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The impact of IEC 61850 on Protection

Klaus-Peter Brand

ABB Switzerland Ltd

Tutorial at Cigre SC B5 Colloquium in Madrid 2007

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Summary of IEC 61850

� Requirements for Substation Automation (SA) systems

� Data model and services

� Main stream communication stack including time critical communications

� SCL, Engineering process and tools

Summary of substation automation with IEC 61850

� The three levels: station, bay, process

� The station and process LAN

� Interfaces to process (switchgear)

Application to protection

� Free allocation of protection functions

� Basic performance requirements

� Protection schemes with serial links instead of wires

� Teleprotection

Content

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3Basics of Market Requirements

� Substation Automation Systems with IEDs (intelligent electronicdevices) with serial communication have been now very well

accepted on the market (KEMA: more than 4000 systems worldwide)

� Numerical devices with serial communication from different supplierscannot be combined in a system as in the old hardwired systems

because of a missing standard (only with an uneconomic effort)

� The global, highly competitive market requests a standard for

� competitive performance

� cost reduction

� Both providers and utilities are global companies and requestsuch an integration or have to perform such integrations

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Application Substation Automation

Stationbus

Processbus

Stationgateway

Stationcomputer

HMI

Control Protection Protection& Control

Control Protection

Process Interface Process Interface Process Interface

Stationlevel

Baylevel

Processlevel Switchgear/Switchyard

Cu wires

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Many incompatible protocols in SA

DNP LON60870-5

-101/4

60870-5

-103FIELDBUSMODBUS PROFIBUS

Protection1

Protection1

Protection2

Protection2

Station Gateway

CentralFunctions

HM I

Processinterface Processinterface Processinterface

MVB,CAN others

Protection& Control

Station

bus

Process

bus

Station

level

Bay

level

Processlevel

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Details of Market Requirements

� The global market

� needs a global standard

� means a standard supporting all design & operation philosophies

� Mixing of devices

� at least like with copper cables

� Cost reduction by

� by competition

� by more intelligent functions

� Cost reduction for

� investments

� operation and maintenance

� Open, future-proof standard

� for safe-guarding of investments

� regarding suppliers and improving technology

� for future extensions by bays or functions

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Requirements for Standard in SA

Free configuration The standard shall support different philosophiesand allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it must work equally well for centralized (RTU like) or decentralized (SCS like) systems.

Interoperability The ability for IED’s from one or several manufacturer to exchange information and usethe information for the their own functions.

Long term stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e. it must be able to follow the progress in communication technology as well as evolving system requirements.

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Approach of IEC 61850

Communication

Technology:How are the data

communicated ?

Domain

Substation :What data

have to be

communicated ?

Slowchanges

Fastchanges

ISO/OSIStack

DataModel

DEFINITIONData and Services

according to the

Domain Substation

SELECTION

ISO/OSI Stack

from the

Main Stream

Co

mm

un

icati

on

MAPPINGData Model

to the

Communication

Stack

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Primary Technology (Switchgear)

Secondary

Technology(Substation Automation)

PTOC

XSWI

XSWI

SIMG

XCBR

SIMG

PTRC

CSWI

CSWI

CSWISIMG

TVTR

TCTR

User-near, object oriented Data model

Every days objects for the Substation Engineer Example :ObjectCurrent

BreakerXCBR

What data

belong to this object ?

These

Objectsare calledLogical

Nodes

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Introduction of Logical nodes: Data view

� Information exchange takes place between all

devices (IEDs) which comprise the system ?

� More precisely, data are exchanged between the

functions and sub-functions residing in the devices !

� The exchanged data are grouped to into objects

belonging to functions

� The objects called Logical Node (LN) may be seen

as Containers containing the data provided by a dedicated function for exchange (communication)

� The Name of the Logical Node may be seen as a Label attached to this container

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Naming and Groups of Logical Node Classes(First letter listed only)

� L System LN (2)

� P Protection (28)

� R Protection related (10)

� C Control (5)

� G Generic (3)

� I Interfacing and archiving (4)

� A Automatic control (4)

� M Metering and measurement (8)

� S Sensor and monitoring (4)

� X Switchgear (2)

� T Instrument transformers (2)

� Y Power transformers (4)

� Z Further power system equipment (15)

Examples

� PDIF: Differential protection

� RBRF: Breaker failure

� XCBR: Circuit breaker

� CSWI: Switch controller

� MMXU: Measurement unit

� YPTR: Power transformer

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IEDs with LN instances without/with Process Bus

