THE HUMAN MIND-AN HYPOTHESIS

THE HUMAN M IND-AN HYPOTHESISEP-RR 33

ANTONIO DI MARIA

December, 1972

HANCOCK

f T J 1 6 3 . A87 EP-RR33

Department of Engineering Physics

Research School of Physical Sciences

THE Ai

Canbern

TJ163.A87 EP-RR33.1 9 2 4 1 5 1

A . N . U . L I B R A R Y

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THE HUMAN MIND - AN HYPOTHESIS

by

ANTONIO DI MARIA

D ecem ber 1972

( f R S P H Y S .S

Publication EP-RR 33

D epartm ent of Engineering Physics R esearch School of Physical Sciences

THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

C anberra, A .C .T . A ustralia

EDITORIAL NOTE

This paper is a condensed version of a sem inar,* one of a s e r ie s re la ted to cognitive studies, organized by the A rtificial Intelligence Group of the D epartm ent of Engineering P hysics, given to an in terd isc ip linary audience in F ebruary 1972,

The occasion was m arked by considerable in te re s t and con troversy in d iscussion in re la tion to the au th o r's novel approaches and views. While much of the p resen ta tion is speculative, th e re em erges a g rea t deal of food for thought; it would seem to be valuable to sharpen up the hypothesis through fu rther thought and experim entation along the lines suggested and im plied by the author. F u rth erm o re , many of the concepts and questions introduced seem valuable in th e ir own righ t. F or all these reasons, publication seem s to be m ore than justified .

* At the tim e, the author w as an Ita lian-A ustra lian Exchange Scholar, working in the John C urtain School of M edical R esearch , Institu te of Advanced Studies, The A ustralian National U niversity .

ii

EDITORIAL NOTE

CONTENTS

Page

I . INTRODUCTION

1.1 Term inology1 .2 The C yb ern e t ic s - In fo rm atic s of C .N .S .

2 - THE LEVELS OF PHENOMENOLOGY A

3. THE CONCEPT OF RESPONSIVITY

4. THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS”

5- THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A

5.1 The P h ases of Phenomenon A5.2 The (A ?) Definition of Phenomenon A5 .3 The "M eta transduc tion M echan ism s”

6 - THE "SUBSTANCES OF INTERMEDIARY FIELD CONFIGURATION

7. A BIG TEST FOR THE HYPOTHESIS : MEMORY

7.1 Selection of Inform ation Worth Being R em em bered and G raduated M em orization

7 .2 Storage7 .3 D elocalization and Multiple R epresen ta tion7 .4 Equipotentiality7 .5 Recall from L ong-T e rm M emory

8. THE COMPONENTS OF PHENOMENOLOGY A

9. THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE HYPOTHESIS

10. ” THE METATRANSDUCER”

10.1 An O perational Definition of the Mind10.2 Some O perational Questions10.3 ”The P rinc ip le of D elocalized Equipollence”

I I . THE GAINS OF THE HYPOTHESIS

11.1 A Set of Definitions11.2 The Mind i s .........11.3 An . . . . A rch ite c tu ra l Sum m ary

12. CONCLUSIONiii

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I

1 . INTRODUCTION

I wish to suggest a hypothesis about the s tru c tu re of the mind, a word used here in its b roader sense of "physic life" (l) .

1.1 Terminology

As essen tia l p re lim inary explanation it is necessa ry to expound my opinion about the term inology which philosophy before, and psychology afte r, brought in the descrip tion of psychic phenomena. In fact my conviction is that such term inology, because it is so redundant and vocational owing to superpositions which a re h isto rica l, philosophical, anthropological, sem antic and so on, contributed rem arkably to make confused and alm ost insoluble a problem neither m ore difficult nor e a s ie r than all the other problem s in science.

So, in my opinion, the different words: mind, consciousness, w ill, thought, attention, sentim ent, emotion, m em ory, sleep, dream ing, ideational and m otor m echanism s of sleep, cereb ra l beginning and control of movement, and so forth, a re essen tially synonymous because they define, or they try to define in a very bungling and confusing way, pa rtia l components or configurations of the sam e p rocess - the functioning of the human b ra in - which I could exactly call "psychic life" or "m ind", but which I will p re fe r to name, in the course of the treatm ent, "phenomenology A " so as not to identify with only one of the aforesaid unilateral w ords. This I hope to achieve by using a defined com ponent-configuration of my own phenomenology A. As phenomenology A is my denomination for "psychic life", so a single moment of this can be named "phenomenon A". As phenomenology A is a succession of phenomena A :

so each phenomenon A can be analyzed in 3 phases which, for example for F1 are:

For understanding the dynamics of form ation of the phases of phenomenon A it is n ecessary to describe beforehand the constitution of phenomenon A. But to th is p a rt I have to p rem ise my opinion about the cybernetics-in fo rm atics of the C entral Nervous System.

v ' Note: C larification of some m atte rs will occur la te r in the course of the trea tm en t. In presenting th is hypothesis I have followed a logical schem e, not a chronological one.

2. INTRODUCTION

1.2 The C ybernetics-Inform atics of C .N .S .

CHANNELS CODES

I : MEMBRA NE—*~S YNA PSE—►ME MBR A NE—►---- I : "ELECTROCHEMICAL"

II : "DNA-SYNCHRONOUS"

II : DNA—►NEUROFILAMENTS—►DNA—►-----

in : MEMBRANE—►MEMBRANE—►MEMBRANE —*-------

, SUB-CODE A :I "Conform ational j Synchronization"

I SUB-CODE B :\ "B iochem ical

Sync hr oniz ation' 1

III : "PASSAGE (EXCHANGE) OF 'INFORMATIVE MATERIAL’ "

Figure 1

In my opinion in CNS there are th ree channels ofcommunication:

Channel I : m em brane—►synapse—►membrane—► . . .

Channel II : DNA—► neurofilaments—►DNA—► • • •

Channel in : m em brane—►membrane—►membrane—► • • •, and th reecommunication system s or codes:

Code I : "ELECTROCHEMICAL" = chem ical synapses (ande lec trica l? );conform ational changes not synchronized of DNAs.

The conform ational changes of DNAs are not synchronized because in a given neuron th e re is not tran sm issio n of the "conform ational change" (or of the "conform ational curren t") from DNA to neurofilam ents with consequent "vibrational or conform ational synchronization" of the next DNA(2).

(2) The designations : "conform ational change" and "conform ational cu rren t" a re used to name some variation of DNA, capable of being graduated, which can possibly (that is , when the conform ational change is of a ce rta in fixed type) also be tra n s ported at a distance. The explanation of the exact natu re of these phenomena will req u ire the study of physical p ro p e rtie s of neural and glial DNA and of filarin , the pro tein of neurofilam ents, as p iezoelectric ity , e lec tr ica l conductivity, sem iconductivity, fe rro e lec tric ity , ferrom agnetism , pseudoferrom agnetism , and so on.

INTRODUCTION 3 .

The f ir s t Code goes through the f ir s t channel and the in itial p a rt of the second one.

Code II : MDNA SYNCHRONOUS" ; th is Code has two sub-codes:

Sub-Code A = " vibrational an d /o r conform ational synchronization" of DNAs of the fields of f ir s t degree of an in term ediary field:

DNA —► neurofilam ents —► DNA —► neurofilam ents —► • • • •

Sub-Code B = "biochem ical synchronization of DNAs of the fields of f ir s t degree of an in term ed iary field.

Both the two sub-codes of the second Code go through the second channel only.

Code III : passage and /o r exchange of "inform ative m ateria l" between omo andeterotypes of "ce re b ra l c e lls" (3).

The th ird Code goes through the th ird channel.

