge stated that:

“The United States needs to anticipate the threat of North Korea's

nuclear weapons in East Asia. The stability of the East Asian region will

build stability and economic and political progress in this region which

indirectly has dependencies with the interests of the United States on

manufacturing or FDI.”115

The dynamics of the relations between South Korea and North Korea until

2016 turned out to have not shown a positive achievement. Various efforts that lead

to reunification have not achieved success. It is precisely North Korea that has

evolved as an uncontrolled result of authoritarian leadership which has created new

forms of tension in the East Asia region, especially between North Korea and South

Korea.

The warming of relations between South Korea and North Korea can also

be seen from the occurrence of several incidents which from year to year continue

to show an increasing trend. These incidents included shooting cases, tension in the

114 “South Korean Misile Defense : Thaad system Not Job Alone”,

https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/11/south-korea-missile-defense-thaad-system-cant-do-the-job-

alone.html, accessed on August 4th 2018. 115 Harvey M. Sopolsky, op,cit.

52

border region, cross-border violations and several other cases. A description of the

frequency of this incident see table 3.3. as follows:

Table 3.3

Frequency of arms contact between South and North Korea

1995-2015

No. Year Number of Incidents

1.

2.

3.

4.

1995-2000

2000-2005

2005-2010

2010-2015

12

21

28

30

Source: Reinhard Drifte, “Japan Policy Toward in the South China Sea”, The Jurnal of Peace

Research Institute of Frankfurt, Report, 140. Frankfurt, 2016, page.27.

From the table above, it can be understood that North Korea remains a threat

to South Korea. Reunification between the two countries is not yet underway, so

this will be the domain of responsibility of the United States which has been

regarded as a protectorate for regional security stability on the Korean peninsula.

In its development, North Korea also tends to be more progressive to

continue to pressure Japan as part of maintaining its existence. In the period of

1995-2015 there were several frictions between the two countries which were still

in the form of a strong attitude of the leaders of the two countries, threats to tensions

in the field. Overview of this, see table 3.4. as follows:

Table 3.4

Frequency of arms contact between Japan and North Korea

1995-2015

No. Year Number of Incidents

1.

2.

3.

4.

1995-2000

2000-2005

2005-2010

2010-2015

2

8

3

5

Source: Reinhard Drifte, “Japan Policy Toward in the South China Sea”, The Jurnal of Peace

Research Institute of Frankfurt, Report, 140. Frankfurt, 2016, page.27.

Through the above description, it can be understood that the United States

views North Korea as a threat. A lot of interests of this country in the East Asia

53

Region. including security stability in Japan, South Korea and several other

interests, because technically North Korea's WMD can reach these countries. Then

in the next chapter (chapter IV) will be explained about the implementation of the

United States defence policy to the development of North Korea's WMD.

54

CHAPTER IV

THE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF US DEFENSE

POLICY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH

KOREA’S WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

(WMD)

North Korea's WMD presence in the 2009-2017 period has developed as a

serious problem for international security, especially for the United States. Since

the end of the cold war, the United States has managed to hold the power and

hegemony of the field of international defense politics. In its development, it turns

out there are several world countries that are opposite the United States. One of

them is North Korea.

North Korea's ownership of WMD is not only a threat to the interests of US

sovereignty, but also has to do with the interests of countries that have been close

allies of the United States, namely South Korea and Japan. In both of these countries

the United States seeks to strengthen the capacity of the defense and military sector,

while in the domestic sphere the United States seeks to make the issue of NK’s

WMD as a motivation in developing foreign cooperation and sales in order to form

detente and new forces in the face of the latest threats, related to NK’s WMD. The

description of the implementations of US defense policy towards the developments

of NK’s WMD will be described in chapter IV as follows.

IV.1. The Policy Implementation In External Contexts

The dynamics of international security relating to the issue of WMD / nuclear

North Korea is an important concern for the United States Department of Defense.

During 2006-2017 there are forth US Secretary of defense. Each of them had an

identical attitude, but had several differences over the US defense policy towards

North Korea, including:116

116 US Foreign Council, “North Korean : Foreign Policy From Sanction to Reconciliation”, US

Foreign Council annual Report, Washington DC, July 2018.