XCBRTVTR TCTR

PTRC

PTOCPDISPDISPDIS

Protection

IED

hardwired

XCBRTVTR

PTRC

PTOCPDISPDISPDIS

TCTR

Protection

IED

with Process Bus

Breaker

IED

MergingUnit IED

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Example for Data Hierarchy

Physical Device (IED)defined as Server

↑ Implementation

Breaker IED

Logical Device (LD)

↑ Grouping

Breaker

Logical Node (LN)Logical Node (LN) XCBR XCBR Circuit breaker

Data (Object)

Data ↓

Position

Attribute

Properties ↓

Value

Control ValueON/OFF

Status ValueINTERM./OFF/ON/BAD

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Example for Protection LN class (part 7-4): PTOCPTOC class

Attribute Name Attr. Type Explanation T M/O

LNName Shall be inherited from Logical-Node Class (see IEC 61850-7-2).

Data

Common Logical Node Information

LN shall inherit all Mandatory Data from Common Logical Node Class. M

OpCntRs INC Resetable operation counter O

Status Information

Str ACD Start M

Op ACT Operate T M

TmASt CSD Active curve characteristic O

Settings

TmACrv CURVE Operating Curve Type M

StrVal ASG Start Value O

TmMult ASG Time Dial Multiplier O

MinOpTmms ING Minimum Operate Time O

MaxOpTmms ING Maximum Operate Time O

OpDlTmms ING Operate Delay Time O

TypRsCrv ING Type of Reset Curve O

RsDlTmms ING Reset Delay Time O

DirMod ING Directional Mode O

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XCBR class

Attribute Name Attr. Type Explanation T M/O

LNName Shall be inherited from Logical-Node Class (see IEC 61850-7-2)

Data

Common Logical Node Information

LN shall inherit all Mandatory Data from Common Logical Node Class M

Loc SPS Local operation (local means without substation automation communication, hardwired direct control)

M

EEHealth INS External equipment health O

EEName DPL External equipment name plate O

OpCnt INS Operation counter M

Controls

Pos DPC Switch position M

BlkOpn SPC Block opening M

BlkCls SPC Block closing M

ChaMotEna SPC Charger motor enabled O

Metered Values

SumSwARs BCR Sum of Switched Amperes, resetable O

Status Information

CBOpCap INS Circuit breaker operating capability M

POWCap INS Point On Wave switching capability O

MaxOpCap INS Circuit breaker operating capability when fully charged O

Example for Switchgear LN class (part 7-4): XCBR

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Examples of Attributes: CoProton Data Class DPC

DPC class

Attribute Name

Attribute Type FC TrgOp Value / Value Range M/O

DataName Inherited from Data Class (see IEC 61850-7-2)

DataAttribute

control and status

ctlVal BOOLEAN CO off (FALSE) | on (TRUE) AC_CO_M

operTim TimeStamp CO AC_CO_O

origin Originator CO, ST

AC_CO_O

ctlNum INT8 CO, ST

0..255 AC_CO_O

stVal CODED ENUM ST dchg intermediate-state | off | on | bad-state

M

q Quality ST qchg M

t TimeStamp ST M

stSeld BOOLEAN ST dchg AC_CO_O

configuration, description and extension

pulseConfig PulseConfig CF AC_CO_O

ctlModel ENUMERATED CF status-only | direct-with-normal-

security | sbo-with-normal-security | direct-with-enhanced-security | sbo-with-enhanced-security

M

sboTimeout INT32U CF AC_CO_O

sboClass ENUMERATED CF operate-once | operate-many AC_CO_O

d VISIBLE

STRING255 DC Text O

dataNs VISIBLE STRING255

EX AC_DLN_M

cdcNs VISIBLE STRING255

EX AC_DLNDA_M

tag Tag AX O

out ofPart 7-3

The Data

Attributes

for

Substitution

have been

taken out

for

editorial

reasons

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� read a value / attribute

� write configuration attributes

� control a device (direct operate / select before operate)

� event oriented communication with reporting

� local storage of time-stamped events in a log

� get directory information

� file transfer for e.g.

� parameter and software download

� upload from monitoring information like travel curves or history of gas density values

� Transfer of generic object oriented system events (GOOSE)

� Transfer of sampled (analog) values (SV)

Data access and transfer (Services)

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IEDs with LN instances without/with Process Bus

XCBRTVTR TCTR

PTRC

PTOCPDISPDISPDIS

XCBRTVTR

PTRC

PTOCPDISPDISPDIS

TCTR

Protection

IED

Protection

IED

hardwired

with Process Bus

Breaker

IED

MergingUnit IED

GOOSESV

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Receiver: InformationSender: Information

How to exchange data by serial communication ?