( 3)

"C erebra l cells" is by my definition com prehensive of all the various c lasses of neurons and glial cells: c la sse s differentiated from each other on the basis of the ir biochem ical specific ities; c la sses biochem ical, but also then stereotoxic c lasses and, as we shall see, also c la sses psychological-inform ational

For "omotypes of ce reb ra l c e lls” I intend neurons with neurons, for "eterotypes"» neurons with glial ce lls . The passage (monodirectional) or the exchange (bidirectional,feedback-type) happens also between stereotoxic-b iochem ical c lasses in tratype, that is between different c lasses of the sam e type: neurons or glial ce lls .I have defined "inform ative m a te ria l" to mean:

(a) "inform atical p ro te ins" : p ro teins which, coming from a biochem ical m icroenvironm ent, inform another biochem ical m icroenvironm ent - regulating it o r not (because they could be not all, so to say, a llo s te ric , but sim ply chronicle, of what is going on in a biochem ical m icroenvironm ent);

(b) RNA in its various types;

(c) o thers; perhaps between these there is ju st the sam e conform ational cu rren t (or change) which can have such an inform atical p roperty , for example modulating some of its p a ram ete rs : so I can form ulate the concept of the p lastic , m orpho-physiogenetic function of the conform ational cu rren t.

4. INTRODUCTION

The th ree inform atical system s a re each deputed to the p rocessing of a p a rticu la r type of inform ation. The f ir s t two system s a re concerned respectively with those p ieces of inform ation which (with m entality psychological and teleological "a p o s te r io ri”) it is usual to name "not in teresting experiences" on the one hand, and those "m oderately in teresting" and "very in te resting", on the other.

As reg ard s the duality, "not in te restin g /in te restin g " , the la tte r in two graduations, "m oderately" and "very", re s id es in the content of the experience, but only because such content is com pared with that p a r t of phenomenology A reg is te red at the level of DNA of the f ir s t ce reb ra l cell (or of the f ir s t se t of c e reb ra l cells) which the experience m eets(4). In short, the decision as to w hether an experience is "not", "m oderately" or "very in teresting" does not depend on psychological qualities inexplicable "a p rio r i" (and indeed psychology until now is not at all able to explain the in trinsic m echanism of this e ssen tia l point), s till le ss is it in trinsic to the experience in itse lf, but depends only on the d ifferential possib ility , at the level of the DNAs of the in term ed iary field re la ting to that experience, of transm itting with the e lectrochem ical code or with the DNA synchronous code; th is d ifferential possib ility finally depends on the type of conform ational change which the h istory of phenomenology A , reg is te red just at the level of different p a ram ete rs of DNA, determ ines at the a rr iv a l of the new inform ation.

I wish to rem ark also that even if the m echanism turns out to be not ju st that one predicted , I am convinced that the essen tia l concept of logical m etatransduction which subtends it w ill confirm itse lf as valid.

2. THE LEVELS OF PHENOMENOLOGY A .

D iagram of the "Phenomenology A "

II Sub-Level : LONG-TERM MEMORY

LEVEL II

I Sub-Level : SHORT-TERM MEMORY

LEVEL I :

B irth o r before? TIMEWhen?

Figure 2

(4) The com parison occurs with all the DNAs of the relating in term ed iary field.

THE LEVELS OF PHENOMENOLOGY A . 5.

The ’’historiographical-psychological situation of DNA” (R efer Figure 3) is also the principle that determ ines the division of phenomenology A into two levels: One I name, using a famous diction by H eroclitus of Ephesus, ttoivtoi,p e i . This level form s a kind of background noise, and sim ultaneously is the ’’conductor w ire" of phenomenology A ; it is always p resen t. The second level is form ed by the fact that only a p a rt of the m ental s ta tes (that is of phenomena A ) r is e s to the dignity of engram , entering to form the mnemonic patrim ony of phenomenology A . This second level has two sub-levels corresponding respectively to short and long-term m em ory.

In resp ec t to Figure 2, I point out that this is rea lly a super-d iag ram : in fact, it is the sum of many d iagram s, as many as there are c e reb ra l cells, and each of these sub-diagram s resem bles the proceeding of the individual phenomenology A of each single ce reb ra l cell. In short, th is diagram of phenomenology A is rea lly the d iagram of the m egafields outstanding in every single phenomenon A of phenomenology A : therefo re , in the ordinate of th is diagram there is the value, briefly of the level of the synthesis perform ed by the "m ental c h e m is try " ^ in every single instant.

This diagram of phenomenology A can be co rre la ted with that of the levels of conform ational responsiv ity of DNAs which a re involved in each single moment. R efer F igure 3.

D iagram of "CONFORMATIONAL RESPONSIVITY" OR of "HISTORIOGRAPHICAB-

PSYCHOLOGICAL SITUATION OF DNAs"

II Sub-Level :

LEVEL n

I Sub-Level :

"Conform ational Change DEREPRESSING"

"Conform ational Change TRANSMITTABLE TO NEUROFILAMENTS"

"Conform ational Change LEVEL I : NOT

TRANSMITTABLE TO NEUROFILAMENTS"

B irth o r B efore? When? TIME

Figure 3

(5) Stuart Hill used the expression "m ental chem istry" on the analogy of a chem ical reaction , to signify that two item s may be joined by association, in such a way that it is no longer possible to recognize, in the union, the original item s.

6 . THE CONCEPT OF RESPONSIVITY

It is c lea r that th is also is a super-d iag ram , the re su lt of a synthesis. The proceeding of the two d iagram s is , of course, pa ra lle l and coincident.

3. THE CONCEPT OF RESPONSIVITY

It is essen tia l to understand at this point that responsiv ity is an expression of potentiality which has th ree possib le actualizations, namely:

conform ational change not transm ittab le to neurofilam ents

conform ational change transm ittab le to neurofilam ents

conform ational change derep ressing

In the sam e way each actualization-level has two stages; for example, the conform ational level 2 has the following two stages or attribu tes:

stage of potentiality o r "potential”

stage of actuality

The designation "potential" is derived d irec tly from physics and from it derive the following concepts:

"work" (namely "m ental work"); and

"position of level" or "potential energy"

4. THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS"

In my opinion the p ictu re described by c lass ic neurophysiology - nam ely axodendritic synapse activation producing electrotonic conduction through the cell body, stim ulating the m em brane at the axon hillock region and there th is p rocess firing a regenerative action potential down the axon - is too o v e rsim plified and concerns only that which I defined above as the f ir s t channel (m em brane—► synapse—*► m em brane). In fact it does not consider that between axodendritic synapse and axon hillock there a re th ree s tru c tu res which electrotonic conduction can excite. They a re DNA, RNA, pro teins (and specifically fila rin ). All these th ree m acrom olecules exhibit fe rro e lec tric ity , so that they change the ir conform ation in rep ly to a changing e lec tric field; m oreover, all a re charac te rized by h y steresis and share all the physical p ro p e rtie s (p iezoelectricity , ferrom agnetism , and so on) cited before; the p ro teins when subm itted to a changing e lec tric field osc illa te , and when they o scilla te , they generate an e lec tric field(^); RNA is seen

( 6 ) Is the behaviour of DNA and RNA the sam e as th is?

THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS' 7 .

to have the a ttribu tes of a fe rro e lec tric substance at life tem p era tu res and possessing the capability of storing inform ation by a physical p ro cess , h y s te res is . In short, I think that the physical chem istry of DNA, RNA and pro teins of ce reb ra l cells will give to us many answ ers which vainly we are seeking elsew here.

So besides the c lass ic in terneuronic transm ission which uses the f ir s t channel (that is the "ex te rio r" of a neuron : m em brane), there is , in my opinion, another channel of tran sm issio n which instead uses the "inner" (DNA and neurofilam ents).