55

a. Robert Gate 2006-2011, during his leadership period the United States

defense policy on North Korea was manifested in coercive diplomacy by

inviting the IAEA and other supporting institutions, such as the United

Nations and the European Union to implement collective sanctions

against North Korea.

b. Leon Panetta 2011-2013, during his leadership period the United States

defense policy over North Korea was realized by building second hand

strength by involving South Korea and Japan.

c. Chuck Hagel 2013-2015 during his leadership period the United States

defense policy over North Korea embodied efforts to build a passive and

active defense system by making the East Asia constellation a pilot

project for the development of the latest weapons and defense systems.

d. Ash Carter 2015-2017 during its leadership of the United States defense

policy over North Korea embodied efforts to build a multinational

solution by inviting various parties to supervise and conduct

comprehensive actions on North Korea's WMD and nuclear activities.

The external policy of the United States in following up North Korea's WMD

as a regional and international threat is part of the initiation of this superpower in

developing relations and expanding its influence to stem the threat of the North

Korean WMD. United States Secretary of Defense, Leon Panetta stated that:

North Korea poses a serious threat to global stability. Even so, the United

States was devastated by the ineffectiveness of the war on terrorism which

was launched since 2004. Not to mention other problems, including the issue

of the energy crisis, to the emergence of new defense forces, namely China

and Russia. For this reason, the United States will use the closest allies to

overcome North Korea's WMD, namely strengthening the allied defense

system in East Asia, namely Japan and South Korea.117

Leon Panneta's statement in 2012 shows that the North Korean nuclear issue

(WMD) has a relationship with the dynamics of East Asian regional security. Japan

117 Thomas E. Rick, “DOD Leon Panetta : Memo For Us Defense to Counter North Korean

Threatening”, The Journal of Armed Forces, University of Washington Publishing, Washington DC,

2016, page.9.

56

and South Korea are two close allied countries of the United States that are in one

region with North Korea so that they will become pivot points for an extension of

the United States in the region.

From the statement above, it can be understood that external policies have

become various efforts from the United States to involve Japan and South Korea.

These two countries have become pivot point118 for the United States to stem WMD

North Korea, covering three things, namely:119

a. Japan and South Korea are two countries that have the same area as North

Korea as being able to be effective actors in handling WMD.

b. Japan and South Korea are two countries that have a special closeness with

the United States, both in historical, political, defense and economic aspects.

c. The United States can make Japan and South Korea to explain defense

equipment, personnel training to budget support (aid and grants) which can

indirectly handle WMD North Korea.

IV.1.1. United States Support for Japanese Defense

Relations between the United States and Japan turned out to have gone

through a series of long histories that began with World War II. In the end this

condition gave rise to a harmonious relationship, during which the United States

has become a protector of Japan and later along with the development of regional

constellations in East Asia, Japan is expected to be a pivot point in dealing with the

North Korean WMD issue.

The history of relations between the United States and Japan began on

September 2, 1945 an agreement was signed which one of its contents states that

Japan was occupied by the United States until 1952. From this point the starting

point of the United States' control over Japan then forced Japan to change its

118 The pivot point in the study of international relations is a defense approach by utilizing various

countries or other actors to be able to act as buffer actors in the face of threats in the region. The

establishment of mutualistic relationships in the pivot point because of the meeting point in dealing

with the problem together 119 Ibid.

57

constitution where Japan became a country Passive and only allowed to have a

Japan Self Defense Force.

The existence of the Japanese defense system was inseparable from the

influence of the United States and its Allies, where Japan's defeat in World War II

made it a losing state and had to submit to the authority of the United States and its

Allies in accordance with Article 9 of the Constitution stating that:

War as a Sovereign right of the nation is abolished. The threat or use

of force is forever renounced as a means of settling dispute with an any other

nation. No army, navy, air force or other war potential with ever be

authorized and no right of belligerency will ever be conferred upon the

state.120

The above constitution states that after his involvement in World War II,

Japan may no longer be involved in international confrontation and has its own

armed forces, both navy, land or air. While the institution that will be responsible

for security matters is Japan Defense Force (JDF). The existence of this institution

was dominated by elites / civil institutions, including the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Industry and others, in accordance

with the Law of 1954.

