The impact of the Beijing Games · staging of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. In this unit,...

© Copyright Australian Geography Teachers’ Association Limited and The Geographical Association (UK)

The impact of the Beijing Gamesa unit of work for 11 to 14-year-olds

by Dr. Andrew Lee

CONTENTSIntroduction and rationaleHow to organise the activities• Activity 1: Impact assessment of the Beijing Games• Activity 2: Identifying change• Activity 3: How green are my games? Assessing specific initiatives of the Beijing Games• Activity 4: Additional researchBeijing Olympic venue location mapActivity Resource Sheet C1: How Olympic Games impact on local societies and economiesActivity Resource Sheet C2: China—country profileActivity Resource Sheet C3: Beijing city profileActivity Resource Sheet C4: Beijing city collage (photo spread)

Activity Resource Sheet C5: Potential impact checklistActivity Resource Sheet C6: How green are my games?Activity Resource Sheet C7: Additional research

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THE IMPACT OF THE BEIJING GAMES THE BEIJING GAMES

The impact of the Beijing Gamesby Dr. Andrew Lee

IntroductionThis unit covers the wide-ranging impact of theBeijing Games of 2008. China is planning the 2008games on a grand scale and planning to use theevent as an opportunity for China to reveal itself tothe world. China wants this to be a surprise.Journalists visiting the already famous Bird’s Neststadium have been warned to not takephotographs so as not to detract from the surpriseon 8 August 2008. Wang Wei, Secretary-General ofthe Beijing Organising Committee, said: ‘Theworld does not really know as much about Chinaas we wish’, implying that the Games was to be amoment when China can reveal itself to the worldas a new and worthy world player. Many regardedthe Sydney Olympics as a similar opportunity.

Rationale for this unitThis unit aims to increase student understandingof the complex relationships at stake with thestaging of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. In thisunit, students will be asked to:• assess the impact of the 2008 Beijing Games on

the Chinese, local and international societyand economies

• consider the extent to which the BeijingOlympics come at a good time for China, giventhe current situation of the country

• assess how far China is managing to ensurethat the Games is a sustainable event

• conduct independent research on issuesrelating to China.

There is a separate resource sheet at the end ofthis document where questions are summarised.

How to organise the activitiesActivity 1: Impact assessment of the Beijing Games(1 lesson)For this lesson you will need copies of ActivityResource Sheet C1: How Olympic Games impact on localsociety and economies, Activity Resource Sheet C2: Chinacountry profile and Activity Resource Sheet C3: Beijingcity profile. Introduce the lesson as an exercise inimpact assessment.

1. Ask the class to volunteer categories that mightneed to be assessed when writing an impactassessment of the Olympics in China. Writethese on cards and affix/pin to the board.Then consolidate cards that might be similar.

2. Have students try to organise the remainingcategories into an order of importance.

3. Have students consider the local circumstancesthat make the holding of the games difficult,including the political context of the games.Students might be asked to try to find outabout features of the way that China managesits society and how this might differ fromconditions elsewhere in the world.

4. Ask students to work in pairs and to considerspecific scenarios that might cause problemsgiven the political situation in China.

Student handout—Activity Resource Sheet C1: HowOlympic Games impact on local society and economies.

Activity 2: Identifying changeLook at the collage of photographs provided onActivity Resource Sheet C4 and try to identifyevidence of recent change and areas that mightsee change during and beyond the Olympics.What impact will the Olympics have on the peopleand places featured in the photographs? Use thechecklist and work through the photographsthinking about the information you have alreadycome across with the earlier activities on Chinaand Beijing.

The Bird’s Nest stadium with a capacity of 100,000, is the principal stadium forthe 2008 Beijing Games.

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THE BEIJING GAMES THE IMPACT OF THE BEIJING GAMES

You will need to think carefully about how toanswer these questions because the impacts ofmega-events can be significant and may impact inany number of ways.

Social planners try to anticipate the impact ofsuch events on societies and the economy eventhough this can be a difficult task.

Activity 3: How green are my games? Assessingspecific initiatives of the Beijing games (1 lesson)Using the internet look through the BeijingOlympics 2008 website, local Chinese press, theBBC, CNN and Wikipedia to find out what ishappening in terms of presenting a green games.Be aware that the press in China is not free, andsome news agencies may not give informationthat is entirely accurate.

