The Human Nervous System_71911
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Transcript of The Human Nervous System_71911
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Brain and Technology
(Glimpse of Past, Present and Future)
Past:
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)
Electrodes
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Brain and Technology
(Glimpse of Past, Present and Future)
Past:
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)
Jose Delgado confronting a aggressive-charging bull
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Present: Pigeons and Behavior Control
Microchips
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The Future
1. Wet Wares
Brain Softwares
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The Human Nervous
System
By: Mr. Rodel P. Canlas
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Why is it that the human
brain is comparable to
aminiature universe?
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Introduction
So complex, complicated, or dynamic, just like the
person who possesses this inside his head. Yet
perhaps the best way to understand and learn abouta person and his behavior is through studying his
brain, which is the sheet of all his cognitions,
emotions, and actions.
It is said that the human brain is like a
miniature universe. If the universe is
composed of billions of stars, planets
and other heavenly bodies; so as the
human brain, which is made of billions of
neurons or nerve cells.
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Neurons
basic functional unit of the Human NS, w/c transmits
neural impulse (electrochemical in nature).
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Basic Parts of a Neuron:
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Basic Parts of a Neuron:
Dendrites ± short branch-like structures w/c transmits neural impulsetoward the cellbody
Cell body - (soma/cyton) ± the largest/main part of a neuron
- serve as the center of nourishment.
Nucleus ± the center portion/ control of a neuron
- controls the activities of the neuron, such as metabolism
- if this dies/damage, the entire neuron dies along with it.
Axon ± long elongated structure w/c transmit neural impulse awayfrom the cell body towards the end brush.
Nodes of Ranvier ± gap along the axon membrane.
Synaptic Vesicles ± structures at the tip of the end brush.
- It produce neurotransmitters, w/c transmits neural impulse fromone neuron to another .
Synapse- gap/space between two neurons.
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How does Neural Impulse Travel from One
Neuron to Another?
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How does Neural Impulse Travel from One
Neuron to Another?
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How does Neural Impulse Travel from One
Neuron to Another?
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters: Functions: Imbalance(d):
1. Acetylcholine controls muscle
contraction
In Hippocampus;
formation of memories
Muscle paralysis or convulsions,
death sometimes
Alzheimers diseases
2. Dopamine Pleasure
neurotransmitter
Schizophrenia
Parkinsons Disease
3. Endorphin Pain-relieving effect
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters: Functions: Imbalance(d):
4. GABA
(gamma
aminobutyric acid)
Inhibitory; lowers arousal anxiety
5. Norepinephrine Affects arousal level DepressionHyperactivity
6. Serotonin Plays role in mood
regulation
Difficulty sleeping
Low level - aggression &
depression
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Types of Neurons
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
- nerve cells Approaching the Central Nervous System (i.e. brain and spinalcord).
- carry sensory information from the different parts of the body to the CentralNervous System (CNS).
Efferent (M
otor) Neurons ± nerve cells Exiting the CNS.
- transmit motor commands from the CNS to the our different body parts.
Inter-neurons
± conducts neural impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.
± carry messages or nerve impulses w/in the brain or CNS.
Glial cells or glia
- serve as supportive structures to neurons
- remove metabolic wastes and dead particles of neurons.
Myelin sheath
- white fatty substance surrounding and protecting neuron.
-for saltatory conduction (jumping movement) of neural impulse
- This speeds up transmissions of neural impulse
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Types of Neurons
Afferent (Sensory) Neurons
- nerve cells Approaching the Central Nervous System (i.e. brain and spinalcord).
- carry sensory information from the different parts of the body to the CentralNervous System (CNS).
Efferent (M
otor) Neurons ± nerve cells Exiting the CNS.
- transmit motor commands from the CNS to the our different body parts.
Inter-neurons
± conducts neural impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.
± carry messages or nerve impulses w/in the brain or CNS.
Glial cells or glia
- serve as supportive structures to neurons
- remove metabolic wastes and dead particles of neurons.
Myelin sheath
- white fatty substance surrounding and protecting neuron.
-for saltatory conduction (jumping movement) of neural impulse
- This speeds up transmissions of neural impulse
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Divisions of the Nervous System
Nervous system
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Brain Spinal Cord Autonomic system Somatic system
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Difference Between the Nerve Cells
in the CNS and PNS
Probably, the major difference between the neuronsin the CNS and the nerves PNS is that neurons in theCNS when damage don¶t regenerate, while nervecells in the PNS have the capacity to regrow or
reattach.
