The impact of Boko Haram attack on the tourist activities...

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The impact of Boko Haram attack on the tourist

activities: water resources, life style, climatic

conditions as precursors in Sukur Kingdom,

Adamawa State, North East Nigeria

Ahmed M Yusha’u1, Vincent N Ojeh1, Morrison I Atuma2, Philip A1

1. Department of Geography, Taraba State University, PMB 1167 Jalingo, Nigeria

2. Dept: Arts & Humanities, School of General Studies, Delta state Polytechnic, Ogwashi-uku, Nigeria

Correspondence:

Department of Geography,

Taraba State University,

PMB 1167 Jalingo,

Nigeria

Email: [email protected]

Article History

Received: 26 June 2018

Accepted: 09 August 2018

Published: August 2018

Citation

Ahmed M Yusha’u, Vincent N Ojeh, Morrison I Atuma, Philip A. The impact of Boko Haram attack on the tourist activities: water

resources, life style, climatic conditions as precursors in Sukur Kingdom, Adamawa State, North East Nigeria. Discovery Science, 2018,

14, 50-64

Publication License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

General Note

Article is recommended to print as color version in recycled paper. Save Trees, Save Nature.

ANALYSIS Vol. 14, 2018

Science ISSN 2278–5485

EISSN 2278–5477

DISCOVERY


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ABSTRACT

This study examined the effect of the terrorist acts on tourist activity in Sukur Kingdom which is a host kingdom to the Sukur World

Heritage Site, the first World Heritage Site (WHS) in Nigeria and the first Cultural Landscape in Africa designated with that status by

UNESCO in 1999.The aim is to examine the present state of tourism potential of the Kingdom and also evaluate Government policies

and procedures put in place to avoid a future occurrence of terrorist attack in the Kingdom. Data for the study was collected

primarily by the administration of 165 copies of well- structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics was adopted to analyze the

findings of the study. The results revealed that activities of the insurgents have resulted in the destruction of some heritage

properties and most of these properties cannot be replaced due to their sacred nature. The result also shows that fear of potential

terrorist attack has resulted to stagnated nature of tourism activities in the Kingdom. It is therefore recommended that more job

opportunities should be made available for the ever-increasing youth in the locality and soft loans with little or no interest should be

made available by government and other NGOs. This will discourage jobless youths from the act of terrorism as insecurity in Nigeria

and other parts of the world has been largely attributed to the problem of unemployment among youths. However, since the Sukur

community cannot fund the bills of rebuilding their tourism potential, government at all levels should collaborate with the kingdom

in the rehabilitation of its lost glory as a center of tourism in Adamawa state thereby boosting the economy of the state.

Keywords: Sukur Kingdom, Tourist Activities, Boko Haram, Climatic Conditions, World Heritage Site

1. INTRODUCTION

Tourism is generally regarded as an industry with a significant impact on local population. World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC,

2008), maintained that tourism is a worldwide phenomenon which touches the highest and deepest aspiration of all people and is

also an important element of socio-economic development in many countries (Finanga and Husain, 2013). As tourism demand has

increased over the last few decades, the development of tourist activities in a particular area within the context of modern tourism is

now a challenging task for both public and private authorities especially in the face of security threats and attacks.

According to the World Tourism Organization (2003), the risks to the safety and security of tourists, host communities and

tourism employees originate from four sources amongst which is the human and institutional environment outside the tourism

sector. The risks from the human and institutional environment exist when visitors fall victim to; common delinquency (e.g. theft,

pick-pocketing, assault, burglary, fraud, deception, kidnapping), indiscriminate and targeted violence (e.g. rape) and harassment,

organized crime (e.g. extortion, slave trade, coercion), terrorism and unlawful interference (e.g. attacks against state institutions and

the vital interests of the state), hijacking and hostage taking, wars, social conflicts and political and religious unrest; and a lack of

public and institutional protection services (Wilks and Page, 2003). Most of these have manifested in Sukur Kingdom making the

Sukur World Heritage Site, the first World Heritage Site (WHS) in Nigeria and the first Cultural Landscape in Africa a shadow of itself.

According to Sonmez (1998) of the US Department of state, terrorism is a premeditated politically motivated violence

perpetuated against civilians and unarmed military personnel by sub-national groups usually intended to influence an audience.

International terrorism is defined as involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. Henderson (2008) posited that

terrorist acts lead tourists to continually ask themselves how safe it is making this trip. These acts could even deter one from making

a trip altogether for months, even years if the chance of a terrorist act occurring is raised due to threat levels.