Using a range of sources find what is being saidabout the challenge and prospects for a greenOlympics in Beijing in 2008.

Location of Olympic venues in relation to the city

At the end of your investigation give someassessment as to the degree to which you thinkthe Chinese situation is being well reported.

Activity 4: Additional researchRead through the questions on Activity ResourceSheet C7 and answer them using the resourcesthat your teacher has made available for you.


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Beijing has a dependence on bicycles even though personalcar ownership is on the rise. Rickshaws have been bannedfrom the centre of the city.

Large international stores such as Burberry have a high profile in Beijing

Tourism has already started to grow in anticipation of theOlympic Games

Reporters without bordersFOR PRESS FREEDOMThe Chinese news agency Xinhua has come in forinternational criticism for not being entirely truthful inits reporting. More recently it has been accused ofpublishing news that is critical of Chinese policy, but ithas been suggested that this has been a kind ofsubterfuge to create a sense of authenticity especiallyas these stories have not been published in Chinese.

The organisation Reporters without Borders creates ameasure of press freedom and has shown that China israted 163 out of the 169 entries although it has shownmodest improvements since 2002. When looking atChina-sourced information, it is worthwhile keeping thisin mind and trying, wherever possible, to check thevalidity of news with what has been reported by westernreporters. Reporters without Borders is using theOlympics as an opportunity to coerce China to improveits record in terms of integrity in reporting.

See <www.rsf.org >.

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Economic benefitsThere is no doubt that economic benefits are highon the list of countries deciding to seek thehosting of a mega event such as the OlympicGames. In particular there is a number of keyareas in which financial gain is sought:• Labour

The demand for labour in hosting and preparing forthe games is seen as a important economic benefit byproviding local and national jobs and income.

• Urban infrastructureThe construction of improved transport, roads, publicfacilities, lighting, housing etc, is a big benefit for thehost city.

• Sporting infrastructureThe construction of improved sporting facilities areregarded as having little long term value to localcommunities, with sporting events being regarded asa ‘luxury’ product.

• Incremental impact (income)The income expected to be raised by an OlympicGames is often exaggerated, however, in some cases,games have generated high income. As income isspread around it is often difficult for it to beaccurately measured. Income is normally measuredusing GDP (gross domestic product). The impact onincome from additional tax also needs to beconsidered. New investment can also attract furtherinvestment (multiplier effect).

• Improve tourism recognitionThe games bring wide media coverage and this helpsto make a place a more attractive for tourists, not onlyduring the games, but for many years afterwards.

Social benefitsNot all benefits associated with the Games are bestmeasured economically, as there are other factorsthat affect their worth and success. In addition todirect financial benefits, there are also socialbenefits that may or may not be measured bymoney:• Empowerment of low income residents

Providing employment to local and national workerswho may be unemployed or underemployed provides alevel of wealth that might not otherwise be enjoyed. In

Activity Resource Sheet C1: How Olympic Games impact on local society and economiesIn a report written for the Government of British Columbia in Canada it was suggested that the OlympicGames are sought by countries for a range of reasons including:

While the development of sport, athleticism and world peace are underlying themes of all Olympic Games, the decision tohost an Olympic Games has as much to do with the social, psychological or economic stimulus that can be derived fromsuch large events. Some cities have used the games as a catalyst for urban renewal. The 2000 summer Olympic Gamesin Sydney, for example, were developed on a site that had been home to an unusable swamp, a meat packing house, abrick works and a munitions dump. Some countries have used the games to legitimize their claim to first world economicstatus. All hosts aim to raise their international profile.

There are many other reasons why host countries might want to host the games, and every country that hasconsidered hosting the games will have thought about what it might choose to highlight.

so doing local people benefit from being a part of anational event.

• Uniting the peopleMega events such as the games help to create a senseof community. Volunteering, participation andengaging with foreign visitors, as a group creates asense of national unity.

• Feel good factor and national prideThe games provides a kind of national euphoriawhich creates a sense of national pride.

