The Impact of the Enlightenment. The Arts Architecture and Art: Many rulers build grand castles to...
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Transcript of The Impact of the Enlightenment. The Arts Architecture and Art: Many rulers build grand castles to...
The ArtsThe Arts
Architecture and Art: Many rulers build grand Architecture and Art: Many rulers build grand castles to mimic Louis XIV’s Palace at Versaillescastles to mimic Louis XIV’s Palace at Versailles
unique architectural style is createdunique architectural style is created
– Rococo: new artistic style is created as wellRococo: new artistic style is created as well Emphasizes grace, charm and gentle action Emphasizes grace, charm and gentle action Highly secular: focused on the pursuit of pleasure, happiness Highly secular: focused on the pursuit of pleasure, happiness
and loveand love Sense of enchantment and enthusiasmSense of enchantment and enthusiasm
Music:Music:Perfecting BaroquePerfecting Baroque
Johann Sebastian Johann Sebastian BachBach– One of the greatest One of the greatest
composers of all timecomposers of all time– GermanGerman– Mass in B MinorMass in B Minor
George Frederick George Frederick HandelHandel– MessiahMessiah– German, but lived in German, but lived in
EnglandEngland– With Bach, perfected With Bach, perfected
the baroque musical the baroque musical stylestyle
Music: Music: Creation of ClassicalCreation of Classical
HaydnHaydn– Wanted to play public Wanted to play public
concerts rather than concerts rather than serve only princely serve only princely patronspatrons
– The desire to play for The desire to play for everyone leads him to everyone leads him to write his two great write his two great worksworks
MozartMozart– Child prodigyChild prodigy– Along with Haydn, helps Along with Haydn, helps
to found what we know to found what we know as classical musicas classical music
– One of the greatest One of the greatest composers of all timecomposers of all time
LiteratureLiterature
1818thth century= development of the European century= development of the European novelnovel
Enlightenment and Enlightened Enlightenment and Enlightened AbsolutismAbsolutism
What role does Enlightenment thought play in What role does Enlightenment thought play in politics? politics? – Who believes in natural rights for all people?Who believes in natural rights for all people?– ““We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal; that they are endowed by their creator created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” How were these natural rights to be preserved?How were these natural rights to be preserved?
– Governed under an enlightened rulerGoverned under an enlightened ruler
– Enlightened absolutism: rulers try to govern by Enlightenment Enlightened absolutism: rulers try to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powersprinciples while maintaining their royal powers
Frederick the Great of PrussiaFrederick the Great of Prussia
Enlightened despotEnlightened despot Made enlightened reformsMade enlightened reforms
– Abolished the use of torture except in treason and Abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder casesmurder cases
– Granted limited freedom of speech and the press, as well Granted limited freedom of speech and the press, as well as complete religious tolerationas complete religious toleration
On the other hand…On the other hand…– Kept Prussia’s serfdom and rigid social structure intact Kept Prussia’s serfdom and rigid social structure intact
and avoided any additional reformsand avoided any additional reforms
The Austrian EmpireThe Austrian Empire
Joseph II succeeds Maria Theresa and Joseph II succeeds Maria Theresa and starts to call for enlightened changestarts to call for enlightened change– Swept away anything standing in the path of Swept away anything standing in the path of
reasonreason Abolishes serfdom, eliminates the death penalty, Abolishes serfdom, eliminates the death penalty,
equality before the law, enacts religious reforms. equality before the law, enacts religious reforms.
Joseph’s reform program largely failsJoseph’s reform program largely fails– Why?Why?
Russia under Catherine the GreatRussia under Catherine the Great
Rules Russia from 1762-1796Rules Russia from 1762-1796– Assumes the throne after her husband is Assumes the throne after her husband is
murdered by a group of noblesmurdered by a group of nobles– GermanGerman
Favored the ideas of the philosophes and Favored the ideas of the philosophes and wanted to implement reform, but does notwanted to implement reform, but does not– Why?Why?
Need support of nobility Need support of nobility
Philosophes v. 18Philosophes v. 18thth Century Century MonarchsMonarchs
PhilosophesPhilosophes– Condemn war as foolishCondemn war as foolish– Want all to have Want all to have
equality under the lawequality under the law
MonarchsMonarchs– Use war to expand Use war to expand
empiresempires– Concerned with the Concerned with the
balance of power, that balance of power, that each state should have each state should have equal powerequal power
– Really, each want to Really, each want to gain more powergain more power
WarWar
War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession– Maria Theresa succeeds her father on the Maria Theresa succeeds her father on the
Austrian throneAustrian throne– King Frederick of Prussia invades Austrian King Frederick of Prussia invades Austrian
SilesiaSilesia– France enters war vs. Austria, its traditional France enters war vs. Austria, its traditional
enemyenemy– Treaty agreed to in 1748Treaty agreed to in 1748
Prussia refuses to return Silesia to Austria= another Prussia refuses to return Silesia to Austria= another warwar
WarWar The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War 1756- 1756-
17631763– Maria Theresa rebuilds army Maria Theresa rebuilds army
and takes France as an ally and takes France as an ally from Prussiafrom Prussia
– Russia joins France and Austria Russia joins France and Austria Sees Prussia as a threatSees Prussia as a threat
– Britain allies itself with PrussiaBritain allies itself with Prussia
War fought in 3 locations: War fought in 3 locations: Europe, India, and North Europe, India, and North AmericaAmerica
War in Europe: Prussia holds its War in Europe: Prussia holds its ground against Austria, Russia, ground against Austria, Russia, and Franceand France– Once Russia withdraws, there is Once Russia withdraws, there is
a stalematea stalemate– Agree to end war and Prussia Agree to end war and Prussia
keeps Silesia; all other occupied keeps Silesia; all other occupied territories are returned to their territories are returned to their original owneroriginal owner
War in IndiaWar in India– Britain vs. FranceBritain vs. France– Seeking to expand their empireSeeking to expand their empire– India falls to BritainIndia falls to Britain
War in North America War in North America – Great Britain is victorious Great Britain is victorious
overall and becomes one of the overall and becomes one of the greatest colonial powersgreatest colonial powers