Nigeria as a nation is under severe internal socio-economic and security threat. On a more general level, the threat has social,

economic, political/ethnic and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions has greatly affected the nation’s stability and

can be traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic

sabotage and environmental degradation (Ilufoye, 2009).

Boko Haram in Nigeria is one of the deadliest extremist armed groups in the world (Human Rights Watch, 2016). According to

the Global Terrorist Index 2015, published by the Institute for Economics and Peace, the group was responsible for the deaths of

over 6,644 people in Nigeria and Cameroon in 2014 alone. According to Human Rights Watch research, an estimated 10,000 civilians

have died in Nigeria since the group began its attacks in 2009. Boko Haram is a Hausa phrase meaning ‘Western education is

forbidden’ or ‘Western education is sinful’. This name was given to the movement in the early 2000s by the local population in

Maiduguri, the capital of the northern Nigerian state of Borno where the movement originated (Barna, 2014). Boko Haram

insurgency has become the major problem facing Nigerians in recent times. The group has perpetrated several bombings that has

killed thousands of innocent citizens of this country and has also caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth


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billions of naira. This is as a result of the terrorist bid to make people in the north east geo-political zone of Nigeria to embrace their

view of Islamic code and western education.

The predominant threat and security challenges in the area occur from unabated attacks on people, individuals, public and

governmental installations, kidnapping and destruction of properties. All these effects of Boko Haram activities are serious crime

against the Nigeria state, which has threatened its national security and socio-economic activities. This has posed a great challenge

to the strategy for national security whose primary aim is to strengthen the federal republic of Nigeria to advance her interest and

objectives, to contain instability, control crime, to improve the quality of life of every citizen, improve their welfare and to eliminate

corruption (Danbazau, 2007).

Rudincova (2017) argued that the operations of Boko Haram in the northern Nigerian states such as Borno is enabled also by the

environmental conditions. Desiccation of the Lake Chad which has made it to less than 10% of its size in 1960s has had an impact on

human security in the region. Population has become more vulnerable due to these environmental changes and therefore, it became

an easy target for Boko Haram’s violent actions and in some respect, it even supported it (Rudincova, 2017).

In their studies, Scheffran et al. (2012); Homer-Dixon and Deligiannis (2009) opined that there is a link between climate change

and violent conflict in the Sahel region of Africa. Burke et al. (2009) argued that climate change influences resource scarcities, which

leads to a violent conflict. However, Barnett and Adger (2007); Salehyan (2008); Cook and Bakker (2012) asserted that climate change

itself does not produce conflict, but it is the lack of adaptability of governments and their effectiveness which may lead to conflict

over resources.

Okpara et al. (2015) classified three key lineages between water and conflict as; (i) decline of water quality may act as a source of

the conflict; (ii) the importance of water for livelihoods creates a source of conflict, and (iii) inadequate water management affects

potential for conflict. In the case of Lake Chad, particularly the second cause is observed (Coe and Foley 2001) which means that

people are mostly deprived of their sources of livelihood caused by the desiccation of water sources in the region. As a

consequence, they have become more vulnerable to various kinds of violence including Boko Haram attacks (Rudincova, 2017) as

the resource that would have served as tourist attraction is depleting and reducing at alarming rate and deteriorating security

situation in turn makes it difficult for environmental NGOs to work effectively in order to stop water resources degradation

(Slavíková et al. 2017). Moreover, environmental problems connected to dry lands and scarcity of water resources may serve as

causal factors of conflicts (Spiess 2005, p. 831).

Education sector in Northeast Nigeria had its fair share the Boko Haram attacks. The group’s brutal insurgency has affected every

strata of life in Nigeria’s northeast, including education, which has become the fault line of the conflict. Since the beginning of 2012,

according to Amnesty International’s research, about 70 teachers and over 1000 school children have been killed or wounded. About

50 schools have either been burned or seriously damaged and more than 60 others have been forced to close (Ugwumba and

Odom, 2015). Thousands of children have been forced out of schools across communities in Yobe, Kaduna, Adamawa and Borno


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states. Many teachers have been forced to flee for their safety to other states. According to the Nigeria teachers’ union, more than

1000 teachers have been forced to flee from areas in the north since 2012.