• Inspirational experience especially for childrenThe games constitutes a national event which drawstogether educational experience and creates a focus forchildren.

• Sporting facility legacyThe preparation for the games implies theconstruction of a sporting infrastructure that canpromote a stronger national sporting life.

• Urban/social renewalMost modern games have involved the (often welloverdue) renewal of run down areas of the city. Urbanrenewal has a positive and lasting effect on socialstructure and neighbourhoods.

• Foreign policy objectivesThe games is an opportunity for diplomatic progressand the developing of international friendship.Whilst this may be economically motivated, the gamesfirstly plays an connecting role between nations.

Environmental benefitsThe games are sensitive to the environment of thehost country and some recent games have had ahighly-profiled ‘green’ focus. A successfulenvironmental games is one based on activitiesthat are sustainable. This means that the gamesshould serve to not damage the local natural,social, cultural and economic environment.• Sustainability

The games needs to have an objective of protecting thelocal environment and all that that might include.

• ConstructionIn addition to sustainability programmes,construction needs to be particularly sensitive to localneeds and circumstance.


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EconomyThe Chinese economy is the second largest in theworld, to the US economy. In 2006 its GDP wasUS$10.2 trillion. The government has changedthe way the economy operates from a Soviet-styleplanned economy to a more market-driveneconomy that involves international trade. TheChinese economy is the fastest growing in theworld and along with economic reform is drawingmany Chinese out of poverty, although growinginequalities of wealth are also appearing.

• LabourAlthough China has massive manufacturing andagricultural industries, there is still muchunderemployment with areas risk of high levels ofunemployment, especially as inefficient state factoriesclose operations. While new industries are booming,sunset industries are driving increasingunemployment. In 2007 the unemployment rate inChina was 9 per cent; much lower than elsewhere, butstill a large number of people.

• InfrastructureInfrastructure, such as roads, rail, electricity andwater supply, in China is highly variable. For acountry that is building its economy at a rapid pace,one of the most pressing issues is transport. Roads,

Activity Resource Sheet C2: China—Country profileChina is in a state of flux because it is growing rapidly, urbanising quickly, and some individuals are growingwealthy. It is producing a vast quantity of exported goods for which it is being extremely competitive, butthis is having an impact upon work practices within the country. However, because China is trading morewith other countries and coming into contact with the West, the country’s practices are being watched moreand more. China’s massive population and economic growth means that it is hungry for energy and isresponsible for the release of large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. China’s governmentis Communist and totalitarian and therefore operates in a way quite different to western democracies, andthis approach also makes it often the subject of criticism. This resource sheet looks in more detail at someof these characteristics under the headings of economy, society and environment.

rail and shipping infrastructure, as well as specificinfrastructure for moving people, varies widely fromhigh-tech Maglev trains in Shanghai to unreliableroads in rural areas.

• IncomeAlthough income levels have been rising consistentlythere is still much exploitation of workers. Becausecompanies wield the threat of unemployment, workerscompete for jobs and often accept lower wages andpoor conditions. Incomes can be as low as US$1per hour and conditions can be dangerous and long.Labour laws are often poorly observed.

• International tradeInternational trade fuels China’s rapid economicgrowth. Not only is the scale of trade significant, butevery year there are large increases in the scale ofoperations. China’s major industries include miningand ore, iron, steel, aluminium, coal, petroleum,fertilizers, consumer products, food processing,transport, ships, telecommunications equipment, etc.

• Foreign investmentThe development of the Chinese economy has allowedthe influx of foreign money. This money, which hasmainly come from Asia, has been a big factor inChinese development and the growth of employment.

SocietyChinese society is made up of a wide variety of ethnicgroups. Many of these groups retain their languageand ethnic identity. Still, 70 per cent of thepopulation speak Mandarin, often with their localdialect. Although China has historically been anadvanced nation, in the 17th Century it lost its leadand is only now refocusing on science andtechnology.

• Chinese identityOne of the challenges facing Chinese society is how tomaintain a Chinese identity as the country changesrapidly. It is still unclear what the ‘new’ China willultimately be like. China adopted a ‘one country, twosystems’ concept, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping, tomanage the way Hong Kong, Macau and other areaswould be administered. More recently, in the face of aGraph showing increasing GDP in China 1950–2005

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new market economy, this makes less sense and it is aconcern as to how this transition might be managed.