The two channels operate independently (with the unique exception of the f ir s t Code) and sim ultaneously, but with d ifferent speeds.This occurs with two possible m echanism s:-

(a) action of electrotonic conduction d irectly at the level of DNA;

(b) a rriv a l from the subsynaptic site to DNA of an inform atical p ro tein which underwent a transconform ation by the electrotonic conduction^). DNA of the subsynaptic neuron is inform ed of the experience, namely in biophysical te rm s , and undergoes a conform ational change whose type depends on the history of phenomenology A of that neuron. The type of conform ational change in tu rn determ ines the choice of the th ree following w ays:-

Way I : conform ational change not transm ittab le to neurofilam ents - DNA "considers" the experience not interesting^7 8) : the inform ation is transm itted with the f ir s t code, that is the p ro cess ends:-

(i) at the level of DNA to the stage of conform ational change not transm ittab le to neurofilam ents, and

(ii) at the level of synaptic vesicle , with re lease of the "sim ple" form of the tra n sm itte r .

So the inform ation "not in teresting" trav e ls essen tially along the f ir s t channel, but p a rtia lly also along the second one.

(7) I rem ark that such a pro tein has been synthesized on "pro ject" and on "go" of the sam e subsynaptic DNA : th is (synthesis by DNA and then presence at the level of subsynaptic site of a pro tein susceptible to responding to an estab lished patte rn of electrotonic conduction (or tra n sm itte r action on its recep tors)) could be a m echanism of p reselec tion , of p re-gating .

(8) This happens because the previous experiences (not all but only those which have engraved on this sam e DNA) program m ed it to respond, and to respond with a certa in graduation, only to some experiences, and to not respond to o thers.

8 . THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS’

This f ir s t way, re la ted to the m acro -system , nam ely to the level of com plexity of phenomenology A , corresponds to its f ir s t level 7TctvTot p e i , in which occurs the c lass ic in terneuronic tran sm issio n and with conform ational changes not synchronized of DNAs of an in term ediary field.

Way II : conform ational change transm ittab le to neurofilam ents - DNA "considers" the experience m oderately in teresting: the inform ation is transm itted along the channels 1 and 2 independently and sim ultaneously but with different speeds:

Channel I : * c lass ic interneuronic tran sm issio n

Channel II : sub-code A of the second Code.

This sub-code is form ed by the following set of opera tions:-

(i) conform ational change of DNA transm ittab le toneurofilam ents : then we can name it conform ational current^9);

(ii) tran sm issio n of th is conform ational cu rren t to neurofilam ents (10);

(iii) tran sm issio n from neurofilam ents of the f ir s t neuron to neurofilam ents and DNA of the subsynaptic one;

(iv) transm ission , always along the neurofilam ents and /or the ex trace llu la r space, with a so rt of "wave rev erb era tio n ", "by echo" "at cascade", to DNAsof all the fields of f ir s t degree form ing the in term ediary field "coding" for that inform ation m oderately in teresting .

In short, th e re is u tilization along the second channel, of the second Code in its sub-code A, whose main point is the "vibrational and /o r conform ational synchronization" of DNAs of the fields of f ir s t degree of that in term ediary field.

(9) The conform ational cu rren t of DNA could trav e l as a vibration and /o r with p iezoelectric m echanism , along the neurofilam ents; it could be also sim ultaneously ex trace llu la r. I incline tow ards a v ib ra tional-p iezoelec tric m echanism at the level of neurofilam ents.

I confirm that th is cu rren t is absolutely independent from electro tonic conduction before, and from action potential after; it is very likely that it is slow er because it could depend on in e rtia l p ro p e rtie s with toning down of neurofilam ents or on unknown p ro p e rtie s of the ex trace llu la r space.

THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS" 9 .

Also in th is second way, at level of synaptic vesicle , namely, along the f ir s t channel, th e re is re lease of the sim ple form of tra n sm itte r .

This second way corresponds to sh o rt-te rm m em ory.

Among other things, th is model accounts for a fact considered puzzling and baffling in the lite ra tu re on memory: the considerable d isagreem ent on the duration of th is tem porary reten tion : from a few seconds to eighteen hours. In my opinion, the lower values correspond to inform ations whose "support" is form ed by in term ediary fields of g rea t pe rim ete r so that the dissipation by in e rtia and /o r by deadening o r toning down of neurofilam ents is high; on the other hand, the higher values re fe r to in term ediary fields of short p e rim e te r, then with the possib ility of reinforcem ent by means of rec ip rocal rev erb era tio n by echo of the various conform ational cu rren ts of the various DNAs.

Way III : conform ational change d erep ressing - DNA "considers" theexperience very in teresting : the inform ation is transm itted along the two channels independently and sim ultaneously, but with d ifferent speeds:

Channel I : c lass ic interneuronic transm ission ;re lease of sim ple tran sm itte r

Channel II : sub-code B of the second Code.

This sub-code involves the following set of opera tions:-

A. conform ational change derep ressing : in fact this type of conform ational change determ ines, perhapsby m eans of "reflected" transconform ation-inactivation of histones, the de rep ress io n of a certa in portion of DNA with consequent

B. form ation of a special m R N A ^ ) . This special mRNA is

Special, because its Codes depend just on the p a rt of DNA which has been d e rep ressed , whose choice is determ ined by the psychological history of the same DNA in that moment. Such h istory has at leas t th ree c lasses of h is to rio g rap h ers :-

(a) the genome "ab in itus";(b) all the "tow ard-nucleus" inform atical pro teins which in

different tim es a re a rriv ed to DNA starting from vesic le-RNA "activated", "derep ressed " by transm issions in Code IIB ; . . .c td .

1 0 . THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS"

destined to a rriv e , by m eans of the axonal tra n sp o r t, to synaptic vesic les (or perhaps, only to one type of these, exactly those which sto re the "com plex" form of tra n sm itte r) .

Let us leave for a while th is mRNA trave lling in anterograde sense the axon and let us see what has already happened to the regenera tive action potential. The action potential re lease s , along the f ir s t channel, the tra n sm itte r in its sim ple form .

I suppose, indeed, that for every tra n sm itte r there exist twofo rm s of s to rag e :-

(a) the "sim ple" form , which is that re leased along the f ir s t channel;

(b) the "com plex" form which p asses to sim ple when there a re tran sm issio n s in Code II® along the second channel.

I can rep resen t these two form s as in Figure 4.

SYNAPTIC VESICLE

M embrane of the Synaptic V esicle

RNA (: "Vesicle-RNA")

• : T ran sm itte r "COMPLEX"

o : T ran sm itte r "SIMPLE"

PRESYNAPTIC/MEMBRANE

Figure 4

(c) all the inform ative m ateria l form ing the third Code (inform aticalp ro teins, RNA [fo r example by action of rev e rse tra n sc r ip to se (there is in ce reb ra l ce lls? ) with consequent genes am plifica tion ] , o thers).

I want to rem ark that the environm ent acts ju st by m eans of the h isto riographers (b) and(c).Howrever, in every case DNA of subsynaptic neuron "knows" what mRNA, nam ely coding for what "substance of in term ed iary field configuration", it has to send to its axonal synapse.

THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS’ 11 .

Let us consider the assem blage RNA-A T P -tra n sm itte r complex: RNA in th is model, has the function of a ’’re g is tra r of the h istory of fir in g ” of the vesicle in which it is placed. I name then th is RNA "vesicle-R N A ". Vesicle-RNAform s the second reg is tra tio n system p resen t at ce llu lar-m o lecu lar level in CNS, beyond DNA: while nuclear DNA is the "m em ory at the level of the neuron"; vesicle-RNA is the individual m em ory of the firing of the vesicle , that is of the sam e neuron. But, essen tia lly , the two reg is tra tio n system s a re intercom m unicating by m eans of a b id irec tional feedback’. Ju st as D N A i^R N A , so also nuclear D N A ^ ; vesicle-R N A ’.

Vesicle-RNA behaves alternatively as mRNA and r RNA on its 2 "sides" . ATP could furnish the energy for the re lease of tra n sm itte r .

C. The conform ational cu rren t of DNA arriv ing by means of neurofilam ents (Channel II) in th is s tru c tu re causes a conform ational change of RNA, which has 2 consequences:

(1) breakage of the bond RNA - ATP;

(2) h y s te res is of RNA, that is , reg is tra tio n of h istory of firing of that vesicle^12).