In their study, Human Rights Watch (2016) documented that at least 611 teachers have been deliberately killed and a further

19,000 have been forced to flee since 2009. More than 2,000 people, many of them female, have been abducted by the group, many

from their schools from the beginning of the conflict. Thousands more students and teachers have been injured, some in deadly

suicide bombs in the same period. Between 2009 and 2015, attacks in northeastern Nigeria destroyed more than 910 schools and

forced at least 1,500 to close. By early 2016, an estimated 952,029 school-age children had fled the violence. They have little or no

access to education, likely blighting their future for years to come (Human Rights Watch, 2016).

Tens of thousands of people fled Boko Haram’s brutal attacks to seek shelter in camps for internally displaced people (IDP) or to

live with host families. According to UNICEF, 952,029 school-age children have been forced to flee the violence (Nigeria

Humanitarian Situation Report, 2017). More than 600,000 have lost access to learning due to the conflict. Boko Haram’s attacks have

been particularly devastating for school-age children largely among the nomadic people of northern Borno, near Lake Chad and the

border with Niger, where educational opportunities have long been limited.

The activities of Boko Haram also affected food security and the lifestyle of Northeast region of Nigeria already exacerbated by

Sahelian climatic conditions of northern Nigeria.Kah (2017) in a study captioned ‘Boko Haram is Losing, But so is Food Production’:

Conflict and Food Insecurity in Nigeria and Cameroon’ observed that many of the internally displaced people in the north-eastern

part of Nigeria face enormous difficulties in meeting their food and non-food needs. Assessments in late 2014 alone, following

interviews with key informants in Gombe, Yobe and Adamawa states, revealed that vast areas of southern Yobe and Borno and

northern Adamawa were under-cultivated and/or not harvested during the May to December main farming season as a result of

attacks and conflict-related fears orchestrated by the Boko Haram insurgency in the area.

Many of the internally displaced persons in north-eastern Nigeria can only secure a single meal a day (Kah, 2017). They have

abandoned their farms, agricultural activities and homes due to insecurity. Internally displaced families have exhausted their food

stocks and have turned to consuming grain reserved as seedlings for the next planting season. Off-season farming and fishing

activities in the first half of 2015 were lower than before, thereby affecting agriculture and fish farming activities. As a result, many

households in the affected areas in Bornu, Yobe and Adamawa were left with significantly below-average food stocks in 2015.

Income from agricultural wage labour for both the main and off-season periods were down due to decreased labour

participation. As insurgents attacked livestock holdings and disrupted markets, incomes from livestock sales were also down.1

Statistics for 2015 show that due to the Boko Haram insurgency more than 5.2 million people in north-eastern Nigeria suffered from

severe food insecurity and some 54,000 faced famine. The current food insecurity crisis is massive in this conflict prone region of

Nigeria. Over 15 million people are now food insecure of whom over 5.2 million are severely food insecure (Imaseun 2015:289). This

is a problem that is likely to last for a long time considering the level of destruction to the flora and fauna of this area.

The crisis in the North has also affected the supply of food items such as vegetables, beans, yams, groundnuts, potatoes, carrots,

onions and beef to the southern states of Nigeria (Onwusiribe et al. 2015:218). Although these southern states are also engaged in

the production of food, there is not always enough to meet their food needs. They have over the years relied on imports and

additional supplies from the north to augment supply and their daily food intake (Kah, 2017).

The impact of terrorism on tourism activities is enormous as the nexus between food security, lifestyle, climate conditions of an

area and ecotourism cannot be separated. It has led to unemployment, homelessness, deflation, and many social and economic ills.

The contribution of tourism to many countries is so great that any downturn in the industry is a cause of major concern for many

governments. The repercussions are also felt in many other industries associated with tourism like airlines, hotels, restaurants and

shops that cater to the tourists and allied services. Terrorism is an enigmatic and compelling phenomenon, and its relationship with

tourism is complex and multifaceted.

Since the beginning of Boko Haram activities in the North-Eastern Nigeria, tourism industry has suffered a lot of setbacks in

Northern Nigeria, most especially the Sukur Kingdom in Madagali, Adamawa State which has gained international recognition as a

tourist center and has also succeeded in attracting both international and local tourist to the area, for studies and other related

issues. The impact of tourism on the tourist industry was dramatically demonstrated by the events of September 11, 2001.

The World travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2002) has estimated that the USA lost 92 billion dollars in travel and tourism,

followed by Germany with a loss of 25 billion dollars and the UK with a loss of 20 billion. Another example is provided by Israel. The

number of tourists there dropped from 2.4 million in 2000, to 1.2 million in 2001 following the outbreak of the El-Aktza Intifada in

October 2000.

