The Impact of Exercise on the Cardiovascular System

Biography

My Name is: Al- Majid Adams Born in: Ghana Grew up In Europe. I chose this topic because is very personal to me. I lost my Father and my Grand father to this

“Silent Killer” Why do I have normal BP when 60% of my family

are on BP medication?

Overview What is High Blood Pressure/Hypertension What are the factors that cause HBP? Impact of exercise on HPT.

Literature Review (I,II & III).Objectives Methods ResultsConclusions.Future Research.Over all ConclusionAcknowledgements. Reference Page Take Home AdviceQuestions.

BackgroundHypertension is one of the leading cause of

death in America and the world as a whole. HTN estimates an economic cost of 350

billion dollars per year Hypertension cause problems in the

cardiovascular system but it also precipitates into other known diseases.

Exercise have proven to be the most effective non-pharmacological way of reducing HPT. Without no known side effects.

Hypertension? Hypertension is defined as systolic blood

pressure (SBP) equal to and greater than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) equal to and greater than 90 mmHg.

Risk factors of hypertension can be seen in blood pressure (BP) as low as 115/75 mmHg and will begin to double in risk for every 20/10 mmHg increase.

Components of the Cardiovascular System/Causes of HBP

First Literature Review

The Effect of Resistance Exercise on Recovery

Blood Pressure in Normotensive and

BorderlineHypertensive Women

Objective The purpose of this

investigation was to examine recovery blood pressure following a single bout of moderate resistance exercise in normotensive and borderline hypertensive women.

Resistance Training

Method & Materials 16 women between the ages of 35 and 55

years participated in the study. Participants were either Normotensive or

Borderline hypertensive. The study was carried in a three separate

session, took place in the afternoon Participants perform 3 circuit of resistance

training follow a 60 min seated recovery. Blood pressure was taking afterwards.

Results/Resistance Exercise

Results of Both Exercise Combine

Conclusion

• In this study there was a slight reduction on the SBP after 60 minutes of recovery following a moderate aerobic exercise.

• This phenomenon was particularly evident in individuals with mild elevation of resting SBP

• Thus, a regiment of mild resistance exercise in combination of aerobic exercise may be helpful in management of HPT.

Future Research

• Most research is focus on aerobic exercise and its role in reducing HPT.

• Additional research needed to focus on mild resistance training on HBP.

Literature Review # 2

Assessed to Predict Change of Blood Pressure

in Pre-Hypertensive African American Women

Objectives The impact of Aerobic

exercise on abnormal BP on African American Women

The changes that occur on the Cardiorespiratory during aerobic exercise.

Aerobic Exercise

Method & Materials A total of twelve previously sedentary African

American women between the ages of 30-45 years participated in the study for a period of 10 weeks.

Participants had to met the following criteria: sedentary lifestyle, pre-hypertensive status, not on medication that influence BP

The Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire was used

Standard sphygmomanometer, Stethoscope, blood pressure cuff & Mercury gauge.

Comparison of pre-and post training values

Results According to the data, there was a significant

change in the post-training in the four variables. SV, CO, VO2peak and TPR.

BP did not change significantly but one subject completely moved from pre-hypertensive status to normotensive status with both SBP and DBP.

Conclusion The results of this study has shown that, exercise can be beneficial in pre-hypertensive African American women. The research data shows that there was an increase SV that can be a result from four physiologic factors. These factors are (1) an increase in internal left ventricle volume due to the training-induced plasma volume expansion, (2) reduced cardiac stiffness, (3) increased diastolic filling time and (4) improved intrinsic cardiac contractile function.

Future Research

larger population study would give more significance to the findings and even with variability in menstruation cycles could show a significant change in blood pressure. May be a future researchers will develop a

strategy to delay menstruation cycle while research is in progress.

Literature Review#3

Aerobic Or Resistance Training, which is more beneficial in Reducing HBP

Objectives Purpose of this research was to fine out which exercise is more beneficial in reducing BP; Aerobic vs. Resistance training.

Method & Materials We randomly selected 8 participants. 4 females

and 4 men between the ages of 28 and 35 participated in the study.