• TaiwanRelations between Taiwan and China are sensitivebecause of their involvement with the USA ininternational relations. China does not recogniseTaiwan as a separate country and it vetos Taiwan’sapplication to become a member of the United Nations,at which they currently have no representation. Therehas been increasing pressure for Taiwan to be includedin the UN, in 2007.

• Human rights issuesHuman rights abuses in China include: high levels ofcapital punishment including for white collar crimesand a mistreatment of regional groups seekingautonomy such as Tibetans. Freedom of speech andinformation in China is managed with many websitesbeing blocked and the media being controlled. The onechild policy, whilst having been effective in managingChina’s population growth is seen as being inviolation of people’s human right to bear children.

EnvironmentRapid industrialisation has fueled the demand forenergy and natural resources. Such rapid growthhas led to the release of much greenhouse gas intothe atmosphere as well as the damaging landresources. The demand for resources has meantthat energy infrastructure has been constructedwithout due care for the environment. Challengingthis output is difficult, however, as energyavailability is key to China’s continued economicgrowth.

• Air pollutionIn 2007 the Netherlands Environmental AssessmentAgency announced that China had surpassed the USAas the world’s largest producer ofcarbon dioxide exceeding America’s5600 million tonnes. Manyindustrial cities are highly polluted.Of the 338 cities in which air qualitymeasures are made, two-thirds areregarded as polluted with the majorityof these being either moderately orseverely polluted. This pollutioncontributes to climate change and isresponsible for localised disease andmortality.

• Water and water pollutionWater presents a problem in Chinanot only because of pollution, butalso because of water shortages thatface some areas including cities. Mosturban water bodies are highlypolluted and tap water in most citiesis not safe. Half the country’s

population lack access to clean drinking water. In thenorth of the country the lack of water is a realconstraint to economic growth—many cities have anacute water shortage. Water has also causedcontroversy through the Three Gorges Dam project thatis seen by many as a man-made environmental disasterfor many reasons, including the silting up of theYangtze River. Nevertheless, the dam is expected togenerate a large amount of sustainable energy and toprotect large areas from flooding. The cost, bothfinancial and to the environment, not to mention theimpact of relocating 1.4 million persons, has raised theoverall cost of the project.

• Land pollution and degradationAround 30 per centof China’s land mass is desert. TheGobi desert has an area of around 1.295 millionsquare kilometres—more than one-and-a-half times thesize of New South Wales or five-and-a-half times thetotal land area of the United Kingdom—and has beenincreasing by around 3,600 square kilometres per yearas the result of desertification caused by water overuse,deforestation and industrialisation. The loss offarmland to this process is valued at around US$50billion per annum. While there are other forms of landdegradation, such as the accumulation of heavy metalsand pesticide residues in the soil, desertification is themost serious.

• Energy demandChina is aware of its energy shortfalls and is buildinglarge numbers of coal-fired power stations to provideitself with energy. At the same time it is trying to findways to use energy more efficiently and is exploringalternative and sustainable sources of energy. However,the degree to which sustainable energy sources are likelyto make a big impact on China’s overall carbonfootprint in the foreseeable future remains to be seen.

The air over many cities can be clear but is often highly polluted (Shanghai)


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PollutionBeijing is a highly polluted city. The air pollutioncomes from the fact that the city lies in a basin that ismore than a hundred kilometres from the coast andthis basin collects pollutants and dust which hangsover the city often unable to escape. Dust blows intoBeijing from the increasingly desertified Mongolianplains. A third of China’s landmass is now desert withareas growing due to overgrazing. The Yong DingRiver that flows through Beijing continues to be adestination for industrial waste, although recentdevelopments have meant that effluent now oftenenters the river through more hidden channels andis often released after dark. See<www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/envronmt/2005/0704pollutionchina.htm>. In anticipation of theGames, new regulations have led to high-pollutingcompanies relocating as they have been unable toafford the expense of creating cleaner operations.Other factories will remain closed during theOlympic period. The Chinese are keeping carefultrack of the pollution and are measuring blue skydays, but they are often unable to do anything aboutthe combination of factors that draw pollution intothe city. Part of Beijing’s success with their Olympicbid was to create a green games. Ironically, a lot ofthe dust pollution in the city is a result of thebuilding work that has been undertaken in the cityin preparation for the games. There remains a highlevel of small particulate matter in the air, whichexceeds World Health Organisation (WHO) safelevels. See <www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/world/asia/29china.html?_r=1&pagewanted=3&ref=asia>.