The effect of Boko Haram on Sukur Kingdom is no different from the above as many of the tourist sites in Sukur Kingdom are

either destroyed or not accessible due to the activities of the terrorist.


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The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Boko Haram attack on the tourist activities of Sukur Kingdom. The problem

with terrorism in society is that terrorists instill fear in everyone that is directly and indirectly around the vicinity in which it occurs.

Tourism plays an important role in the economic development of any country, especially when it is managed effectively. The aim of

this study is to examine the impact of Boko Haram attack on the tourist activities of Sukur Kingdom. The specific objectives are to:

a. examine the effect of the terrorist acts on tourist activity in Sukur Kingdom

b. examine the present state of the tourism potential of Sukur kingdom after operation of the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria and,

c. evaluate the Government policies and procedures put in place to avoid a future occurrence of potential terrorist attack on

tourism activity of the Sukur Kingdom

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Description/History of Sukur Kingdom

Sukur or Sukur Cultural Landscape is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located on a hill above the village of Sukur, Sukur is located in

Madagali local government area of Adamawa state of Nigeria along Nigeria/ Cameroon border, some 290 km from Yola, the

Adamawa state capital of North Eastern Nigeria. It is a hilltop settlement which stands at an elevation of 1045 m. The total land area

covered by the site is 1942.50 ha with core zone having 764.40 ha and the buffer zone 1178.10 ha respectively. Sukur is an ancient

settlement with a recorded history of iron smelting technology, flourishing trade, and strong political institution dating back to the

16th century.

Figure 1 Map showing (a) Location map of Madagali, (b) Madagali LGA showing Sukur Kingdom

The landscape is characterized by terraces on the farmlands, dry stone structures and stone paved walkways. The terraced

landscape at Sukur with its hierarchical structure and combination of intensive and extensive farming is remarkable. In addition, it

a b


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has certain exceptional features that are not to be found elsewhere, notably the use of paved tracks and the spiritual content of the

terraces, with their ritual features such as sacred trees.

The revered position of the Hidi as the political and spiritual head of the community is underscored by the magnificent dry-stone

architectural work of his palace, in and around which is a concentration of shrines, some ceramic. The villages situated on low lying

ground below the Hidi Palace have their own characteristic indigenous architecture. Among its features are dry stone walls used as

social markers and defensive enclosures, sunken animal (principally bull) pens, granaries, and threshing floors. Groups of mud walled

thatched roofed houses are integrated by low stone walls. Of considerable social and economic importance are the wells. These are

below-ground structures surmounted by conical stone structures and surrounded by an enclosure wall. Within the compound are

pens where domestic animals such as cattle and sheep are fattened, either for consumption by the family or for use as prestige and

status symbols used in gift and marriage exchanges.

The remains of many disused iron-smelting furnaces can still be found. These shaft-type furnaces-blown with bellows were

usually sited close to the houses of their owners. Iron production involved complex socio-economic relationships and there was a

considerable ritual associated with it. Sukur has an exceptional landscape that graphically illustrates a form of land-use that marks a

critical stage in human settlement and its relationship with its environment. The cultural landscape of Sukur has remained

unchanged for many centuries, and continues to do so at a period when this form of traditional human settlement is under threat in

many parts of the world; the cultural landscape of Sukur is an eloquent testimony to a strong and continuing spiritual and cultural

tradition that has endured for many centuries.

2.2. Data and Analysis

The source of data for the research was primary and secondary source. Primary source data was collected through the

administration of questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire was constructed as a quick way to cover the scope of the question

that will be asked from the respondents during the interview process. Moreover, oral interviews as well as observations were used to

gather relevant information for the study. Data were presented using tables and charts. In analyzing the impact of Boko Haram

attack on the tourist activities of Sukur Kingdom, the Chi Square method was used. Chi Square method is denoted by X² which is a

parametric hypothesis testing statistical technique. The Chi Square formula is shown below:

X² = Ʃi(Oi-Ei)²/Ei

Where, X² = Chi Square

Ʃi= Summation of all items

Oi= Observed frequency

Ei= Expected frequency

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1 Respondent’s Age

Age Respondents Percentage (%)

18-25 19 12

26-35 31 19

36-45 46 29

46-55 54 34

56 Above 9 6

Total 159 100

Source: field survey, 2017

Table 1 shows that 19 (12%) of the respondents fall within the age group of 18-25, 31 (19%) are within the age group of 26-35,

46 (29%) are within the age group of 36-45, 54 (34%) are within the age group of 46-55 and those that are 56 and above are 9

respondents representing 6% of the respondents. The result implies that most of the respondents are in their middle age and have

been in Sukur long enough to appreciate the impact of the tourist attraction and the effects of Boko Haram on the kingdom.


