The impact of malaria in pregnancy on changes in blood pressure in children over the first year of...
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Transcript of The impact of malaria in pregnancy on changes in blood pressure in children over the first year of...
The impact of malaria in pregnancy on changes in blood
pressure in children over the first year of life
OO Ayoola#**, OO Omotade*, I Gemmell, PE Clayton & JK Cruickshank
# Endocrine Sciences & Cardiovascular Medicine,
University of Manchester, * College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
** Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship awarded to Dr Ayoola
Background
• Excess preponderance of hypertension and associated CV complications in African adults
• Hypertension and its complications in West Africa occur at younger ages; (Ezenwaka C, Atherosclerosis 1997;
Cruickshank et al J Hypert 2001)
• For normal weight boys, prevalence of systolic BP (>90th percentile, <95th percentile) higher in black than white boys aged 1-17 yrs
(Rosner et al Hypertension 2009)
Bogalusa Heart Study: multiple regression on systolic BP at 15-17y
(n= 182, Af.Am 92)
95 % CI Standard beta coefficients
P value
Birth weight -8.6 to 4.1 - 0.36 <0.01
Height 0.27 to 0.57 0.38 <0.01
BMI 0.30 to 0.85 0.3 <0.01
DWT 0-4y -1.3 to –0.3 - 0.25 0.01
SBP at 4y 0.08 to 0.44 0.19 <0.01
NB. Ethnic difference in 15y BP ‘accounted for’ by b’weight etc.
Cruickshank et al Circulation 2005;111:1932-37
Falciparum malaria HYPER-endemic across (West) Africa
• co-exist with non-communicable diseases which are rapidly replacing traditional infections
• more frequent and severe in pregnancy causing maternal anaemia, and low birth weight (LBW) babies
• accounts for 5–12% of all LBW, 35% of preventable LBW and contributes to 75,000–200,000 infant deaths each year (Steketee, Am J Trop Med, 1996)
Histological appearances of normal and malaria-infected placenta
(A) normal and (B) malaria-infected showing parasites and monocyte-macrophage infiltrates
Rogerson et al, Lancet Infect Dis 2007
LBW and catch up growth associated with increased risks of hypertension in later life……
Bansal et al, J Hypert 2008 March
Weight Gain from Birth to 3 months & Rise in Systolic BP
Questions• Is early origins hypothesis relevant to
endemic High Blood Pressure (BP) in West Africa?
• Are the effects of malaria in pregnancy on birth size and early growth related to the pattern of BP change in the first year of life?
**Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship awarded to Dr Ayoola
Ibadan Maternal malaria, Infant Growth & Blood Pressure project **
Methods• Standardised anthropometry and BP measures
by Trained Nurses team with 2 monthly re-validation • in mothers through pregnancy, at delivery and
postnatally• in babies at birth, 3 and 12 months.
• BPs by ‘Datascope’ ,validated for mothers and infancy;
• 3 measures and mean of last 2 readings analysed
Malaria parasite examination and definition
• Thick blood smears for malaria parasites through pregnancy, at delivery, cord blood, 3 and 12 months
• Defined as: asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum during any pregnancy visit or at delivery, in the placenta or cord blood
• Women grouped into 2:– a)‘No Malaria’ (MP No) - no parasites detected
throughout pregnancy or delivery– b) ‘Malaria present’ (MP Yes) - parasites present at
least once during pregnancy and/or at delivery.
Analysis: t-tests / multiple regression
Infant recruitment and follow-up from birth till one year of age
•
318 babies measured at all time-points = birth, 3 and 12 months
• 436 births – 399 at 3 months – 380 at 1 year
n = 318 BOYS
n = 173 GIRLS n = 145
Mean MP NO n = 86
MP YESn = 87
MP NO n = 72
MP YESn = 73
Weight (kg) 2.99 2.87 2.88 2.80Length (cm) 49.1 48.5 48.5 48.1BMI (kg/m2) 12.34 12.19 12.23 12.1
Effect of Malaria on birth size and BPBIRTH
SBP (mmHg) 70.9 68.6 75.8 70.4*
SBP/W 24.1 24.4 26.7 25.6SBP/L 1.45 1.42 1.56 1.47
n = 318 BOYS
n = 173 GIRLS n = 145
Mean MP NO n = 86
MP YESn = 87
MP NO n = 72
MP YESn = 73
Weight (kg) 6.14 5.84* 5.52 5.40Length (cm) 61.50 61.04 60.41 59.73BMI (kg/m2) 16.16 15.6* 15.12 15.1
SBP (mmHg) 90.1 90.2 89.5 89.6
SBP/W 15.0 15.7* 16.5 17.0SBP/L 1.46 1.48 1.49 1.50
Effect of Malaria on Growth and BP3 months
*p <0.03
n = 318 BOYS
n = 173 GIRLS n = 145
Mean MP NO n = 86
MP YESn = 87
MP NO n = 72
MP YESn = 73
Weight (kg) 8.79 8.40* 7.91 7.94Length (cm) 74.22 73.56 72.7 72.5BMI (kg/m2) 15.88 15.47 14.94 15.08
SBP (mmHg) 90.1 89.9 88.8 89.0
SBP/W 10.4 10.9* 11.4 11.4SBP/L 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.23
Effect of Malaria on Growth and BP12 months
*p <0.01
Variable SBP
ß 95% CI P-value R2
0 - 12 months
Sex (boy/girl) -4.399 -7.72 to -1.08 0.01
Malaria status 3.635 0.32 to 6.95 0.03
Length SDS 0-3 -1.984 -3.56 to -0.40 0.014
Weight SDS 0-12 2.406 0.98 to 3.84 0.001
Baby’s malarial status
at 3 months
-6.394 -15.6 to 2.81 0.17
Baby’s malarial status
at 12 months
-0.720 -7.38 to 5.94 0.83 0.10
Determinants of change in infant BP from birth to one year
12 MONTHS
n = 318 BOYS
n = 173BP Percentile
MP NO n = 86
MP YESn = 87
<95th 80 74
>95th 6 13
Comparison of Infant BP by Maternal malariawith US BP percentiles at age 1 year
(X2 = 5.53, p= 0.02)
OR of having hypertension in boys exposed to maternal malaria = 2.95, (X2 = 4.226, p=0.04)
GIRLS n = 145
MP NO n = 72
MP YESn = 73
67 66
5 7
(X2 =1.79, p= 0.2)
Conclusions• Babies exposed to maternal malaria were
smaller, shorter and thinner at birth and failed to catch up over their first year.
• Findings were more pronounced in boys.
• SBP adjusted for weight higher in boys exposed to maternal malaria
• Mean SBP change in infancy higher in exposed children particularly girls
Conclusions• Hence potentially important role for
intrauterine exposure to malaria in influencing early BP
• Follow-up continuing to elucidate contribution of these factors to their later BP profiles