Along with the development of the time there was a shift in the orientation of

Japanese defense from passively developing into an active defense model. This can

be seen in the National Defense Program Guideline (NDPG) on December 10,

2004. This policy will take effect in 2005. One of the important provisions in the

NDPG is Japan's security measures relating to mobilization, where Japan must be

strong before US assistance arrives.121 On January 9, 2007 there was an interesting

political security case, in which the Japanese government succeeded in

transforming the Japan Defense Force (JDF) into the Japan Ministry of Defense.

120 Rust Deming, Japan Constitution and Defense Policy: Entering a New Era, National Defense

University: Institute for National Strategic Studied, Washington DC, 2004, page.68. 121 “National Defense Program Guideline: Program Outline”, in

http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/jw041220.pdf, accessed on october 15th 2018.

58

This decision was carried out when the Japanese cabinet was under the leadership

of Shinzo Abe.122

In the Japanese political constellation of Japan Ministry of Defense is more

likely for Japan to carry out a more balanced relationship between its proximity to

the United States and Japan's relations with Asia. The Japanese government on

September 23, 2009, once told US President Barack Obama that he would look for

ways to support US efforts in Afghanistan, as a sign of reconciliation between the

two countries during their first meeting since the Japanese government quipped the

"grip" of the US in the world his campaign.

In the framework of the "US-Japan Defense Guidelines" which set a

"comprehensive planning mechanism" which emphasizes bilateral cooperation

which is not only focused on the defense of Japan, but also to anticipate regional

security disruptions. Facing the North Korean nuclear threat and the kidnapping of

Japanese citizens by North Korean agents, as well as the still insensitive relations

between Japan and the PRC, increasing nationalist attitudes in society and

strengthening the desire to revise the 1947 constitution, so that Japan soon becomes

a normal country.

Given North Korea's nuclear threat, the Japanese upper house succeeded in

ratifying an amendment to the law authorizing the Japanese defense minister to

order SDF to fire missiles detterent, if there is an external missile attack, without

having to inform first to the prime minister. This policy is an important

breakthrough for the Japanese defense system to trim various political

considerations that are considered unnecessary because the threats that arise in the

global era do not allow for convoluted considerations like conventional war in

general. This was then realized jointly between the military elite and the Japanese

prime minister as an effective solution.123

122 “Abe Push Back in Aim to Japan Military From Constitution”, in

http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/24/us-japan-defense-constitution-

idUSBREA2N0F020140324, accessed on october 29th 2018. 123 Ibid.

59

Then in handling WMD North Korea between the United States and Japan

also succeeded in developing the "Sakura-Cherry Blossom" program. This program

is part of the Japanese government's efforts to develop the defense sector by

involving civil society and internationally. This program was carried out at the

initiative of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe who expressed the need for peaceful

development by involving the wider community. The program was pioneered in

2008 and has produced several combat facilities ‘Non-Lethal Weapons’, including

refuge from land to air through rapid response methods, medical evacuation, and

communication and electronics.124

IV.1.2. United States Support for South Korea's Defense Sector in Handling

North Korean WMD

WMD North Korea has become a serious problem that continues to develop

in the era of Kim Jong-un. The existence of this young leader who is expected to

support reconciliation of conflicts between North Korea and South Korea, in fact,

runs the North Korean government's politics in an authoritarian manner. As a result,

South Korea as the closest country will feel threatened with regard to the country's

WMD.

The existence of the United States as one of South Korea's main partners and

then attempts to deal with WMD North Korea through several policies, including:

a. Joint military training. This policy was carried out by the governments of the

United States and South Korea in November 2015 when United States

Secretary of Defense Ash Carter and South Korean Defense Minister Han

Minko will hold joint war training on the East Coast of Korea involving

military personnel from both countries in anticipation of WMD North

Korea.125

124 “Jepang Upayakan Rangkul Cina kembangkan Kerjasama Militer Damai”, Kompas, November

28th 2008. 125 “AS-Korea Selatan Perkuat Pertahanan Hadapi Korea Utara”, in

https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/as-korea-selatan-perkuat-kerjasama-pertahanan-hadapi-korea-

utara/3032624.html, accessed on October 29th 2018.

60

b. Budget assistance. The United States in June 2014 and August 2015 provided

funding and assistance for defense equipment amounting to 28.6 million US

dollars. This assistance was then used by South Korea to strengthen the flotila

sea security group and the country's marines to face North Korea's WMD.126

c. Help improve personal quality. From 2014 to 2015, South Korea sent around

260 officers at the level of officers to study the modern role system, handling

victims and civilian evacuation, demolition, and technical learning of the

latest land-to-air artillery (anti-missile and aircraft systems). This effort is one

of the schemes in dealing with WMD North Korea.127

Development of integrated Pacific Misille Range Facility (PMRF) facilities. This

program has been initiated by JDF since December 2009. This military technology

is run by Japan with medium-range missiles with an explosive distance of around

800 km called DDG 173. With PMRF then if at any time North Korea launches

missiles into Japanese territory it will be able to counteracted with these

sophisticated weapons through land-to-air launches (air shields). This strategy can

later be an attempt to deal with WMD in North Korea, both WMD at close, medium

or far distances.128

Then the United States' support for South Korea in handling WMD North

Korea was carried out through the development of a defense missile system called

M270 rocket launchers and light armored vehicles. At sea, LM provides special

naval vessels. Lockheed Martin also manufactures and sells advanced Aegis

combat systems, used on navy ships, and various missile systems which include

Trident submarines that launch ballistic missiles (SLBM). At present, the company

also invests in the development of missile defense systems including pmc-3 and

THAAD systems (the latest generation of air defense systems with missiles). With

so many products developed and implemented. This company provides profits of

126 “AS Berikan Bantuan Pertahanan Kepada Korea Selatan”, Republika, August 20th 2015. 127 Ibid. 128 “Lodging Barking Sand PRMF”, in http://www.greatlifehawaii.com/index/pmrf-sp-

528/lodging-barking-sands-pmrf/384-pacific-missile-range-facility-pmrf-faqs.html, accessed on

october 29th 2018.

61

35.49 billion US dollars per year. The description of PAC-3 and THAAD see figure

4.1. As follows:

Figure 4.1

THAAD Missile Defense System

Source : Anthony H. Condesman, “US Military and Defense”, The Jounal Enciclopedia of Arms

and Military Industries, Vol. III, IISS Military Balance, London, 2016.

From figure 4.1. above, it can be explained that THAAD is a long-range

missile system launched on a mobile station that is operated through central

command and radar. This system is the most sophisticated in the world because it

is full automatic with the use of a GPS accuracy system guided by a radar system.

This missile system is very effective for destroying enemy targets, and minimizing

damage in a small radius.

In dealing with the potential threats of WMD and North Korea. in 2010 the

US and South Korea held the largest anti-attack submarine exercise by deploying

around 4,500 troops in five days of training in the Yellow Sea near the border area

with North Korea. This war training seems to be a show of South Korean military

power after expressing anger at the sinking of their warship in March. The last war

training which was a joint warfare exercise between the US and South Korea

62

involved 29 warships and 50 aircraft. Although the Ministry of Defense said these

ships will not approach the dispute area in the western region of the sea border,

marines on islands near the border will hold shooting exercises. The focus of this

exercise is to strengthen the response of the US and South Korea to the

asymmetrical provocation of opponents and also to combine operating capacity.129

In 2011 South Korea and the US also carried out annual military exercises

with them amid continuing tensions on the Korean Peninsula. The 11-day joint

maneuver was coded as Key Resolve / Foal Eagle, followed by around 200,000

South Korean soldiers and 12,800 US soldiers. South Korean officials said a US

aircraft carrier would also join one of the two exercises. The US military officers in

Seoul confirmed or did not deny the news. According to the Yonhap News Agency

report. Key Resolve, the key to completion, especially involving computer

simulations, will end until March 10, 2011. While Foal Eagle, the eagle child,

involves joint air, land and sea exercises that will last until April 30, 2011.130

In 2012 South Korea and the US held joint military exercises specifically

designed to attack sources of provocation in North Korea (North Korea). South

Korea said that the training this time was the biggest since the training series began

in 2008. The annual routine, codenamed "Max Thunder", began on Monday

(05/07/2012) and will last until 18 May. This year, the exercise will involve at least

60 aircraft, including fighter jets, KC-135 tanker aircraft, and AWACS

reconnaissance aircraft. "This year's training is the biggest since Max Thunder

began in 2008," the South Korean Air Force spokesman said. The US and South

Korea will demonstrate the combined readiness and strength of their air force in a

war situation. In particular, US and South Korean pilots will practice carrying out

precision attacks on sources of enemy provocation. The exercise was held amid

escalating tensions after North Korea launched long-range rockets in the previous

129 “Korsel Latihan Perang Terbesar”,

https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2010/08/100805_koreawartrain, accessed on January 19

2019. 130 “Korsel dan AS Gelar Latihan Tempur Dalam Sebulan”, Kompas, February 22 2011.

63

month and it was alleged that it would soon conduct a third nuclear detonation

test.131

In 2013, the United States and South Korea began annual joint military

exercises amid tensions with North Korea relating to UN sanctions. The exercise -

codenamed Key Resolve - took place several days after the United Nations imposed

sanctions because North Korea conducted a nuclear test the previous month. About

13,000 personnel participated in this exercise. While another joint military exercise,

Foal Eagle, has been going on since the beginning of March.132

IV.2. Policy Implementation in Internal Context

The internal policy of the United States in handling WMD North Korea is

realized through several things, including the application of sanctions individually

or collectively to strengthening the US military industry. Various policies in this

internal context are discussed by involving various elements and stakeholders of

the United States to achieve a legitimate decision.

IV.2.1. Application of Sanctions

In the scope of domestic politics, US foreign policy is still faced with the

issue of world peace and is still a challenge for the international community,

particularly the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The development of

conflicts, both between countries and domestic conflicts, known as civil war, turned

out to be inseparable from the weapons used, including small arms, automatic

weapons, missiles and launchers, to WMD.

131 “Korsel dan AS Gelar Latihan Militer Lagi”,

https://travel.kompas.com/read/2012/05/07/13135647/korsel.dan.as.gelar.latihan.militer.lagi,

accessed on January 19th 2019. 132 “Latihan Militer Amerika Serikat _ Korsel Dimulai”,

https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2013/03/130311_korea_latihanmiliter, accessed on January

2019.

64

The methods which are generally carried out by the United States of the

West group in realizing their interests in developing countries, which can be

classified as more repressive methods are as follows:133

a. Secret protests to the government concerned.

b. Joint protests made with other governments.

c. Statement of concern that is open in parliament or other places.

d. Support for talks in institutions such as the UN commission. This sanction

is realized by including the IAEA to carry out observations, monitoring and

then follow up with the implementation of sanctions on nuclear WMD

North Korea

e. Immediate commencement of such action in international institutions

f. restraining cultural and other contacts.

g. Sever the diplomatic relations. This sanction is carried out by the United

States by involving various allied countries, including the European Union,

Japan, South Korea and other countries to implement a delay in foreign aid

to the economic and trade embargo

The existence of the United States as a world superpower is also inseparable

from the dynamics of foreign policy as a measure of its progress in various fields.