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Figure 2 Respondent’s Gender


Figure 2 shows that 58% of the respondents are male while 42% are female. The major difference is mainly because of the fear of

Boko Haram attacks and potential attack in the kingdom as many women and children have fled the kingdom for safety.

Corroborating this result, Osita-Njoku and Chikere (2015:104) submitted that a recent study by NPVRN (2014) posited that more

45% of those killed by the Boko Haram are women, girls and children, also 65% of those kidnapped are equally women and girls.

Table 2 Analysis of Respondent by Marital Status

Status Respondents Percentage (%)

Single 49 31

Married 96 60

Divorced 2 1

Widow 12 8

Total 159 100


Table 2 shows that 49 of the respondents representing 31% are single, 96 of the respondent representing 60% are married, 2

(1%) are divorced and 12 of the respondents representing 8% are widows. By implication, the respondents are well settled and

experienced about the effect of Boko Haram on the tourism activities in the Kingdom.

Figure 3 Occupation of Respondents in Percentage


58%42%

Male Female

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Farming

Craft cravingCivil servant


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Figure 3 clearly shows that 40% of the respondents are farmers, 26% are craft cravers and 34% are civil servants. By implication,

all the respondents have some level of skills as a means of livelihood and knowledge about Sukur kingdom.

Table 3 Destruction of scenic attraction sites in the Kingdom by the insurgency

Variables Respondents Percentage (%)

Agree 139 88

Disagree 15 9

Undecided 5 3

Total 159 100

Source: field survey 2017

From the table 5, 139 of the respondents representing 88% agreed that Boko Haram activities in Sukur Kingdom has led to the

lost and destruction of some scenic attraction sites in the kingdom; while 9% of the respondents disagreed, 3% of the respondents

had nothing to say. This clearly shows that the activities of the sect had brought about destruction of scenic site in the kingdom.

Figure 4 Low patronage of tourist to kingdom due to Boko Haram activities


Figure 4 shows that 75% of the respondents agree with the opinion that terrorist act on tourist activity in Sukur Kingdom has

brought low patronage of tourist to the kingdom due to the fear of deadly attack from the insurgency. While 18% of respondents

disagree, 7% had nothing to say. By implication the activities of Boko Haram had brought about low patronage of tourist to Sukur

kingdom.

Table 4 Low income generation from tourist activities due to the insurgency


Agree 102 64

Disagree 45 28

Undecided 12 8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Agree Disagree Undecided

75

187

Res

ponden

ts (

%)

Items


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Total 159 100


Table 4 clearly reveals that 64% of the respondents agree with the fact that the activities of the insurgents in Sukur Kingdom has

affected income generation from tourist activities because of the decline in number of tourists visiting the Kingdom due to the

activities of the insurgents. While 28% of the respondents disagree with the notion, 8% of the respondents were undecided.

Figure 5 State of tourism in the kingdom after the sect activities


The result in fig 5 reveals that 49% of the respondents submitted that the present state of tourism in Sukur Kingdom (i.e. after

the activities of the insurgents) is fairly good while 18% say it is good. On the other hand, 20% and 13% of the respondents are of

the opinion that the present state of tourism in Sukur Kingdom is bad respectively. By implication it can be concluded that tourism

potential of Sukur Kingdom can at least be said to be fairly good even after the activities of the insurgents. This may not be

unconnected with recent recovery plans of economic activities in the Northeast as the frequent bombings taking place in the area

has been stopped because of the presence of Nigerian military permanently in the area which help to decimate the sect. For

instance, instead of complete closure to businesses, commercial banks were forced to review their operational hours to begin from

9.00am to 12.00 noon as against the normal operational period of 8.00am to 4.00pm (Mohammed, 2012:2). According to

Mohammed, this is a part of efforts by these financial institutions to safeguard their business premises.