D. The breakage of the bond RNA - ATP p erm its the passage of tra n sm itte r from complex to sim ple - leading to liberation of that p a rt of vesicle-RNA which beforew as "blocked", " rep re ssed " by the piece A T P -tran sm itte r.

E . Complex follows synthesis by th is p a r t of vesicle-RNA, and on its side overlooking the m em brane of vesicle (vesicle-RNA in th is side acts as mRNA; vesicle m em brane as the 30S subunit of ribosom e of an inform atical protein which goes to nuclear DNA by m eans of re tro g rad e axonal tra n sp o rt and concurs in program m ing it so that at thenext tran sm issio n in Code IIB , DNA "knows" what mRNA it has to send down to its axonal synapse. R efer Figure 5.

(S tructural Gene) DNA

OPERON "conee r- | ^ ned" with the storage! am ount and, h enc e , \ ]with the synthesis if of the tra n sm itte r / I

(Regulator Gene) DNA

—>* mRNA — =»- ENZYME —»■ TRANSMITTER

"COMPLEX" "SIMPLE"

"INFORMATICAL PROTEIN"F o r the storage amount of the T ran sm itte r

’VESICLE-RNA"

F igure 5.

1 2 . THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS"

F . A fter such a " to w ard -n u c leu s" in fo rm atica l p ro te inw hich has been sep a ra te d from vesicle-R N A , th e re a r r iv e s the mRNA w hich we le ft in the axon, and ( in the sam e position of vesicle-R N A (but on the o the r side) le ft free by the quantum of tra n s m itte r com plex w hich becam e sim ple and which in in te rm e d ia ry tim e , has syn thesized the to w ard -nucleus p ro te in ), sy n th esizes a substance, th is one also a p ro te in - "su b stan ce of in te rm e d ia ry field configura tion". This has the following function: it allow s a specific g eo m etrica l configuration of an in te rm e d ia ry field of Code II® w ith the synchronizing b iochem ically of DNAs of the fie lds of f i r s t deg ree constitu ting such in te rm e d ia ry field of Code II®.

F o r resum ing the Code DNA synchronous, if the DNA m et by the ex p erien ce co n s id e rs th is very in te re s tin g , th e re is u tiliza tion of the f i r s t two channe ls; along the inne r one th e re is tra n sm is s io n w ith Code II®, w hose m ain point is b io chem ical synchron iza tion of DNAs of the fie lds of deg ree I of the in te rm ed ia ry fie ld ; such synch ron iza tion is effected by the substance of in te rm ed ia ry field configu ra tion .

The Code II®, nam ely the th ird way, is tha t w hich codes for lo n g -te rm m em ory , tha t is , the th ird level of phenom enology A . R efer F igure 6.

SYNOPTIC PICTURE OF CODE "DNA - SYNCHRONOUS" |

E lec tro to n ic CHANNEL II CHANNEL IConduction 1'

"C onform ational Change not T ran sm ittab le to N eu ro filam en ts"

R e lease of the fo rm "SIM PLE"T „ 1°*-of T ra n sm itte r

DNA " - ' / u "C onform ational Change T ran sm ittab le to N eu ro filam en ts" .

"V ib rational a n d /o r C onform ational Synchronization of DNAs"

R elease of the fo rm "SIM PLE" of T ra n sm itte r

\ \"C onform ational Change D e rep re ss in g "

\(a) a s above(b) P assa g e of

A "B iochem ical Synchronization of DNAs" "C om ple^’T ra n sm - . i t te r to "S im ple"-----

F igure 6 !

^ ' Note tha t th is could be ju s t the m echanism by m eans of which the quantity of the com plex fo rm re g u la te s the to ta l am ount of tr a n s m itte r s to red in a v esic le ; being a "com plex" fo rm of s to rag e and con tro l, the fo rm of ready im plem entation being " s im p le " . R efer F igure 5.

THE CODE "DNA SYNCHRONOUS’ 13.

So there are two types of synchronization of DNAs, sim ultaneous but independent, and then not n ecessa rily para lle l: -

biochem ical : p a tte rn of rep ress io n -d e rep ressio n ;

conform ational : level, potential and actual, of conform ational responsivity .

Of the th ree possib ilities: the history of phenomenology A is w ritten -

(a) in the separa te conform ational situation;

(b) in the separate biochem ical situation; or

(c) in both; this la s t one is the m ost logical, and the m ost probable.

I can now re tu rn to the constitution of phenomenon A .

5. THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A .

This is based on a h ierarchy of th ree c lasses or degrees of s tru c tu re (or b e tte r, ’’p lastic configurations” , for underlining th e ir pecu liarity of being eminently dynam ical, functional) which I name ’fie ld s’ for resem bling the electrom agnetic fie lds, with which one of the types which ch arac te rize them (the electrochem ical) has some likeness.

There a re five categories of fields d istributed in th ree degrees or c lasses . In o rd er of increasing functional (inform atical and psychological) complexity, the fie lds a re the following:

Degree or C lass I : neuronal fields; glial fields; g lial-neuronalfields

(13)Degree or C lass II : in term ed iary fie lds ' ’

(14)D egree or C lass III : m egafields

and respectively the inform atic content loaded in such ’’tabulae” , for exhibiting a word of philosophical m em ory, can be nam ed:-

(13) Another name, so to say teleological, for the in term ed iary fields is ’psycholog ica l’ or ’psychological-inform ational’ fields.

(14)The megafield c lashes v/ith that phase of phenomenon A which, in the case of F^,

we named F j 11 .

14 . THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A

Degree or C lass I : <5' (on tim e t)M

Degree or C lass II : o (on tim e t)

Degree or C lass III : A F (on tim e t)

Each category (with the exclusion of glial fields and p artia lly of g lia l-neuronal fields which a re charac te rized by the th ird Code), has two types - (a) e lectrochem ical, and (b) DNA synchronous, according to w hether inform ation loaded in them is transm itted respectively with the f i r s t or the second Code. The type DNA synchronous has the sub-types corresponding to sub-codes A and B of the second Code,

The electrochem ical and DNA synchronous types can be p resen ted sim ultaneously (but with d ifferent respective speeds) for the sam e field, in which case the f ir s t type is necessary , but is not necessa ry (it needs in addition that DNA considers the experience m oderately or very interesting) in o rd er that the second type be p resen t.

It is essen tia l to d ifferentiate my concept of neuronal field from the stereotyped p ictu re of a neuron. Indeed to me a sim ple neuron is also a field, that is a polivalens dynamic s tru c tu re with autodecisional faculties: in fact it (in p a rticu la r its DNA) can decide, on the basis of its personal psychological h istory and m em ory, if transm ission is to be with Codes I, I I , or m , or sim ultaneously with two of them or with all these Codes. But, of g rea tes t im portance, its decisional faculties are in both senses, that is to tran sm it and to receive, both with two levels or a ttribu tes - potential and actual.

A num ber X of fields of f ir s t degree, form s an in term ed iary field.This num ber X can change for different in term ediary fields or for the sam e in te rm ediary field in successive tim es. The m etatransduction code, o r m ore exactly the m etatransduction m echanism for the inform atical content of the components of phenomenology A, can be degenerated by two types of degeneration:

(a) the sam e in term ed iary field codes for different 6 " ;

(b) many 6 "coded by the sam e in te rm ed iary field at different tim es.

I rem ark that this is ju st the degeneration of the two m etatransduction m echanism s which may be the key for explaining psychopathological symptoms of m ental d iseases .

An in term ediary field can be defined as a configurational state of phenomenon A, that of its substratum , the brain , in which is loaded an inform ation ( 6 " ), for the purpose of using words of psychology and philosophy; a "subject of thought", the "content of an em otion” and so on, or which fulfils a "function" or another form of the components of phenomenology A, (which, of course, has its own in form atical content, nam ely that which is linked with psychological inform ation).

THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A 15.(15)The in term ed iary fields 7 have some intriguing ch arac te ris tic s:

(a) they can expatiate in the sam e anatom ical s tru c tu re or nucleus, but can also connect cereb ra l cells placed in different nuclei and depths and, by m eans of in te rhem is- pheric com m issural form ations, also fields of f ir s t degree placed in the two hem ispheres. This hypothesis accounts for sp lit-b ra in phenomena: indeed the inform atic content is coded by the geom etrical c h a r a c te r i s t ic s ^ ) Qf the in te rm ediary field, but not by its amplitude;

(b) "making cen ter" in a field of f ir s t degree, the num ber of fields of second degree which contained it in tim e t, which contain it in tim e t 1, and which shall be able (1?) to contain it in tim e t 11, is very high; they follow one another very rapidly, nam ely with the speed of psychic phenomena. Is such a speed only that of tran sm issio n in Code I along the "outer" channel, or that of Code II along the "inner" channel, or an in term ed iary speed, in te rfe ren tia l between those of the two codes along the two channels?).

This very rapid succession of in term ediary fields, with the consequent swift m utability of the m egafields resu lting from them, accounts for two concepts consecrated by the h istory of philosophy:

TTotVTot p e i (and for the homonymous level of phenomenology A)

m ental chem istry ./ I Q\

Given for the NFn v l T 2001 ' tim e t, the num ber nt ofin term ed iary fields which p artic ipa te or can partic ipa te , the n u m b e r : = 1̂ - x̂ . of in te rm ed iary fields, is defined as "m em ory at the level of n f n VLT 2001 on tim e tM, w here x ̂ is the num ber of in term ed iary fields solely electrochem ical, and is the

(15) The in term ed iary fields could correspond somehow, but only very approxim ately, to g lio-neural c ircu its ; very approxim ately because it is not at all necessa ry to think of the in term ediary fields as c ircu its , that is as s tru c tu re s "closed", but all or some of them can be s tru c tu re s which a re "open".(16) The geom etrical c h a rac te ris tic s involve differentiated stereotaxic-b iochem icalc la sse s of cereb ra l cells with differentiated afferens, efferens and interconnections with different psychological h is to ries of the ir respective DNAs: they a re alsopsychological-inform ational c la sse s .

(17) Here it is n ecessa ry to include a p robabilistic s ta tis tica l concept analogousto the concept of potentiality . In th is respec t, a quantum m echanical approach would be useful.

(18) _ neuronai field; NVLT = nucleus v en tro -la te ra lis thalam i; 2001 = a num ber allotted to the neuronal field.

16. THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A

num ber of in term ed iary fields whose fields of f ir s t degree have operated or a re operating a vibrational-conform ational or biochem ical synchronization of the ir DNAs.I w ill re fe r to this definition as the concept of "MEMORY AT THE LEVEL OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL CEREBRAL CELL". The pt a re divided as: ^ of Code IIA and |i£ of Code II®. Such a model accounts for one of the m ost puzzling ch a rac te ris tic s of m em ory (and especially of long-term m em ory), that is , its delocalization and consequent m ultiple representation: in fact, a given field of f ir s t degree which has synthesized a substance of in term ediary field configuration p artic ipa tes or can partic ipa te in very num erous in term ediary fields of Code I, and has the capability to begin a chain-synthesis of that substance along a certa in proportion of in term ediary fields, nam ely those whose DNAs become receptive for in terpolation of an additional factor to the a rr iv a l of such substance and to its resyn thesis , or to its p rim ary synthesis, whose DNAs lift in sufficient m easure the ir potential level of conform ational responsiv ity .

field of f i r s t degree

"orig inal"in term ediary field of Code II® of the f i r s t experience coded by the II® code,

in term ediary fields of Code I to which the field of f ir s t degree (•) partic ipa tes (or "can" partic ipa te .)

"secondary" in term ediary fields of n® experience loaded with the sam e experience in following tim es.

Figure 7

Such a field of f ir s t degree, has the p ro p e rtie s :-

(a) of being common to m ore in term ediary fields;

(b) of synthesizing one or m ore substances of in term ediary field configuration (that is transm itting , or at least able to tran sm it in Code II®). It is a KEY-FIELD of long-term m em ory and, therefo re , of the history of phenomenology A , because on it depends the shift, the associating, and hence the form ation of new emotions, new thoughts, that is , of p a rts of new phenomena A ;

THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A 17.

(c) the in te rm e d ia ry fie lds do not have fixed and unchangeable "b o rd e rs " , but th e ir b o rd e rs a re functionally fluctuating w ith g re a t speed and p la s tic ity , fragm enting and r e constitu ting th em se lv es in a "wave like" m anner;

(d) for in te rm e d ia ry fie lds "ex p re ss in g th em se lv es in the f i r s t Code" (but only for those fo rm ed , to ta lly o r p a r tia lly , by neuronal fields) th e re is sim ply a law:

"A neuron can accep t in fo rm ation only from those neurons which re le a se a tra n s m itte r for w hich the f i r s t one has the re c e p to rs " .

In re a lity th is law is consid erab ly e la s tic and it is r a th e r a lim ita tio n , because th e re a re , in my opinion, at le a s t th re e p o ss ib ilitie s in o rd e r that two neurons not having "com plem en tary re q u is i te s " ( tra n sm itte r and re c e p to r com plem entary) can en te r into "synap tic" re la tio n sh ip :

(1) change of the t r a n s m itte r w ith fo rm ation of w hat I defineas "A daptive T ra n sm itte r" : tha t is fo rm ation inneuron A of the tr a n s m itte r com plem en tary to the re c e p to r of neuron B (th is p ro c e s s involves p assag e of in fo rm ation in d irec tio n B—►A(IS) ;

(2) fo rm ation of an "A daptive R ecep to r" , com plem en tary to the tr a n s m itte r of neuron A by neuron B (th is p ro c e ss involves p assag e of in fo rm ation in d irec tio n A—►B^^);

(3) the two neurons not having com plem en tarity re q u is ite s , e s tab lish th e ir re la tio n sh ip by m eans of one o r m ore loops of g lia l c e lls w ith tra n sm is s io n in Code III.

5 . 1 The P h ases of Phenom enon A .

We can now understand the dynam ics of fo rm ation of the p h ases of phenom enon A. F or exam ple, fo r F p F-̂ 1— ►F^"— ►F^"1 . F^1 co rre sp o n d s tothe phase of fo rm ation of the in te rm e d ia ry fie lds from the fie lds of f i r s t d e g re e . All th e se in te rm e d ia ry fie lds p lay a p a r t in the constitu tion of the m egafield but only som e of them c h a ra c te r iz e it . In fact, the m egafield can link o r "b rid g e" fie lds of f i r s t d eg ree belonging to d iffe ren t in te rm e d ia ry fie lds, w ithout following all "b o u n d arie s" of them , e sp ec ia lly for exam ple those which a re " in te rn a l" .

( 19 ) In fo rm atica l p ro te in s , RNA, and o th e rs : Code III.

1 8 . THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A

F ig u re 8

The "period of p re se n c e " of the m egafield is F^" . The g eo m e tric a l configuration of the m egafield is the " re su lta n t" of the g eo m etrica l configu ra tions of the in te rm e d ia ry fie lds which fo rm it. Hence a lso the psychological m eaning of m egafield is the " re su lta n t" of the psycholog ical m eanings of the in te r m ed ia ry fields w hich fo rm it.

F^1" co rre sp o n d s to the fac t th a t the m egafield configuration "b re a k s" in som e poin ts fo r reco n s tru c tin g new in te rm e d ia ry fie lds (nam ely those th a t w ill be the in te rm e d ia ry fie lds of F ), w ith a so r t of re v e rb e ra tio n ; such period of b reakage o r fragm en ta tion co rre sp o n d s to F^m . The "b re a k a g e -re c o n s tru c tio n p o le s" in th is p ro c e s s of re a rra n g e m e n t of the configu ra tions of in te rm ed ia ry fie lds co incide p re fe ra b ly with som e p riv ileg ed poin ts : the fie ld s of f i r s t d eg ree , which am ong all fie lds of homologous d eg ree of the m egafield F^ have been tra n sm itte d o r a re tran sm ittin g (or w ill tra n s m it? ) with the second code.