Roughly speaking, the PNS contains schwann cells,which have the capacity to stimulate the regrowth of injured nerve cells.
In contrast, the CNS contains oligodendrocytes andastrocytes, which do not stimulate regrowth of neurons, and even hamper regeneration byproducing inhibitory chemicals.
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John Thomas
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Christopher Reeve(SUPERMAN)
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Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
- located within the skull
- floats on a bath of Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF)
Spinal Cord
- inside the spine/backbone
- seat of reflex action
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The Brain and Spinal Cord
Human Brain Spinal Cord
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The Brain and Spinal Cord
Human Brain Spinal Cord
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Methods of Treating
SpineInjury
1. Stem Cells (South Korea)
2. Neural Transplant (Taiwan)
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Four Lobes of the Brain
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Parts of the Human Brain
Brain Stem
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Parts of the Human Brain
1. Brain Stem ± Made up of four structures, namely; medulla, pons,midbrain, and interbrain.
1.1 Medulla (Myelencephalon) - the lowest part of the brainstem
- It controls involuntary vital bodily functions such as breathing,heart beat and blood circulation.
1.1.2 Reticular Formation - a formation of neurons found the inmedulla that regulates level of arousal/alertness/awareness,sleeping and waking.
- it also regulates transmission of stimuli through contralateralfashion
1.2 Pons (Metencephalon) - lies above the medulla
- it is involve in the regulation of voluntary movement
- it serve as communication pathway between the motor cortexand cerebellum
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Reticular Activating System
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Parts of the Human Brain
Brain Stem
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Pons, Cerebellumand Motor Cortex
Somatosensory
Area
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Parts of the Human Brain
1.3 Midbrain (Mesencephalon) ± lies above the pons
- it contains neurons w/c produce dopamine (pleasureneurotransmitter)
1.4 Interbrain (Diencephalon) - uppermost part of the brain stem.
- Subdivided into; thalamus and hypothalamus
1.4.1 Thalamus - serve as the last relay center for all coming sensoryimpulse to the different areas of the brain (i.e. cerebral cortex), withthe exception of the olfactory sense.
1.4.2 Hypothalamus ± controls F4; feeding (eating), feeling(emotions), fluid intake (drinking) and f___ng (sexual behavior)
- part of the brain responsible when you are falling in love
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Parts of the Human Brain
Brain Stem
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The Limbic System
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Parts of the Human Brain
1.5 Limbic System - the center of emotions
- appears to exert additional control over some instinctivebehavior
- Some structures of the limbic system are; hypothalamus,hippocampus and amygdala.
1.5.1 Hippocampus ± play a crucial role in memory.
- Responsible for converting short-term memory to long-termmemory.
- Spatial Navigation
1.5.2 Amygdala ± storehouse of emotional memories
- believed to be causing aggressive behavior among animalsand humans as well.
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Parts of the Human Brain
2. Cerebellum ± located at the back of the pons andthe medulla
- it is concerned with the coordination of voluntarymovements (in coordination with the motor cortexand pons)
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Parts of the Human Brain
3. Cerebrum ± uppermost, most expanded and recentlydeveloped structure of the brain.
- seat of consciousness, thinking, judgment,
planning/organization of actions/behavior, problem solvingetc.
- it has two hemispheres (left and right hemisphere), whichhave asymmetries in functions
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Two Hemispheres of the
Brain
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Divisions of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
includes all neural tissue outside of
the central nervous system. It is responsible for transmitting
information from the brain to the
different parts of the body, and vise
versa.
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Two Divisions of the
Peripheral Nervous System
1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
interacts with the external environment.
voluntary motor commands, such as movingmuscles to walk or to talk, are controlled by the
SNS.
2.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates our internal system
involuntary motor commands, such as digestion
and heart beat, are controlled by the ANS.
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Two Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
1. Sympathetic Nervous System
sometimes called the ³fight or flight´ system.
increases alertness, stimulates tissue, andprepares the body for quick responses to
unusual/emergency situations.
2.Parasympathetic Nervous System sometimes called the ³rest and response´
system.
conserves energy and controls sedentary
(inactive) activities, such as digestion.
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Functions of the Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems