The impacts of tourism The impacts of tourism 1.Economic 2.Social 3.Environmental.

The impacts of tourismThe impacts of tourism

1.1. EconomicEconomic

2.2. Social Social

3.3. EnvironmentalEnvironmental

Economic impactsEconomic impacts

Assumption: tourism will bring Assumption: tourism will bring benefits to all concerned. benefits to all concerned.

However, there is not a However, there is not a simple linear relationship simple linear relationship between the growth of between the growth of tourism and of the economic tourism and of the economic benefits for the whole benefits for the whole community. community.

In the initial stages, tourism In the initial stages, tourism may create more jobs for may create more jobs for locals while increased locals while increased demand for food leads to demand for food leads to intensification of agriculture. intensification of agriculture.

Economic Impacts of Tourism

Creates employment

Often employment is low skilled

and seasonal though

Multiplier Effect

May benefit other

sectors of the

economy

Often profits

flow back oevrseas

Senior positios usually held by people from

developed nations

My help to reduce overseas

debt

However countries may

borrow heavily to

build infrastructure

Where there is competition(eg between Pacific Islands) tourism TNC's may get

deals

This reduces benefits

to countries (e.g tax

free holidays

Local production

may be boosted

Countries may

become overly

dependent on tourism


Later, with further development, negative Later, with further development, negative consequences may become more apparent. consequences may become more apparent.

-over commitment of resources to tourism, -over commitment of resources to tourism,

-diverting investment from other sectors, -diverting investment from other sectors,

-congestion, -congestion,

-pollution, -pollution,

-in-migration of labour and -in-migration of labour and

-conflicts with other land uses. -conflicts with other land uses.

Economic impactsEconomic impacts Provides many jobs for the Provides many jobs for the

unskilled and highly skilled. unskilled and highly skilled. Labour intensive in a world Labour intensive in a world

that aims for capital intensive that aims for capital intensive labour saving technology in labour saving technology in other industries.other industries.

It has the potential to provide It has the potential to provide many further jobs, a large many further jobs, a large number of which can be number of which can be introduced with minimum introduced with minimum

delay.delay.


Majority of employment is Majority of employment is female female

An emphasis on part-time or An emphasis on part-time or casual work. casual work.

The jobs done by women in The jobs done by women in tourism are characterised by: tourism are characterised by:

-lower pay¸ -lower pay¸ -poorer conditions, -poorer conditions, -less career mobility, -less career mobility, -limited access to training -limited access to training

programmes and programmes and -less effective trade union support -less effective trade union support

than the traditional male areas than the traditional male areas of employment. of employment.


One of the ironies of the One of the ironies of the perceived employment perceived employment benefits of tourism is that benefits of tourism is that areas which have tourism areas which have tourism as a mainstay of the local as a mainstay of the local economy tend to have economy tend to have high levels of high levels of unemployment, eg. The unemployment, eg. The Gold Coast.Gold Coast.

Economic impactsEconomic impacts Foreign investment into the Foreign investment into the

tourism sector of host countries. tourism sector of host countries. Longer term, the leakage of Longer term, the leakage of

income abroad through the income abroad through the payment of dividends, profits payment of dividends, profits and royalties may have a and royalties may have a substantial effect on the balance substantial effect on the balance of payments. of payments.

Tourism may be highly polarised Tourism may be highly polarised spatially with concentrations spatially with concentrations along the coast, in the more along the coast, in the more picturesque rural areas, and in picturesque rural areas, and in certain parts of major cities. certain parts of major cities.


Such concentrations of Such concentrations of tourism may have significant tourism may have significant flow-on effects to host flow-on effects to host communities through:communities through:

- increased rentsincreased rentsincreased house prices, increased house prices, - localised inflationary effects, localised inflationary effects, - social and physical impacts, social and physical impacts,

and and - potential alterations in the potential alterations in the

perceived quality of life. perceived quality of life.

Economic impactsEconomic impacts The economies of scale - The economies of scale -

horizontal and vertical horizontal and vertical integration - smaller hotels integration - smaller hotels finding it difficult to finding it difficult to compete. compete.

This is especially so if they This is especially so if they lack facilities such as lack facilities such as

-private bathrooms -private bathrooms -bars and quality restaurants -bars and quality restaurants -swimming pools, sauna, spa-swimming pools, sauna, spa-IT facilities-IT facilities-excellent location and views-excellent location and views

Economic impactsEconomic impacts Market forces like these are Market forces like these are

predicted to play a more predicted to play a more dominant role in the future. dominant role in the future.

-smaller, more efficient -smaller, more efficient governments (economic governments (economic rationalism) rationalism)

-deregulation and market -deregulation and market liberalisation. liberalisation.

-direct foreign investment has -direct foreign investment has increased rapidly from TNCs increased rapidly from TNCs

-host governments wish to -host governments wish to encourage foreign investors to encourage foreign investors to develop tourist infrastructure develop tourist infrastructure

-locals do not possess the -locals do not possess the necessary expertise or finance. necessary expertise or finance.

Economic impactsEconomic impacts Overseas investment – eg Overseas investment – eg

Japan – recession – Japan – recession – decreased investment into decreased investment into tourism for Australia tourism for Australia (particularly Queensland)(particularly Queensland)

Flow on effects from tourismFlow on effects from tourism-retirees to live at the Gold -retirees to live at the Gold

CoastCoast-Port Macquarie in N.S.W. has -Port Macquarie in N.S.W. has

been a focal point for the been a focal point for the proposed establishment of a proposed establishment of a private University. private University.

Social impactsSocial impacts The scale of social impact will The scale of social impact will

be determined by the numbers be determined by the numbers of tourists in relation to the host of tourists in relation to the host population and also by the population and also by the economic level of the host economic level of the host community as compared with community as compared with that of the tourist. that of the tourist.

The cultural differences The cultural differences between host and guest is between host and guest is another factor. another factor.

At an individual level, tourism At an individual level, tourism may result in resentment of the may result in resentment of the apparent wealth of visitors. apparent wealth of visitors. Eg.Bali bombings. Eg.Bali bombings.

Social Impacts

of Tourism

Commodification of culture

Highlighting finacial

differences

Loss of traditional

family roles

May encourage

socially undesirable

activities

Opposition Creation of servile culture

Loss of cultural identity

Money raised

may help to

preserve cultural & heritage artifacts

Growing interest in

cultural tourism

may help to

preserve the "real

culture" of a place

Social & Cultural Impacts of Tourism - Positive & Negative

Social ImpactsSocial Impacts Creation of a post-industrial Creation of a post-industrial

urban environment - impact urban environment - impact on the socio-economic on the socio-economic groups that traditionally groups that traditionally occupy areas that are occupy areas that are designated as suitable for designated as suitable for renewal. renewal.

Increased middle-class Increased middle-class environment may lead to environment may lead to increased rates and rents, increased rates and rents, accompanied by a accompanied by a corresponding breakdown in corresponding breakdown in community structure, community structure, including ethnicity, as including ethnicity, as families are forced to families are forced to relocate. relocate.

Social impactsSocial impacts There is a relationship of There is a relationship of

tourism to crime and tourism to crime and prostitutionprostitution

In many coastal resorts along In many coastal resorts along Northern N.S.W., the peaks Northern N.S.W., the peaks and troughs in the occurrence and troughs in the occurrence of crime coincided with highs of crime coincided with highs and lows in tourist activity. and lows in tourist activity.

In general, tourism growth In general, tourism growth has not caused these has not caused these problems. But such growth, problems. But such growth, in the absence of counter in the absence of counter social policies, assist in social policies, assist in sustaining some of these sustaining some of these problems. problems.

Social impactsSocial impacts Acculturation - two cultures come Acculturation - two cultures come

into contact for a period of time into contact for a period of time resulting in an exchange of ideas. resulting in an exchange of ideas.

One culture may dominate One culture may dominate another by virtue of the type of another by virtue of the type of contact, the socio-economic contact, the socio-economic characteristics and the size of the characteristics and the size of the population. population.