Broadly speaking, US foreign policy actors can be divided into two, namely:134

a. Formal actors are foreign political actors who are structurally related to the

government, for example foreign ministers, embassies, military attaches and

others. This actor has an important role in defense policy making in the

United States through recommendations, options to the prohibition of

policies that are deemed incompatible with US policy mainstreaming.

b. Non-formal actors are foreign political actors who are structurally not

related to the government, including MNCs, non-formal economic

133 Evan Luard Hak-hak Asasi Manusia dan Kebijakan Luar Negeri dalam Sidiq Jatmika, AS

Penghambat Demokrasi : Membongkar Politik Stndar Ganda Amerika Srikat, Biagraf Publishing,

Yogyakarta, 2000, page. 2-3. 134 David P. Forsithe, US Foreign Policy and Erlarging of Democartic Community, Human Rigth

Quartely Press, New York, 2016, hal. 49.

65

diplomats, multinational trade and others. This actor is indeed indirectly

connected with the United States government, but contributes to supporting

the national economy. This non-formal actor has a special lobby in the

parliament and the defense department that can determine the

implementation of direction and policy, even though it is anonymous in the

mechanism of making the United States defense.

US foreign policy is supported by an enormous national budget, namely the

global reach of the economy, amounting to US $ 14.3 trillion. In addition, there is

also a global range of defense in the amount of 711 billion US dollars. Behind the

economic-political progress of the United States, there was a huge contribution

from the United States defense industries which in the 2013-2016 period still ranked

first in the world with 3.6 billion US Dollars for the purpose of exporting India,

Pakistan, South Korea, Australia and several other countries.135

North Korea's WMD later became an important reason for Western countries

to implement sanctions. The application of the United States-sponsored

international embargo on North Korea began since the Korean War era which first

erupted in 1950. South Korea and the United States claim that North Korea carried

out military aggression ahead of South Korean territory, while North Korea claimed

that their attacks on the territory South Korea is a retaliation for acts of provocation

that were first carried out by South Korea. Later it was discovered that North Korea

had intended to carry out "Korean unification" from the beginning through military

channels. The sanctions made by the United States on North Korea since the Korean

War erupted covering political aspects (the United States did not officially

acknowledge North Korea's existence) and the economy in which sanctions were

essentially intended to cripple the North Korean government as an authoritarian

regime, destroying the economy the country, and ultimately forced the North

Korean government to cooperate with the United States. Examples of US economic

sanctions against North Korea include various export and import bans on

commodities to North Korea (including food & medicine), a ban on financial

135 Ibid.

66

transactions involving North Korea, a ban on trading activities with North Korea

and freezing all assets of North Korean assets. within the banking sector of the

United States.136

During the Cold War era, North Korea, which received a continuous embargo

from the United States, then relied on most of its needs from the Soviet Union. After

the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, North Korea entered a period of serious

economic crisis which resulted in a famine that hit the region. Since 2005, North

Korea has received an offer that they will receive assistance from various non-food

commodities of Six Party member countries (United States, China, Japan, South

Korea & Russia) on condition that North Korea wants to abandon its nuclear

weapons program and rejoin the agreement which limits the use and production of

nuclear weapons (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty). North Korea itself had indeed

joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but dropped out of membership in

1991. Furthermore, Six Party member countries such as Japan and South Korea had

stopped their humanitarian assistance to North Korea after the North Korean

Taepodong nuclear rocket trial.137

For the United States, North Korea needs to be sanctioned either individually

or collectively. This is important to stem the proliferation of WMD which was

carried out in the era of Kim Jong-un's leadership. Some sanctions in this regard are

the adoption of the United States embargo together with the UN Security Council

in 2015 and 2016. The application of these sanctions is a cessation of North Korea's

trade interactions with Western countries.138

IV.2.2. Strengthening the Domestic Defense Industry

Progress in the defense sector of the United States was initially the ambition

of this country in mastering world hegemony after the collapse of the Soviet Union

136 “Understanding Sanction of North Korean”, in

https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/interactive/north-korea-sanctions, accessed on

November 2nd 2018. 137 Ibid, 138 “Di Embargo Dunia, Ini Nasib Korea Utara”, in

https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1108895/diembargo-dunia-ini-nasib-ekonomi-korea-

utara/full&view=ok, accessed on Oktober 29th 2018.

67

in 1990/1991 during the Cold War. To legitimize this foreign policy then the United

States seeks to strengthen the capacity of its military and defense fields which then

make this country capable of being self-sufficient in light, heavy weapons to

defense equipment.