Table 5 Possibility of potential terror attack by the terrorist


Agree 101 64

Disagree 49 30

Undecided 9 6

Total 159 100


The result in table 5 clearly shows that 64% of the respondents are of the opinion that the people of Sukur Kingdom still live with

the fear of a potential terror attack due to threat and other signs exhibited by the insurgents. While 30% of the respondents

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fairly good Good Bad Very bad

49

1820

13

Per

cen

tage

of

Res

ponden

ts

Items


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disagree with the stated fact, 6% are undecided on the issue. This shows that the people in the kingdom still live with fear of

potential terror attack.

Table 6 Impact of Boko Haram on the tourist activities in Sukur


Agree 119 75

Disagree 30 19

Undecided 10 6

Total 159 100


The above table 6clearly indicates that 75% of the respondents agree that the insurgency attack in Sukur Kingdom has a great

impact on their tourist activities. On the other hand 19% of the respondents disagree with stated fact while 6% of the respondents

are undecided. This therefore shows that the activities of Boko Haram have a significant impact on the tourism activities in Sukur

kingdom.

Table 7 Lost heritage properties are not replaceable


True 127 80

False 32 20

Total 159 100


Table 7 shows that 80% of the respondents agree that most of the lost heritage properties are not replaceable while 20%

disagree. Conclusively, one can therefore say that most of the lost heritage properties are irreplaceable.

Table 8 Presence of securities in the kingdom to avoid potential attack


Agree 111 70

Disagree 44 28

Undecided 4 2

Total 159 100


Table 8 shows that 111 of the respondents representing 70% are of the opinion that government has deployed security

personnel’s in Sukur Kingdom to avoid potential terrorist attack, while 28% disagree. 2% are however undecided. One can therefore

conclude from the above that there are security personnel’s deployed by the government in the kingdom to avoid future terrorist

attack.


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Table 9 Public awareness campaign can avert future terrorist attack


Agree 112 70

Disagree 28 18

Undecided 19 12

Total 159 100


Table 9 clearly depicts that 112 of the respondents representing 70% are of the opinion that a public awareness campaign

against the act of terrorism by the Government and other private organizations will help to avert future occurrence of terrorist attack

on tourist activities in Sukur Kingdom and the nation at large. While 28 of the respondents representing 18% disagree, 19 of the

respondents which represent 12% are undecided. Conclusively, public awareness campaign against terrorist act will go a long way in

averting future occurrences of insurgency in the Kingdom and the nation at large.

Table 10 Collaboration between Federal and other levels of Government to fight against terrorism


Agree 137 86

Disagree 22 14

Undecided - -

Total 159 100


Table 10 shows that 137 (86%) of the respondent which consist of the majority agree that Federal government collaborating with

other internationals bodies, state and local government in fight against terrorism will help to avoid future occurrence of terrorist

attack in the kingdom. On the other hand, 22 (14%) of the respondents disagree. Conclusively, federal government collaborating

with international bodies and with both state and local government will help avert future occurrence of terrorist attack in the

kingdom.

Hypothesis Testing and Interpretation

Hypothesis

H¹: Boko Haram attack has significant impact on the tourist activities of Sukur Kingdom

Table 11 Impact of Boko Haram on the tourist activities in Sukur

Variables Qi Ei Qi - Ei (Qi – Ei)² (Qi – Ei)²/Ei

Agree 119 53 66 4356 82.19

Disagree 30 53 -23 528 9.96

Undecided 10 53 -43 1849 34.89

Total 159 127.04


X² = 127.04

Where Ei= Sum of responses i.e. ∑ (Oi-Ei)2

Categories Ei


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To determine the Degree of freedom

N-1 =3 -1 =2 level of significance.

X2 at 5% level of significance and 95% confidence interval is 5.991

Decision Rule: if X2 calculated is greater than X2 critical value, accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis.

Decision: since the X2 calculated (127.04) > X2 critical value (5.991), the alternative hypothesis is accepted which means that Boko

Haram attack has significant impact on the tourist activities of Sukur Kingdom.

Major Findings

a. Boko Haram attack has significant impact on tourist activities in Sukur Kingdom

b. The activities of the insurgents, has resulted to the destruction of some heritage properties that could never be replaced.

c. The people in the Kingdom still live with fear of potential terrorist attack.

d. Tourist activities in Sukur kingdom is presently stagnant (stand still).