Line: Series of Bits = Telegrams

Rules forCoding

Information in Bits ?

Rules forDecoding

Bits Back to

Information ?

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Application Process(Function)

Ethernet

TCP/IP

X11, MMS, http, etc.Full

7 LayerStack

neededfor

Networks(LAN)

Application L.

Presentation L.

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Link Layer

Physical Layer

Internet

Office,Home

MMS Manufacturing Message Specification

TCP Transport Control Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

Stack = Hierarchical Set of Rules

For Coding and Decoding

The Coding/Decoding Rules: 7 layer ISO/OSI Model

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Mapping the Data Model to the Stack (simplified)

Client Server Communication

Sampled Values

Data Model (Objects,Services)

Ethernet Link Layer with Priority tagging

Ethernet Physical Layer (100 Mbit/s)

Real timeCommunication

IP

TCP

MMS

Stack selection according to the state-of-the-artCommunication technology

Mapping

GOOSE*

SA specific data model

evolves slowly

Communication technology

changes quickly

Splitting of SA specific

data model from

communication technology

Stack

Interface

Abstract

Communication

Services

Interface (ACSI)

ISO/OSI – Stack

Hierarchical set of

Rules how information is coded for

transmission

According to state-of-the art

communication technology

Model according to state-of-the-art SA technology

* Generic Object Oriented

Substation Event

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IEC 61850 Stack: Details

MAC Layer Ethernet 802.3

TCP RFC 793UDP

IP

ISO TransportRFC 1006

ISO Session

ACSEISO/IEC 8649:1996

MMSISO 9506-1:2003

ACSI

PT=0800Link Layer

applicationapplicationapplication

SNTP,

PTP,(SNMP)

ARP

802.p1 / 802.1QPriority tag

PT=0806PTID=8100 802.2

spanning

tree(802.1d)

x88B9x88B8 x88BA

Hard Real-Time stack

void

Soft-Time stack

ICMP

Client/Server

servicesclockGSEmgtGOOSE SV

01

void

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Client – Server

� A point – point association is established and supervised and may be terminated: Associate / Release / Abort

� MMS: Dynamically built (server addresses, authentication)

� Maximum client number is IED implementation dependent

� The mechanism of TCP is very reliable

� Telegrams are “acknowledged” on a low level

� Normally, no data are lost since telegrams with errors may be resend again

� Comfortable mechanism – you know it from your office and from the Internet - but time consuming, i.e. not suited for time-critical communication

The mechanism Client-Server messages

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Common features of Reports, GOOSE and SV

� All these three services send data spontaneously, i.e.

without being asked from a Master or Client

� For defining the data to be transmitted by these services,a Data Set is defined comprising all these data out of the

overall data model (for Report, GOOSE or SV)

� The triggering event (conditions) when the data transmission is performed has to be defined in a Control Block(for Report, GOOSE or SV)

� The triggering event for Reporting and GOOSE messagesmay be a change of a value, a crossing of a boundary, etc.

� The triggering event of sending synchronous sampled values (SV)is a “clock event”

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How to handle these spontaneous services?

� The reception of a report is confirmed on lower layers, and incase of losses repeated. This takes some time.

� The data stream of sampled values (SV) is not confirmed, but losses of some samples are handled without problems

by the receiving functions, e.g. by a protection algorithm.

� The unconfirmed GOOSE messages may transport important time critical information like a block or a trip. Therefore, a specialmechanism has to guarantee a reliable transfer of these data(see next page).

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t

Tmax

1024 ms

Tmin

2 ms

Tmax

1024 ms

Change of information = event

t

Tmax

1024 ms

The mechanism GOOSE messages (unconfirmed)

In case of a information-change, the GOOSE-message will be repeated within Tmin.The repetition frequency is lowered until Tmax is reached.

Without any changes, the GOOSE-message is repeated with Tmax until the next event / change.

x16 x16

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Formal description of device and system structure?

To provide interoperability

� a formal description of the Substation Automation System with all communication links is needed

� all IED capabilities have to be described formally in anunambiguous way

� all communication services applicable have to bedescribed formally in an unambiguous way

� the relationship between the switchgear (single line) and the data of the substation automation system have to bedescribed formally in an unambiguous way

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Formal description provided

The formal description is provided by the

�� Substation Configuration description Language (SCL)Substation Configuration description Language (SCL)

� based on XML

� defined in part 6 of the standard (IEC 61850-6)

� usable for

� IED Capability Description (ICD) files

� System Configuration Description (SCD) file

� System functional specification (SSD)

The engineering information is exchangeable between tools, the tools get interoperable !!!