The m echanism of dynam ics of fo rm ation of the phases of phenom enon A accounts for som e c h a ra c te r is t ic s of phenom enology A :

(a) the fact, a lread y noted by psychology, of the ex istence of a "conductor w ire " betw een the m ental s ta te s of su ccess iv e in s tan ts ;

(b) phenom enology A can be co n s id e re d a s o r t of s e lf con tro lling and se lf-su s ta in in g re a c tio n (by th is I do not m ean rig id de te rm in ism ) and each of i ts m om ents, nam ely each phenom enon A , has two com ponents which, using the term ino logy of philosophy, I nam e:

THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A 19.

(1) "inductive component" : from the configurational s ta tes of f ir s t and second degree to m egafield;

(2) "deductive component" : from m egafield to in te r m ediary fields and also to single fields of f ir s t degree^2^).

5 .2 The (A ?) Definition of Phenomenon A .

I can now try to give the (a ?) definition ofphenomenon A , that is:

"for phenomenon A on tim e t^ (F^) is defined as the m egafield resu lting in tim e t^ with its rev e rb era tio n - activation (in the sense of form ation of new in term ediary fields) p re fe ren tia lly based on one or m ore in term ediary fields which a re functionally interconnected. Such rev erb era tio n -activ a tio n is e ssen tia l for the form ation of F2

5. 3 The "M etatransduction M echanism s".

In the phynology of phenomenology A , it is essen tia l to distinguish two aspects:

( 21)(a) the "com ponents", namely will , consciousness,

thought, em otion and so on; and

(b) the "in form atical contents of these com ponents", nam ely a "will act"(21), a "consciousness s ta te" , a "thought subject", an "em otion content" and so on).

v "Attention" could just correspond to the "rev erb era tio n " from m egafield to one or to a set of in term ed iary fields (= deductive component), w hereas "mind" or "mind thought" seem s m ore to correspond to the inductive component from the p a rt to the whole. The p a rt form s the whole and the whole rev e rb e ra te s on the p a rt.

Perhaps the explanation of "w ilf’can be found only on a m ath em atica l-s ta tistica l b asis , handling sim ultaneously the in te rre la tio n s which link, according to the th ree codes and along the th ree channels, m illions or all the ce reb ra l cells of the human b ra in . Another possib ility is to consider will as a quantum m echanics p ro cess .Indeed quantum m echanics d esc rib es a system solely s ta tistica l: early in the developm ent of quantum m echanics it was recognized that the Heisenberg Uncertainty P rincip le had a d irec t bearing on the philosophical "F ree Will" problem . Bohr (1934) suggested that certa in key points controlling the m echanism of the b rain might be so sensitive and delicately balanced that they should properly be described quantum m echanically, making "free w ill" a possib ility . It is in teresting to com pare this suggestion with the previous, that is , my conception of "breakage-reconstruction po les".

20. THE CONSTITUTION OF PHENOMENON A

A problem which, from the tim e of Plato has proved to be enorm ously difficult, is the following:

To what can such ’’com ponents" and th e ir respective "contents" correspond in the dynam ism of psychic life subtended at the end by ce reb ra l morphophynology ?: that is , the problem of m ind /brain relationship .

( 22)In my opinion th e re a re , in th is respec t, two "m etatransduction m echanism s" :-

(a) the "com ponents" a re coded each respectively by a p a rticu la r percentage differential of position and in d ifferent s tru c tu res (nuclei), and in d ifferent layers of the c e reb ra l cells form ing the in term ediary fields which "m etatransduce for them com ponents’’̂ ^ ;

(b) the "inform atical contents" of such components a re coded by the geom etrical c h a rac te ris tic s of the respective in term ed iary fields loaded by the d ifferent &

According to the d ifferent content of phenomenology A, such geom etrical c h a rac te ris tic s a re perm itted : -

(a) in the level ttoivtoi p e i by m eans of the "pseudo- or broken synchronization" of DNAs;

(b) in the level sh o rt-te rm m em ory by m eans of the ’’vibrational - conform ational synchronization" of DNAs; and

(c) in the level long-term m em ory by m eans of the ir "biochem ical synchronization" operated by the substance of in term ediary field configuration.

(22) "m e ta -" in the etym ological meaning of m etaphysics: Ta yera Ta 4>uaiKa= beyond the physical things.

(23 ̂ Exam ple: W hatever in term ed iary field (of whatever geom etrical configuration), whose fields of f i r s t degree occupy the following percentages of position, has the psychological meaning, that is "is lived" as "thought":

70% frontal cortex20% nucleus v en tro -la te ra lis thalam i10% hippocampus

= thought

w hereas w hatever in te rm ed iary field with percen tages of position:

70% thalam us 20% frontal cortex 10% hippocampus

"m eans" psychologically "em otion"

21 .

6. THE "SUBSTANCES OF INTERMEDIARY FIELD CONFIGURATION"

As we have seen, synthesis of substances of in term ed iary field configuration form s one stage of the p ro cess which develops when electro tonic conduction produces one p a rticu la r type of conform ational change of DNA, nam ely the conform ational change fd e rep ress in g ’.

Such conform ational change rderep ress in g ' and the consequent synthesis of the substance of in term ediary field configuration can be mono o r p lurifocal, that is , it can happen at the level of only one or of m ore DNA of the e lectrochem ical in te r m ediary field.

Let us consider, for exam ple, the case of monofocal synthesis. After it has been synthesized, the substance of in term ed iary field configuration, in o rd er that it can perfo rm its function of "biochem ical synchronizer" of DNAs, has to c ro ss the m em brane of the synaptic vesicle and the p re and postsynaptive m em branes; it passes on in the subsynaptic neuron, goes to DNA of th is la tte r and there acts in the following m anner; it " s tick s" to the set of codons (or to the whole operon) which code for it, and d e rep resses them; there follows synthesis of mRNA coding for the sam e "substance", which th is tim e is at the level of N issl substance and synthesizes the same "substance"; th is with an terograde axonal tran sp o rt a rr iv e s at the axonal synapse of th is second cell, p asses the th ird one and so continuously for all fields of f i r s t degree form ing the in term ediary field which was traced in itially by Code I along Channel I, s ta rtin g from the f ir s t field of f ir s t degree m et by the inform ation," very in teresting".

It is im portant to note that the tran sm issio n in Code IIB is m erely prim ed by the in itial p a rt of the p ro cess according to Code I (namely electro tonic conduction) but after it follows an independent and tem porarily slow er developm ent. This independence is im portant because the sam e f ir s t field of f ir s t degree, while it is transm itting in w hatever of the two sub-codes of Code II (consequent to an in itial tran sm iss io n in Code I), can also get involved itse lf in transm itting in Code I for another in term ed iary field and possib ly , in re sp ec t to certa in in tervals of tim e n ecessa ry for the biophysical-biochem ical p ro cesses at the level of DNA(24)) also in Code II for this sam e second in term ed iary field.

In short, the function of a substance of in term ediary field configuration is as follows: it allows a ce rta in geom etrical configuration of one in term ediary field onthe b asis of Code IIB to synchronize biochem ically (that is , w riting the sam e psychological history) the DNAs of the fields of f ir s t degree having p a rt in such an

(24) But perhaps, not even th is lim it of tim e is n ecessa ry because DNA, modified by the f ir s t tran sm issio n in Codes I and II p re sen ts on the second occasion a different "hot zone" which can be d e rep ressed if it is the case that the DNA considers this second inform ation as "very in te resting". There a r is e s a question to which, it appears to me, m olecular biologists have not yet rep lied in a conclusive way: "inm am m alian ce lls , can two rem ote and independent se ts of codons (or b e tte r, whole operons) be de rep ressed sim ultaneously?"