Water supplyBeijing suffers from massive undersupply of waterresources. Additionally, much water in regional areasaround the city, especially in the large openwatercourses, is not only unsuitable for humanconsumption but cannot be used even for irrigation.Water in some lakes is now only suitable for industrialuse. Untreated waste water, industrial effluent andagricultural pollution accounts for most of thedamage that has been done to water resources.

EconomyIn 2006 Beijing’s GDP was US$97 billion, an increaseof 12 per cent over the previous year. Like most citiesin China, Beijing is growing at a surging pace.

Activity Resource Sheet C3: Beijing city profileBeijing is China’s second largest city with a population of around 17 million people. Like many cities inChina, Beijing is experiencing rapid growth, fueled largely by urbanisation. While urban prosperity isrising, there are many living dangerously close to or below the poverty line. Living conditions for manycontinue to be harsh and despite the onset of the Olympic Games there is still massive underemployment,which is more to do with the numbers in Beijing than the lack of available work. Such underemploymentcontinues to keep both wages and working conditions low/poor, especially amongst ethnic immigrants notholding a Beijing working pass. There are many changes afoot in Beijing many of which local authoritieswould like to have complete by the beginning of the Olympic Games on 8 August 2008.

DemographyWhile the majority of local residents of Beijing areHan Chinese, there is also a large expatriatepopulation. In addition, there is also a large numberof illegal workers who are in Beijing without apermit, which is cause for concern amongadministrators in the city. Chinese authorities allowthese people to take only the most menial and lowly-paid of employment.

ManufacturingBeijing is showing strong local market growth in realestate and local prosperity is fueling the demand forprivate cars, which have not been highly taxed as hasbeen the case in Shanghai. Zones within Beijing haveemerged for the sale of pharmaceuticals and IT. Themanufacture and sale of pirated goods, especiallyDVDs, is a growing market, principally aimed atexpatriates living in the city.

Urban livingHistorically urban citizens lived in hutongs, smallclustered family-based residential unitsaccommodating extended families independently,but facing onto a communal area. The increase inland values in Beijing has made this living difficult,damaging the extended family structure that hashistorically been part of Chinese life.

Vehicular trafficTraffic jams continue to be a problem in Beijing,although some significant changes have beenimplemented including the creation of peak hourbus-only streets designed to encourage people onto public transport. Additional circuit roads havealso been constructed to make vehicular trafficmore efficient in a city that has long been knownfor its road shortcomings. Pollution caused byvehicular traffic is being addressed by increased fueleconomy standards and a restriction on car use.

Metropolitan subwayThe Beijing metro has been regarded as a ‘minimal’service given the profile of the city’s geography andpopulation. Prior to preparations for the 2008Games there was 142 kilometres of metropolitantrack and in anticipation of the Games more linesand stations will be opened. By 2015 the city isexpected to have a 561-kilometre network.

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Activity Resource Sheet C4: Beijing city collage

China’s population is ageing and health is improving, It is verycommon for older Chinese to be exercising in groups in the park ortaking long walks with their dogs or other animals. This man hastaken his bird for a walk.

Chinese citizens learning the words of the Olympic song in a local park,along with how to say ‘Welcome to Beijing’ in English.

Above: Large new housing estates built adjacent to the Olympic village

New recycling bins installed throughout Beijing

<housing estate pic to be supplied>


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A soldier stands guard outside the Forbidden Cityin Tianamen Square in Beijing

The Bird’s Nest Stadium and Aquatic Centreat Beijing’s Olympic Green—

two iconic stadiums built for the 2008 Games

Below: Traffic in Beijing has been addressed but still enormous traffic jams occur in the city

The population of Beijing continues to grow because of rural–urban migration.The one child policy is in force here, as it is in other parts of China.