Often associated with tourism in Often associated with tourism in the less developed nations the less developed nations

Aboriginals populations - Aboriginals populations - economic tourist activities for economic tourist activities for development, but there is a fear development, but there is a fear from many Aboriginal groups that from many Aboriginal groups that contact with tourists may devalue contact with tourists may devalue their culture and lead to further their culture and lead to further social breakdown. social breakdown.

Eg – should tourists be Eg – should tourists be allowed to climb Ayers Rock?allowed to climb Ayers Rock?

Environmental impactsEnvironmental impacts

Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism means conserving the means conserving the productive basis of the productive basis of the physical environment by physical environment by preserving the integrity preserving the integrity of the biota and of the biota and ecological processes. ecological processes.


In the absence of an In the absence of an attractive environment¸ attractive environment¸ there would be little there would be little tourism. tourism.

The increase in the The increase in the number of visitors can number of visitors can impact on the integrity impact on the integrity and quality of the and quality of the environment. environment.


Substantial growth in the Substantial growth in the public attention given to public attention given to the environment over the environment over recent years. recent years.

The preservation of The preservation of historic buildings and historic buildings and townscapes and the townscapes and the perceived need to perceived need to establish wilderness and establish wilderness and national park areasnational park areas


The ecology of an area The ecology of an area may be dramatically may be dramatically changed through the changed through the removal of a key species removal of a key species in the food chain or in the food chain or through the introduction through the introduction of new species, such as of new species, such as trout in Tasmania for trout in Tasmania for enhanced benefits for enhanced benefits for recreational fishermen. recreational fishermen.


Other environmental impacts:Other environmental impacts: Developments in the arid Developments in the arid

inland (Yulara Resort at inland (Yulara Resort at Uluru), Uluru),

Coastal zone (the Gold Coastal zone (the Gold Coast)Coast)

Mountainous areas (the Blue Mountainous areas (the Blue Mountains). Mountains).

Significant impacts include Significant impacts include - damage to vegetation, damage to vegetation, - problems in sewage disposal problems in sewage disposal - the removal of vegetation the removal of vegetation

from sand dunes. from sand dunes.


In Fiji, a forum was held In Fiji, a forum was held which served to identify which served to identify current and potential current and potential impacts of climate impacts of climate change and the policies change and the policies and capacity building and capacity building needed to implement needed to implement adaptation measures. adaptation measures.


Impacts:Impacts:- serious impact on the serious impact on the

programming of trips, programming of trips, - the comfort of tourists and their the comfort of tourists and their

health. health. - extreme climatic events can affect extreme climatic events can affect

natural attractions, with storm natural attractions, with storm surges and rising sea levels surges and rising sea levels eroding beaches and higher sea eroding beaches and higher sea temperatures bleaching coral. temperatures bleaching coral.

- There is also the increased risk of There is also the increased risk of drought and the possibility of drought and the possibility of physical damage to both people physical damage to both people and property. and property.

StrategiesStrategies

Question:Question:

How should tourist How should tourist locations be properly locations be properly managed?managed?

StrategiesStrategies Proactive measures are Proactive measures are

ideal to best manage ideal to best manage these environments that these environments that ensures maximum ensures maximum economic, social and economic, social and environmental benefits. environmental benefits.

Principles of ecologically Principles of ecologically sustainable sustainable development are development are necessary to promote necessary to promote effective ecotourismeffective ecotourism

StrategiesStrategies

StrategiesStrategies Adequate funding and Adequate funding and

investment (public and investment (public and private)private)

Efforts to encourage political Efforts to encourage political and economic stabilityand economic stability

Policies that encourage Policies that encourage growth and equitygrowth and equity

Thorough and objective EISsThorough and objective EISs Monitoring and evaluation of Monitoring and evaluation of

management strategiesmanagement strategies Gradual planning process – Gradual planning process –

avoid fast trackingavoid fast tracking Public consultationPublic consultation

The impacts of tourism The impacts of tourism 1.Economic 2.Social 3.Environmental.

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