2 2 . THE "SUBSTANCES OF INTERMEDIARY FIELD CONFIGURATION"

in term ed iary field. In the case of monofocal synthesis, th e re is then, if a ll fields of f i r s t degree become "recep tive", a chain-syn thesis of the sam e "substance" along all the extensions of the sam e in term ed iary field; w hereas in the case of p lurifocal synthesis, the substance of in term ediary field configuration has just the function of uniting the "s tro k es" left " free" by the DNAs not receptive to a p rim ary synthesis of i t ; that is ,no t ready for a conform ational change d erep ressing .

The concept of receptiv ity is essen tial: the recep tiv ity of a DNA to the p rim ary synthesis(25) of a substance of in term ed iary field configuration o r to a secondary one(26) is c losely linked to the psychological h isto ry of that DNA, namely to its "conform ational situation" and to its "biochem ical situation".

The substance of in term ed iary field configuration is rea lly a "secondary tra n sm itte r" , that is it acts in p a ra lle l lines, consecutively and independently of the "c lass ic" tra n sm itte r , because it acts on DNA, which in every neuron is the "secondary recep to r" .

A "figurative" denomination for in term ed iary and m egafields is that of "MENTAL VECTORS". While the d irection is traced by the genoma (that is by the th ird Code with its intervention in the m orphogenesis of CNS: p ro cesses of recognition between c e reb ra l ce lls , synaptogenesis, form ation of pathways and so on), the sense of each vector is specified ju st by the substances of in term ediary field configuration. These act like a pencil: they " tra ce " , "design" configurations and hence they " tra ce " , "design" psychological m eanings - contents.

Up to the p resen t, a re there known substances of in term ediary field configuration? My answ er is Yes. In my opinion the action m echanism of scotophobin is just that of a typical substance of in term ed iary field configuration (it is worth noting that scotophobin was found in e a r lie r experim ents bound to RNA: was perhaps this the piece of vesicle - RNA which had ju st finished synthesizing it? )How is it possible to explain the g rea t specificity of its aminoacid sequence for which the rep lacem ent of a spartic acid with asparagine in position 2 is sufficient to cause an activity decrease of 90%, if not with a p ro cess which needs the maximum specificity and fidelity, nam ely the in teraction with the DNA codons - th is is the p rocess that I nam e "INVERSE TRANSCRIPTION"? I consider the form of scotophobin with 10% of activ ity as a m issense m utation(27).

(25) Conformational change d erep ressing .

A rrival of the substance of in term ed iary field configuration and its resyn thesis .

(27)v Codons or m essenger RNA code designations for a sp artic acid: GAU GAC ’

for asparagine: I

THE "SUBSTANCES OF INTERMEDIARY FIELD CONFIGURATION" 23.

Is there known in m olecular biology a p ro cess which I name "derep ression by coding" or "adaptive derep ression" or be tter s till, " inverse tran sc rip tio n "? This is c learly a rh e to ric question. This is the in itial theoretical form ulation: I imagine the action m echanism of scotophobin in the second neuron and /o r glial cell to be in the following w ay, as in Figure 9:

HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE ACTION MECHANISM OF SCOTOPHOBIN

o©

©

DNA-

OPERON — Coding for Scotophobin

HistonesREPRESSION

----- 1

X</\

Scotophobin arriv ing from the F ield of 1°, P resynap tic or

__ P reg liap tic

DEREPRESSION

? < -m R N A for the RESYNT HESIS of I P SCOTOPHOBIN

FFigure 9

My explanation for the fact that the sim ple rep lacem ent of only one aminoacid determ ines a decrease of 90% in activity, is that such a d ifferent substance codes, perhaps, for another " inform atical content" and that this "new" substance causes the "desynchronization" of DNAs "from the frequency" of scotophobin and the p a rt "synchronization” alm ost fully on another frequency - namely on the inform atical content coded by such substance. I expect that in future there will be found a "thought subject" separa te from , but perhaps very s im ila r to the "darkness fe a r '" ' whose substance of in term ed iary field configuration with 100% of activity will ju st be the scotophobin with 10% of activity, namely that with asparagine in position 2r.

A confirm ation of a different kind for th is theory about the action m echanism of scotophobin as a substance of in term ed iary field configuration is possible using anti-scotophobin antibodies: with histoim m unofluorescence, it might

" F ear of the ? " or "love of the dark", that is , shall the sentim ent change (or b e tte r the component of phenomenology A) or its inform atical content?

24. THE "SUBSTANCES OF INTERMEDIARY FIELD CONFIGURATION"

be possib le to see to what c e reb ra l cells and w here in these (namely in which sub- ce llu la r localization) it is bound. F u rther, is the effect of scotophobin blocked by actinom ycin D ?


Memory, which, as we have seen, is the discrim inating elem ent between the two levels of phenomenology A, fits very well into the p re sen t hypothesis which, among the o ther things, may account for those many c h a rac te ris tic s which have been considered previously by re se a rc h e rs in th is field as puzzling and baffling.

Memory, which I define as a "working method of phenomenology A", is coded only by the second Code whose sub-codes A and B re la te respectively to sh o rt- and long-term m em ory.

For testing the hypothesis, le t us begin with a situation from which we can obtain p robationary indications on validity. Then, in re la tion to long-term m em ory - a form of m em ory which it has been very difficult to explain by all previous hypotheses - in what does this consist according to the p resen t hypothesis? It co n sis ts in the p resence of p re-syn thesized substances (the substances of in term ediary field configuration) on which depend established configurations of in term ediary fields, namely:

(a) established "components of phenomenology A " (emotion ,thought and so on); and

(b) th e ir " inform atical contents" (an "em otion content", a"thought subject" and so on).

Hence the m ain point of m em ory consists of or identifies itse lf not with the substance of in te rm ed iary field configuration, but ju st with the configuration of the in te rm ediary field itse lf in re sp ec t to which the homonym substance is only "allowing", tha t is " trac ing".

Let us see now how the different p ro p e rtie s and c h a rac te ris tic s of m em ory a re explained by the p re sen t hypothesis.

7 .1 Selection of Inform ation W orth Being Rem em beredand Graduated M em orization.

These two aspects depend on the factor which determ ines the choice between the th ree ways, namely DNAs m et by the experience; it is ju st these DNAs which "decide" on the b asis of the type of conform ational change which the ir "psychologic h isto ry" allows, w hether the inform ation is "not-", is "m oderately -", o r is "v ery -in te re s tin g " . In short, the DNAs of the in term ed iary field electrochem ical a re "loaded" by the experience that functions as " filte r" , as "gate". R efer Figure 10.

A BIG TEST FOR THE HYPOTHESIS : MEMORY 25.

MEMORY - ACCORDING TO THE HYPOTHESIS

INTERNEURONAL EVENTS-i

EXPERIENCE

E lec trochem ica l Changes

E lec trochem ica l Changes — — (Sensorial R eceptor in the m ajo rity of cases)

Chem icalChanges

TravToiCp e l

(Encoded in path | ways = conform 1

SHORTTERMMEMORY

(Encoded in

ational changes , . ^ r a T i o m lnot synchronized! w _ „, , 1 an d /o r Conf-of DNAs:’Pseudo orm ationalSynchronization ’’! _ . . ,„ 1 Synchromzat-or ro ven yn , .Qn Substanceschrom zation’: lacks

LONG TERM

MEMORY!(Encoded in

pathways = ’’B iochem ical Synchronization of DNAs” :

the unifying p a rtic ipation of Neuro F ilam e n ts ).

_ I

h ________1

— Conform ational Change I not T ransm ittab le to l N eurofilam ents

J

of Interm ediary F ield Configuration^

(C onform nt innnKof DNA) j— Conform ational Change

I T ransm ittab le to N eurofilam ents

— Conform ational Change D erepressing —v1 INTRANEURONAL EVENTS

Figure 10.