In the early 1990s, the initiative of the United States government in

developing the defense system was indeed to follow up on the dynamics of

international security that were monopolar in nature. The defeat of the Soviet Union

in the cold war made the United States dominate the sale of weapons. His position

was getting stronger when, the United States managed to establish exclusive

relations with several international powers, including ANZUS, NATO so that the

United States defense industry continued to develop continuously.

SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace and Research Institute) states that

Southeast Asia is a very potential area after the Middle East and East Asia. This can

be seen in table 4.1 as follows:

Table 4.1

United States Armament Sales Potential

2014-2015

No. Region Potential Benefits

(Million US Dollars)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

The middle East

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Central Asia

Horn of Africa

Balkans and Caucasus

South America

Europe

Oceania

North America

189,86

124.61

112.89

111.23

86,91

84.13

82.27

40,86

22,11

18,07

68

Source: Anonim, “Arms Sales Potency on 2014-2015”, SIPRI Report Paper, Stockholm, Vol. III,

Maret 2016, page. 32-33.

From table 4.1. above, it can be identified areas that have potential for

marketing US weapons products. Some of the medium and heavy armaments

companies in the United States act as the backbone of the country's economy. From

table 4.1 above, it can also be understood that the Middle East and East Asia are the

areas that need weapons the most, so that it can be seen that the more vulnerable

the conditions of security in the country or region, the more potential market share

for US arms exports will be.139

The United States is a super power country in the field of military and

defense, where in the period 2013-2016 this country remained ranked first in arms

exports. This can be seen in table 4.2 as follows:

Table 4.2

Commodity of Army, Sea and Air Armament Equipment

As well as Short, Medium, Far Distance and WMD Missiles

No. States Amount of Armament

Sales (Billion US Dollars)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

United States of America

Russia

China

France

Germany

47.169

33.186

9.312

8.564

7.946

Sumber: “Top Liv Arms Sales: Table SIPRI”,

http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php, accessed on November 4th 2018.

From table 4.2. above, it can be seen that the United States is the country that

ranked first in the sale of world weapons, followed by Russia, China, France and

Germany. The commodities in the table include defense equipment (the main

equipment for weapons systems) including the core air fleet (training planes,

transported personnel, fixed rotor aircraft and supporting parts and

139 Brian Wood, The US Arms Sales and Manufacture : The Future of Nation Super Power,

Palgraff Publishing, London, 2015, page. 19.

69

instrumentation), layt fleets (in the form of various class surface ships, submarines

and tribes) supporting parts and instrumentation), core land fleets (tanks, armored

vehicles, APCs, artillery systems and several other types), as well as short, medium,

long range and ICBM. Germany includes major tanks (main battle tanks), armored

vehicles, tactical vehicles, artillery from land to air and air to air, grenade launchers

and several other types, and small arms.

The United States is the country that has the largest / largest armament /

defense industry in the world. This rating has continued from 2008 to 2014. An

overview of this is seen in table 4.3. as follows:

Table 4.3

Ranking of the World's Largest Armament Producers

Ranking 2008-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

United States of America

Russia

France

Germany

China

United Kingdom

Spain

United States of America

Russia

France

China

Germany

United Kingdom

Spain

United States of America

Russia

China

France

United Kingdom

Germany

Spain

Source: “Arms Trade Key Statistic”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4238644.stm,accessed

on October 26 2018.

Through table 4.3 above, it can be known about the world's largest exporting

countries, where the United States from 2008-2014 always ranks first. This

achievement was apparently not separated from the support of giant companies,

including Locked Martin, Boeing, Raytheon, Northtroop Gruman. General

Dynamics and United Technologies Corporation. These companies are the

backbone of US arms exports.