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Example for SCL

<Substation name=""><VoltageLevel name="E1">

<Bay name="Q1"><Equipment name="QA1" Type="CBR">

<Connection nodeName="L1"/><LNode inst="1" lnClass="CSWI"/>

</Equipment><Equipment Ref="QB1" Type="DIS">

<Connection nodeName="L1"/><LNode inst="2" lnClass="CSWI"/>

</Equipment></Bay>

</VoltageLevel></Substation>

A Substation with the bay E1Q1, the Circuit breaker QA1 and the Isolator

QB1, both electrical connected in Connection Node L1.

Two instances of LN CSWI represents the switch controller (data)

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System specification description SSD

System configuration*

Stand-alone deviceconfiguration*

Systemdocumentation

System & device configuration*

Devic

e s

ele

cti

on

Systemconfigurator

P2J1Q2

QE3

1

QC1

QA1 ,

QB1

QE

1

2

QB2

VT1

/

/ CT1 / , ,

1

P2J1Q3

QA1 ,

QB1

QE

1

2

QB2

CT1

/ , ,

VT 1 /

/

T1 /

P2J1Q4

QE3

1

QC1

QA1 ,

QB1

QE1

2

QB2

VT1 /

/

CT1 / , ,

1

AAS_P2J1W1 W150Hz BIL 1050kV

P2J1W2W1

50Hz BIL 1050kV

P2J1Q6

QB2QB1

QA1 ,

Q52 Q51

1 1

Single line

1

Q8

1

Q9

Q0 ,

Q1

Q5

2

Q2

VT1 /

/ CT1 / , ,

P2KA1C1

AAS_P2KA1 / S1 (REC 316-4)

CB_1

RSYN1

25 SPV

CILO1 CSWI1 XCBR1

CB 3ph

SW_1

CILO2 CSWI2 XSWI1

SW_2

CILO3 CSWI3 XSWI2

SW_3

CILO4 CSWI4 XSWI3

SW_4

CILO5 CSWI5 XSWI4

SW_5

CILO6 CSWI6 XSWI5

LLN01 LPHD1 MMXU1

Line

P2FA1P1

AAS_P2FA1 / IEC61850 (REL 316-4)

PDIS121 Z1 <

PDIS221 Z2 <

PDIS321 Z3 <

PSCH1

21 Z<

PTOC1

51 I>

PTRC1

ITT

LPHD1LLN01TVTR1

VT N

Feeder block diagram(function spec)

Device (IED)

Device dataDevice dataDevice data

Device capability

System Configuration Description SCD

IED ConfigurationDescription ICD

Device specific

tool

System deviceconfiguration

Device dataDevice dataDevice data

Device in the system

SCD per IED

The engineering process with SCL

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Serial communication in Substation Automation

Stationbus

Processbus

Stationgateway

Stationcomputer

HMI

Control Protection Protection& Control

Control Protection

Process Interface Process Interface Process Interface

Stationlevel

Baylevel

Processlevel Switchgear/Switchyard

Cu wires

IEC 61850

IEC 61850

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Most commonarchitectureIEC 61850Station busas EthernetRing with switches

Station LevelControl

NCCInterface

GPSTime

Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3

StationLevel

Bay Level

The SA communication LAN as Ethernet ring

Architecture depending on

the requested

availability

and the re-

quested

performance

of functions

Architecture influenced by

cost constraints

and available

devices

IEC 61850

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33General Requirements

� Switches are used in Substation environment. Therefore, switcheshave to fulfill the same environmental requirements as e.g.. numerical protections devices referring e.g. toEMC, Temperature (-40 .. 85°C), Power Supply up to 220 V DC

� Switches may be connected to rings and more complex networks. Therefore, switches have to support common network reconfiguration algorithms in case of network failures

� The reconfiguration algorithm should be fast (≤ 100 ms per ring)

� The switch configuration should be possible by the System Engineering Tool e.g. via a configuration file created by this tool

� The Switch shall be manageable

Switches are not directly addressed in IEC 61850 but the requirements come from� Performance requirements in part 61850-5� Substation (Automation) environment

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� Relay contacts, flashing LEDs and SNMP traps help to quickly identify the broken links.