Discussion of Major Findings

This research work tried to empirically investigate the impact of Boko Haram attack on tourism activities in Sukur Kingdom in

Madagali Local Government Area of Adamawa State using Chi-Square to examine the variables. In view of the analysis of the

research, it has been revealed that Boko Haram attack has significant impact on tourist activities of Sukur Kingdom as shown in table

11 as the calculated chi-square is greater than the tabulated value or critical value.

Findings also show that some of the heritage properties destroyed as a result of the insurgent activities could never be replaced.

Such properties include the Hidi apartment, some sacred things in the destroyed museum gallery and Sukur wonder world. This is

congruent with Ilufoye (2009) who stated that Boko Haram insurgency has becomes the major problem facing Nigerians in recent

time. These groups have perpetrated several bombings that have killed millions of innocent citizens of this country and has also

caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth billions of Naira and most properties lost can never be replaced

again due to its sacred nature. This is as a result of the terrorist bid to make people in the north east geo-political zone of Nigeria to

embrace their view of Islamic code and western education.

Findings also revealed that majority of the people in the kingdom still live with great fear of potential terrorist attack. This fear

plays a major role in the setback recorded in the rehabilitation of the kingdom. The effect of terrorism on the tourism activities in

Sukur is definitely a negative one and instantly eradicates tourist’s motivation to visit the Kingdom. A similar example is the bombs

that exploded in Bali on October 12th, 2002 which killed 202 people and shattered the image of the island being a peaceful and

beautiful location to visit (Baker and Coulter, 2007). In that instance, the reputation this vacation destination worked so hard to have

was destroyed. Following the attack, Bali was considered to be a country of political instability and a location that was targeted by

terrorist organizations. Within a week of the attack, tour operators quickly withdrew their holiday programs from Bali and resorts

throughout Indonesia just as the high season for tourists from the Northern Hemisphere was about to begin (Baker and Coulter,

2007).

Research shows that tourist activities in Sukur kingdom are presently stagnant as a result of fear of potential attack and

destruction of most of the scenic attraction areas (among others). This has brought about low patronage of the tourist activities in

the kingdom. Investigation clearly shows that prior to the insurgency attack, Sukur Kingdom in Madagali, Adamawa State has gained

international recognition as a tourist center and has also succeeded in attracting both international and local tourist to the area for

studies and other related issues.

5. SUMMARY

This study has focused primarily on the impact of Boko Haram attack on tourism activities in Sukur Kingdom. Boko Haram

insurgence has become the major problem facing Nigerians in recent time. These groups have perpetrated several bombings that

have killed millions of innocent citizens of this country, caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth billions of

naira and most importantly the destruction of important cultural heritage in Sukur Kingdom which are mostly irreplaceable. Since

the beginning of Boko Haram activities, Sukur Kingdom has suffered a lot of setbacks in term of her tourist potential which has in

turn become a setback on tourism industry in Nigeria. The study examined the effect of the terrorist acts on tourist activity in Sukur


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Kingdom, it also examined the present state of tourism potential of the kingdom after operation of the sect and also evaluated

Government policies and procedures put in place to avoid future occurrence of a potential terrorist attack on tourism activity in the

Kingdom. Result of the hypothesis clearly indicates that the sect’s activities negatively affected tourism in Sukur kingdom. The results

also show that the people in the kingdom still live with great fear of potential terrorist attack. This fear has resulted to the stagnated

position of tourism activities in the kingdom because tourists are full of fear to embark on a trip to the kingdom. The low patronage

has resulted to low income generation to the economy of people in the kingdom. In conclusion, this study has attempted to achieve

its aim and objectives by identifying, assessing and finally recording and documenting findings on the impact of Boko Haram attack

on tourism activities in the study area. The documentation of the impact of insurgency on tourism activity will greatly help to attract

more researches on the issue and more suggestion and recommendation will be put forward to avert future occurrence of this great

damage on the tourism industry.

Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made:

a. Since most of the people involved in the insurgency are youths, government at all levels in collaboration with NGOs and

international bodies should provide employment to the teeming youths in the country.

b. Soft loans and grants should be made available to the unemployed youth who are ready and equipped with innovative ideas

on entrepreneurship. This will lead to establishment of corporations and enterprises and also discourage terrorist act.

c. Federal, State and Local government should provide financial help for Sukur kingdom to rehabilitate her cultural heritage.

d. Corruption among political office holders is said to be among the factors that encouraged insurgency. A tough legislature on

corruption should be enacted to discourage such.

e. Religious leaders should as a matter of necessity always teach its followers the right principles of life and should also educate

them that there is no compulsion in religion.

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