70

Since the 1990s, the United States has succeeded in positioning itself as the

largest defense equipment manufacturer in the world. Entering the decade of the

2000s, the United States still dominated the sale of defense equipment, only this

country faced various problems regarding the emergence of countries that became

rivals of the United States, namely North Korea. Actually there are several other

countries that have also succeeded in developing the capacity of the defense

industry, including Russia, India or China, although this is not seen as a threat

because the relationship between the United States and these countries is relatively

conducive.140

The emergence of North Korea as a defense industry country has become a

serious problem for the United States because this country does not prioritize

defensive industrial products or land, sea or air defense equipment, but short-range

missiles to intercontinental missiles. As previously explained, the sale of weapons

is not only an effort to realize economic interests, but also the responsibility so that

the weapons can be used properly. With North Korea's export sales, it will lead to

uncontrolled use, moreover the North Korean arms exports are to conflict-prone

African countries. This is then a challenge for the United States to support global

security by providing a set of defensive systems and defense equipment to

anticipate the North Korean missile.

140 “Which Country Dominates The Global Arms Trade”, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-

43873518, accessed on January 18th 2019.

71

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

Through the description of the discussion in the previous chapters, it can be

concluded that the development of international political-security cannot be

separated from the problem of WMD (weapon of mass destrcution). In general, this

type of weapon is owned by a group of developed countries, but apparently there

are also developing groups, namely North Korea. This country is located in the East

Asia region which has experienced interesting foreign policy and defense

dynamics. Since the outbreak of Korea in 1948, North Korea has developed as a

country covered in the context of totalitarian dictatorships. One of the North Korean

regimes that has a strong influence on the dynamics of North Korea's foreign and

defense policies is Kim Jong-un.

Kim Jon Un is the son of the previous North Korean leader, Kim Jong-Il.

At a relatively young age, Kim Jong-un managed to establish foreign and defense

policies that tended to be confrontational with Western countries, including allied

countries in the East Asia region, including South Korea or Japan. This turned out

to be inseparable from North Korea's bargaining position in developing WMD. The

reason for the development of WMD is to realize the juche, namely the belief / self-

confidence in the internal capacity of North Korea to be able to develop influence

in regional and international political constellations.

The development of North Korea's WMD in the 2009-2017 period later

caused various impacts. One of the conditions is the perception of the North Korean

WMD threat for the United States. In the United States defense policy in the era of

George W Bush to Barack Obama this country has several interests including

handling terrorism to handling WMD. In the international political constellation

there are WMD countries that are allies of the United States, and there are opposite

countries, one of which is North Korea. This is what later became a threat to the

United States.

72

Basically, almost all developed countries have WMD potential and

resources, including england, France, Pakistan, China and several other countries.

However this is not a problem because these countries tend to be cooperative with

the United States or the UN Security Council. In addition, WMD in these countries

is only developed as a defensive defense system device, not to threaten other

countries, as is the case with North Korea's WMD.

North Korea's ownership of WMD is not only a threat to the interests of US

sovereignty, but also has to do with the interests of countries that have been close

allies of the United States, namely South Korea and Japan. In both countries the

United States seeks to strengthen the capacity of the defense and military sectors.

To be able to maintain the security of the East Asian region from North Korea

WMD, the United States seeks to support Japan's defense paradigm from passively

becoming active in 2008. Some support in this regard was realized through budget

assistance, technology transfer to training for the Japanese armed forces. Later

Japan will become a buffer state in dealing with North Korean threats.

Then another external scope of policy is the development of a water defense

shield. Through this defense infrastructure, Japan will be able to improve domestic

and regional areas from the threat of North Korea. In addition, the United States

also supports the implementation Of Air Defense Identifitaion Zone(ADIZ). This

policy was developed to anticipate the potential threat of WMD in North Korea, as

well as flying objects that would at any time be able to launch attacks in East Asian

countries which had been allies of the United States, especially Japan and South

Korea. In the domestic sphere, the United States seeks to make the issue of North

Korea WMD a motivation in developing foreign cooperation and sales to form

detente and new strength in the face of the latest potential threats, related to North

Korea's WMD. For this reason, the United States seeks to develop its influence in

the field of arms sales, as well as strengthen various defense policies to anticipate

North Korea's WMD so that it is not used in some of the world's sales targets. Thus

it can be proven about the policy of the United States in handling WMD North

Korea.

73

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