� Trunking also provides more bandwidth between switches

Trunking redundancy

� Provides message troubleshooting access

� Allows messages to be monitored for message contentPort Mirroring

� Monitor switch port parameters

� Allows easy access to switch information for HMI, SCADA and other applications

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

� Allow "high priority" messages quick throughput

� Define message importanceQuality of Service (QoS)Priority tagging

� Set a maximum bandwidth for each port

� Prevent unnecessary communication traffic from overwhelming devices

Bandwidth Rate Limiting

� Isolate traffic between groups of ports

� Control access to the various VLAN groups

� Allow devices that need to communicate to each otherthe maximum bandwidth

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)

BenefitsFeatures

IEC61850 needs Managed Switches

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Two port redundancy not yet standardized

HMI GW

BU 1 BU 2 BU 3 BU 4

Station LevelControl

Gateway To NCC

StationsLevel

BayLevel

Warning: Redundant Stars or Rings (devices with two parallel bus connections) are not interoperable, since the standard IEC 61850 has not yet defined this case. The problem are the private supervision of the Redundant links and the switchover procedures. Solution in version 2 of the standard?

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Process Interface

Logical Device

“Merging Unit”

LN PCTRLN PCTRLN TVTR

LN PCTRLN PCTRLN TCTR

Logical Device

“Breaker IED”

LN PCTRLN PCTRLN XCBR

Logical Device

“Breaker IED”

LN PCTRLN PCTRLN XCBR

Protection

Device

Process

bus

Samplesas values in

SI units

(SV)

TRIP

(GOOSE)

The Samplesacc. to IEC 61850

are independent from the instrument

Transformer/Sensor Technology !!!

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Protection 1 Protection 2 Control

Bay Bay

Main 1 and Main 2 at the process bus

Ethernet ring

IEC 61850

BreakerIEDCircuit br.

IED

CombinedNICT* (U,I)Merging Unit

MU (U,I)

The process bus shall not jeopardize the requested independency of Main 1 and Main 2 !

Bay Bay

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Device Example: Combined Protection and Control Unit

Device Example:

Combisensor

Device Example:

Circuit Breaker

Device Example: Station Workplace

XCBR(Circuit Breaker)

TCTR(Current Transformer)

TVTR(Voltage Transformer)

CSWI(Switch Controller)

PDIS(Distance Protection)

IHMI(Human Machine IF)

Allocation of LNs to devices (IEDs)

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Control Unit

Device Example:

Circuit Breaker

Device Example: Station Workplace

XCBR(Circuit Breaker)

TCTR(Current Transformer)

TVTR(Voltage Transformer)

CSWI(Switch Controller)

PDIS(Distance Protection)

IHMI(Human Machine IF)

Allocation of LNs to devices (IEDs)

Protection Unit

Voltage

Sensor

Current

Sensor

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Protection and Autorecloser

Klaus-Peter Brand, Christoph Brunner, Ivan de Mesmaeker

How to use IEC 61850 in protection and automation

Electra 222, October 2005, 11-21

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Breaker Failure Protection

Klaus-Peter Brand, Christoph Brunner, Ivan de Mesmaeker

How to use IEC 61850 in protection and automation

Electra 222, October 2005, 11-21

Tutorial at Cigre SC B5 Colloquium in Madrid 2007

The impact of IEC 61850 on Protection / F42 Re

ve

rse

Blo

ck

ing

PP

PP

P

IEC

61

85

0

GO

OS

E (d

ela

yH

V trip

)

HV

MV

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Line distance protection

PDISPDIS

PDISPDIS

PTRC

PSCH2

PTOC2PTOC1

Substation A

PSCH1

PDIS

PTRC

PSCH1

PDIS PTOC1

Substation B

PSCH2

XCBRXCBR

PTOC2

Several Distance zones

Communication

Trip conditioning

Tripping

Note: TVTR, TCTR not shown

Tutorial at Cigre SC B5 Colloquium in Madrid 2007

The impact of IEC 61850 on Protection / F44 Ap

pro

ac

h fo

r Su

bs

tatio

n-S

ub

sta

tion

Co

mm

.(1)

Tutorial at Cigre SC B5 Colloquium in Madrid 2007

The impact of IEC 61850 on Protection / F45 Ap

pro

ac

h fo

r Su

bs

tatio

n-S

ub

sta

tion

Co

mm

.(2)

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Conclusions

IEC 61850 gives a lot of opportunities for the protection engineer

� Comprehensive object oriented data model

� Flexible combination of functions

� Formal description for engineering (SCL)

� Replacing wires by serial links (GOOSE, SV)

� Soft-wired protection schemes (old and new ones)

� Better system supervision facilities

� Use of any kind of instrument transformer principle via the process bus

Most convenient way to exploit all protection features presented in the protection tutorialby Alex Apostolov