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Activity Resource Sheet C5: Potential Impact ChecklistUsing the checklist below and the photographs in Activity Resource Sheet C4, consider the currentissues, the impacts of changes associated with the Games and the longer-term impacts relating to thearea that the photograph represents. In some instances you will need to think creatively about whatthe photographs might represent and just how you will need to answer the question.

Write a paragraph that summarises some of the most significant impacts on Beijing (underline yourchoice) giving your reasons why these might be important to the city’s current situation.

1. Old man in park with bird

Current issues (before)

Economic impact

Environmental impact Obstacles to change

Social impact Long-term impact (after)

2. Recycling bins

3. Bird’s Nest stadium

Low income, family moved away,little local interest

Moderate impact depending on howpeople react to this new way ofthinking, and whether it issupported by advertising, etc.

The stadium, as part of the Gamesconstruction program, is a symbolthat reflects Chinese identity andhelps to create a shared identity

4. Small child in bicycle tray

More employment available inBeijing with longer-term potential interms of tourism and economicdevelopment.

5. Soldier in Tianamen Square

The Games has the potential to actas an opportunity for diplomaticrelations. Greater peace makes for astronger economy and stability.

6. Traffic in Beijing

Improvements in road infrastructuremay help, but there is little plannedto create disincentives to carownership.


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Activity Resource Sheet C6: Internet survey—how green are my games?Using the information below seek information about the green initiatives of the Beijing Olympics. Usethe internet to search for information on the official Beijing Olympics website, Chinese news sites,national and international news sites. Try to get a feel for the tone of news entries from different sources.Write a short paragraph on each of the source areas that you have investigated. To what extent is itpossible to tell whether the information coming from China is balanced and accurate?

Information from the official Beijing Olympics website:

Information from the Chinese news sites:

Information from news sites from an international news website such as CNN, BBC etc:

To what extent do you think that the reporting from China is accurate?

Are there any questions that are raised from international sources and/or the Reporters without Borders site, whichremain undiscussed in the Chinese press?

Do you think that the Beijing games will be a green success?

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Activity 1: Impact assessment of the Beijing Games (Activity resource sheets C1, C2 and C3)• What categories might need to be assessed when writing an impact assessment of the Olympics in

China?• What order of importance would these categories have?• What local conditions and circumstances might make the Beijing Games difficult?• Consider specific situations that might cause problems given the political situation in China.

Activity 2: Identifying change (Activity resource sheets C4 and C5)• Look at the collage of photographs that is provided (Activity Resource Sheet C4) and try to identify

evidence of recent change and areas which might see change during and beyond the Olympics.• What impact will the Games have on the people and places featured in the photographs?• Use the checklist (Activity Resource Sheet C5) and work through the photographs thinking about the

information you have already come across with the earlier exercises on China and Beijing.

Activity 3: How green are my games? Assessing specific initiatives of the Beijing games (Activity resource sheet C6)• Using the internet investigate the Beijing Olympics 2008 website, local Chinese press, the BBC,

CNN and Wikipedia to find out what is happening in terms of creating a green games. Be awarethat the press in China is not free, and some news agencies may not give information that isentirely accurate.

• Using a range of sources find out what is being said about the challenges and prospects for a greenGames in Beijing in 2008.

• At the end of your investigation give some assessment as to the degree to which you think theChinese situation is being well reported.

Activity 4: Additional research and activities• Use the internet to find out what the term ‘development’ means. How would you begin to measure

how developed China might be?• Suggest what might be the greatest challenges to development in China in the future.• Create a Powerpoint or keynote presentation that shows aspects of development and

underdevelopment in China• Divide the class into three groups. Decide which group will look at economic, social and

environmental factors. Each group should then do some investigation to determine what issuesChina is facing in this area. Each group should then come back together to decide which of theseare the most important and then allocate investigation tasks to smaller groups of students who canprepare a one page summary on their field. Compiling the information should provide a factbooklet of issues facing China and Chinese development.This could be done online as a homework task using an online document-sharing tool such as Wikispaces.

Activity Resource Sheet C7: Additional research

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