The Human Respiration System

7/30/2019 The Human Respiration System

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CREATED BY:

PERSANTI NUZBAND, M.PD

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

SAMARINDA


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In the body cells, food is used for the oxidationprocess. This reaction is called biologicaloxidation. Biological oxidation produces

energy, carbon dioxide, and water. The energyfrom oxidation is used to keep the body warm.For muscle work and other body activities.Carbon dioxide and water are oxidation wastes

that will be excreted from the body.


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The human respiratory organs consists of thenose, larynx, trachea, and lungs.

1. Nose and nasal cavity

Breathing through the nose is the best waybecause the air undergo three process. First, theair will be filtered by the nasal hair and mucousmembrane. Second, the air temperature willundergo adjustment.


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The air entering the respiratory system iswarmed by blood in the blood vessels inside

the nasal cavity. Third, the air is moistened bythe mucous membrane.

2. Bronchial tube (larynx)

After passing the nose, the air enters the larynx.The larynx is composed of cartilaginous plates,the front set of which the Adams apple, andhas a flap-like projection at the upper part

known as the epiglottis. The epiglottis isusually open and will only close if there is foodbeing swallowed.


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3. Trachea

The trachea is composed of ring-like cartilage

and is located in front of the esophagus. Italways opens to allow us to breathe freely. Atits lower end, the trachea divides into twochannels called bronchi; one goes to the leftlung while the other goes to the right lung.

4. Lungs

The lungs are located inside the chest above the

diaphragm. Diaphragm is a muscular andmembranous structure that separates the chest


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and abdominal cavities. The right lung hasthree major lobes while the left lung has two

lobes. The lungs are covered with a membranecalled pleura. In the lungs, irregular cartilageplates known as bronchioles replace bronchi.At the ends of the bronchioles are small air sacscalled alveoli (singular: alveolus). There areapproximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs,of which the total area of its surfaces is around

80 square meters.


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During breathing, two phenomena occur,inspiration (drawing the air into the lungs) andexpiration (releasing the air from lungs). When

we inhale, the air will enter the respiratoryorgans. This air is called inhaled air. On theother hand, when exhaling, the air will bereleased from the respiration organs. This air is

called exhaled air.


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The air is entering and exiting the lungs due tothe expansion and contraction of the lungs

resulting from the tensing and relaxing of themuscles in the chest and diaphragm. Breathingdone with the help of external intercostalmuscles is called costal breathing. Breathingmarked by the expansion of abdominalmuscles (muscles of the diaphragm) is calledabdominal breathing.


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Before inhaling, diaphragm muscles are curvedup (relaxed position). When we inhale, thediaphragm contracts, so that the diaphragm is

in a flat position will cause the chest cavitythat is caused by the contraction of thediaphragm is called abdominal breathing.


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When we take a deep breath, the costal musclescontract so that the ribs move up. This willcause the expansion of the chest cavity. Theexpansion of the chest cavity due to the changeof rib position is called costal breathing. As the

chest cavity expands, the pressure inside thechest cavity drops so that the air from theenvironment enters the lungs. This will causethe lungs to expand.


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When we exhale the costal muscles anddiaphragm are in a relaxed position. Thediaphragm and the costal muscles return to

their normal position. This will cause the chestcavity to shrink so that the air pressure in thelungs rise. The rise in pressure will cause theair to flow to the environment.


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Lung volume is determined by the size of thelung, breathing ability, and breathingtechnique. Lungs in human adults are able to

contain 5 liters of air. This is called the lungcapacity or lung volume. In normal respiration,the air volume entering and exiting the lung is 0.5 liters. This is called the tidal volume.


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At maximal exhalation, there is still 1 liter ofair inside the lung. This is called the functional

residual volume. If the lung capacity is 5 litersand the residual volume is 1 liter, then thevolume of air flowing to and from the lungs is4 liters at maximum. This volume is known asthe vital capacity of the lung. The vital capacityof the lung is the maximum amount of aircirculating in the lung.


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The followings are explanations of somerespiratory diseases and disorders.

1. The common cold is a condition in which the

nasal cavity is filled with mucus. Runny nose,sneezing, and throat inflammation also occur.Common colds are caused by viral infections inthe upper respiratory tract.


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2. Influenzas common symptoms are a runnynose, sneezing, throat inflammation, headache,

fever, and a feeling of pain and fatigue in themuscles. Influenza is caused by a viral infectionin the upper respiration tract.

3. Bronchitis is an inflammation in the bronchicaused by a viral infection. The inflammationwill cause coughing and the production ofgreyish yellow mucus in the lungs.


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4. Asthma causes the muscles surrounding thebronchioles to constrict so much that air has

difficulty reaching the lungs. Asthma is notcontagious and is genetic. Dust, chemicalsubstances, pollen, fungi, cold air, and deadskin cells from animals are examples ofallergens that can trigger an asthma attack insusceptible people.

5. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease thatattacks the lungs. TB causes the formation of

hard nodules (tubercles) in the alveolus. TB iscaused by the bacteria Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.


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6. Pneumonia is an inflammation of lung tissue,especially in the alveoli, caused by bacteria,

viruses, and fungi. The inflammation will causethe alveoli to fill with fluid and mucous,preventing oxygen from being absorbed.

7. Pleurisy (pleuritis) is an inflammation of thedouble membranes surrounding the lungs(pluera). The inflammation is usually causedby infection of other organs close to lungs. The

inflamed pleura exudes excessive fluid into thepleural cavity so that the person infected feelspain during breathing.


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The Human Respiration System

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