Participants were between the ages of 28 and 35 years of age.

participants were to abstain from taking medication that influence blood pressure, having pre-hypertensive status, were non-smokers, had a body mass index between 25-35 kg and no known diseases that affect blood pressure.

The GPPAQ questionnaire test was used.

ResultsComparing pre and post training values

Variables Pre-training Mean

Post-Training Mean

Sig (2-tailed) T

SV(ml) 32.16+/-0.34 41.82+/0.40 0.021 -2.58

CO(l/ml) 3.10/-0.26 3.82+/0.29 0.043 -2.20

HR(beats/m

92.34+/-4.97 90.46+/2.62 0.674 -4.20

VO2peak(ml/kg/min)

18.02+/-1.12 21.00+/-1.11 0.00 -7.58

TPR(mmHg*/min)

36.54+/-6.10 28.00+/-5.30 0.00 4.52

MAP 98.18+/2.64 93.86+/.2.82 0.11 1.68

SBP 130.28+/.2.64 125.26+/-2.58 0.12 1.58

DBP 88.42+/-1.30 86.40+/2.10 0.428 0.86

Results cont..We only observed a significant change in

pre-training and post-training in four variables. The four variables, which

demonstrated this change, were stroke volume (SV),

cardiac output (CO), peak volume of oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and total peripheral

resistance (TPR).

Data Analysis

ConclusionThere is a significant amount of evidence

that supports our data findings that aerobic training helps reduce BP.

In a meta-analysis by (Wheaton et al.,2002) Back by NIH combines 54 clinical trials in hypertensive men and women.

Findings included a reduction in SBP by an average of 3.84 mmHg and 2.58 mmHg for DBP

Factor Aerobic Exercise Resistance Exercise

Muscle strength No change Increase

Endurance Increase Slight increase

Max. O2 consumption Increase Little change

Basal metabolism Slight increase Increase

Lean body mass No change Increase

Body fat Decrease Slight decrease

Systolic pressure Slight decrease No change

Diastolic pressure Slight decrease Slight decrease

Heart rate Decrease No change

LDL cholesterol Slight decrease Slight decrease

HDL cholesterol Slight increase Slight increase

Bone density Increase Increase

Insulin sensitivity Increase Increase

General Conclusion.It is estimated that approximately 35% of coronary

heart disease mortality is due to physical inactivity. The significance of this relationship lies in the fact that coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States with over 700,000 deaths annually. Approximately 60% of all Americans age 18 and older report that they are physically inactive. Physical inactivity has a major economic impact. It is felt through the loss of income and productivity when disabling diseases result. It was estimated that in 1989 physical inactivity cost the nation $5.7 billion due to hospitalizations and other related health care costs

Future ResearchThere are thousands of research conducted

on aerobic training but very few researches have been done on anaerobic exercise.

I will be starting my Osteopathic medical program in fall. My future research will be to find out if resistance training blend with subluxation can help heal sports injuries without surgery.

Take Home Advice We should all advocate healthy living style within ourselves, families and our communities by modifying our life styles and implementing some kind of exercise regiment, being it aerobic or resistance exercise.

Reference Page Cornellisern & Faggard. (2006). Aerobic Versus Anaerobic and BP. Journal of American College

of Sports Medicine. 15, (11). 250-255.

Fang, Gavin, & Kravitz. (2004). Role of exercise and Hypertension. Journal of American College of Sports Medicine. 35, (5), 307-316.

Pescatello & Franklin. (2004). Resistance Training and Blood Pressure Journal of American College of Sports Medicine. 28, (7) 536-538.

Thomas Pickering,MD. (Feb. 2000). Exercise and Cholesterol. Cardiology Department Mount Sinai Hospital: New York.

Hammer (2006). Effects of Exercise and Blood Pressure. American Heart Association. 31, (5). 30-35.

ML, Pullock. (2000). Exercise and Cholesterol. Journal of American Association of Sports Medicine: American Heart Association. (P.120).

Franklin, BA. (2000). Exercise and Cholesterol. Journal of American Association of Sports Medicine. 12, (5). 20-25.

The Physicians of Duke Sports Medicine. (June, 2006). Work-Out Tips. Publication Manual of American Association of Sports Medicine.

Acknowledgements

Dr. Ongeri Dr. White Dr. Whittaker Miss Petti

Questions?