7 .2 Storage

A(a) S ho rt-te rm m em ory is coded by Code II , and is

encoded in pathways (by means of v ib rational- conform ational synchronization of DNAs ’’via” neurofilam ents) for a ce rta in tim e, then d isappears (inertia l toning down of neurofilam ents and desynchronization by background noise, [the f ir s t level: ^otvxa pei "Jand by long-term m em ory).

g(b) Long-term m em ory is coded by Code II and is also

encoded in pathways, but by m eans of biochem ical synchronization of DNAs.

The two types of synchronization can operate as ’’devices of s to ra g e ” because the tran sm issio n along the f ir s t channel is as ’’add ressed ” , as "guided” (practically "forced" to choose one way between the many) when th e re is a p resigned track - a recognition footstep in the second channel (as we saw previously the "in terchannels fac ilita tion” functions in both senses).


So, in my opinion, the two types of m em ory are not at all two stages of a common p ro cess (as stated by m ost re s e a rc h e rs in th is field), but they a re already, right at the beginning, essen tia lly different because the inform ation is sto red e ither in sh o rt- o r in long-term m em ory. The sh o rt-te rm m em ory of a given inform ation can becom e rlong’ only if DNA of one of the fields of f i r s t degree of the in term ed iary field "bearing” the sh o rt-te rm m em ory of that inform ation is "m odified" so that it recognizes or considers as "very in teresting" the sam e inform ation as before instead of considering it m erely "m oderately in te re s tin g " . B riefly , ’ sh o rt’ - becom es Hong’ - only if it is passed along some point of the " track " , an additional factor which ind irectly by m eans of conform ational change d e rep ress in g (or b e tte r, by lifting the potential level of conform ational responsivity) causes the s ta r t of the biochem ical synchronization of DNAs. Other essen tia l d ifferences between the two types of m em ory depend on the different sub- types of the second code that they use.

7. 3 D elocalization and Multiple R epresentation

The explanation of these p ro p e rtie s has been given by the concept of keyfields of f ir s t degree (see figure 7). Such delocalization m echanism , for exam ple, in the case of long-term m em ory the "qualification of key- fields of f i r s t d e g re e d )"a llo w s m oreover, the understanding of the "filing c rite rio n " used by m em ory: it files the inform ations in whatever m anner interconnected along in te rm ed ia ry fields which share one or m ore key-fields of f i r s t degree; just exhibiting such a filing c rite rio n as:

(a) we can rem em ber about an old event not only oneinform ation ('^component", m ainly a "function" and "inform atical content of th is function" simultaneously) but a broad set of inform ations(30) all concerning the sam e event; and_________________________________________

The qualification of key-fields of f ir s t degree is dynamic, changing, variable and not fixed once and for all: the elem ent which "decides" the qualification of a given field of f ir s t degree on the instan t t to key—field is itse lf dynamic, changing, variab le: it is the psychological h istory of that individual field of f ir s t degree in its developm ent.

The w ideness of th is set depends on a ce rta in number of p a ram ete rs :(a) "em otional or in tellectual in te re s t" which we had in that given

situation, (that is "m otivation" for using psychological term inology; in the term inology of the p re sen t hypothesis - level of conform ational responsiv ity of the involved DNAs, that is level of phenomenology A);

(b) all the o ther p a ram e te rs (m ental tired n ess , level of vigilance, attention, com petition "with m asking" by sim ultaneous inputs, and so on) in rea lity act ju st because they a re engraved on the pa ram ete r (a), that is on the level of phenomenology A .


(b) som etim es we reco llec t consecutively thingsapparently not connected with each other.

7 .4 Equipotentiality

If we consider the m etatransduction m echanism for the components (= differentiated percentage of position in nuclei and layers of the fields of f i r s t degree) the explanation is very simple: there a re so many cells in a given nucleus and at a given depth'.

Finally, let us attack the explanation of RECALL, a m ost difficult of neural and behavioural problem s from the physical and chem ical viewpoint, especially for that type of reca ll which consists of the fast re tr ie v a l on conscious demand of inform ation stored long before.

7. 5 Recall from Long-Term Memory

H ere in tervenes the problem which corresponds to the "w ill", o r be tte r, the "will of rem em bering". In my opinion the "will of rem em bering" corresponds to an electrochem ical m egafield with a p a rticu la r percen tage of position ot the fields of in ferio r degree wmcn constitute it and its inform atical content to the "characteriz ing p a rt" , the m egafield. That is , the succession is c learly : (1) I "have in mind" the person A, —►(2) I "want to rem em b er" the person A,—^(3) I rem em ber the person A. T herefore , a re ca ll is voluntary in a way "sui generis" , because it is determ ined by the predom inating portion of the m egafield - will of the precedent tim e. So the explanation of th is type of re c a ll is possib ly the following: when the characteriz ing p a rt of a megafield - will (which p rac tica lly corresponds to a p a rt or a whole in term ed iary field of f ir s t Code : e lectrochem ical) m eets, that is p laces itse lf above for a certa in num ber of fields of f i r s t degree^31) or coincides^32) (33) with an older (but s till "with well pronounced and

(31) There is a num ber-threshold below which re c a ll is not possib le . This num ber- threshold is not fixed but has a plus or minus range according to a d irec t function of the tim e elapsed from the orig inal sto rage.

More elapsed tim e from storage = higher degree or number of overlapping n ecessa ry . This is because the longer the tim e from the sto rage, the m ore num erous a re the "desynchronizing fac to rs" or "com petitive fac to rs for the capture (recruiting) of each field of f ir s t degree, acting on each field of f i r s t degree of a given in term ed iary field of Code IIB , that is acting on its DNAs.

(32)Eventuality is very difficult given the enorm ous num ber of p ossib ilities of

different routes in the labyrinth of the b ra in . A sim ilitude certa in ly very g ro ss but which gives a visual idea of some concepts basic to the p re sen t hypothesis is the following one: the b ra in is a labyrinth and one thought is a path in such a labyrinth. W hereas the genetic code is a se t of instructions for synthesizing chem icals, the code for acquired inform ation can be seen as a set of itin e ra r ie s for nerve im pulses'.

28 . A BIG TEST FOR THE HYPOTHESIS : MEMORY

recognizable b o rd e rs" , s till with a good, sup ra-th resho ld degree of biochem ical synchronization) in term ed iary field of Code II15, th e re is the p reference which is m ore or le ss obligatory (determ ined by different p a ra m e te rs - m ajor o r m inor su p ra - threshold , num ber of fields of f ir s t degree of overlapping, suprathreshold degree of strength of "footstep of synchronization" along the second channel, and so on) on the p a r t of tran sm issio n along the f ir s t channel, to choose in the following phenomenon A ju s t that p a rtic u la r way presigned by the older in te rm ed iary field of Code II®. So tran sm issio n along the f ir s t channel " re tra c e s " m ore or le ss faithfully (34) the geom etrical configuration of the in term ediary field of Code II® (35); reinforcing sim ultaneously the trace along the second channel and determ ining an additional synthesis of the substance of in term ediary field configuration because the biochem ical- conform ational situation of its DNAs is s im ila r or identical to th e ir biochem ical- conform ational situation which at the moment of storage has determ ined the long-term m em ory.

(33)v ' This eventuality accounts for recollections which a re very quick and very p re c ise (or bright), in well determ ined conditions, of distant events.

(34)v ' This "degree of fidelity of the reca ll" depends on the respective "strength" of num erous p a ra m e te rs whose values, at th is stage of the p ro cess , a re all, however, above the respective th resholds necessa ry so that the re c a ll is possib le, without any prejudice of its qualities.

The re c a ll has two qualities: (a) quickness, and (b) p rec ision (the so called brigh tness).

For both these some im portant p a ram ete rs are:

(i) tim e elapsed from the la s t synthesis of the substance of in term ediary field configuration (this la s t synthesis can also not be the f ir s t because there can have been reca lls (or "re fresh ings") which have happened in the m eantim e);

(ii) amount of the substance of in term ed iary field configurationsynthesized on the f ir s t occasion (perhaps am plification "aim ed" of its codons by re v e rse tra n sc r ip to se l)

(iii) o thers very easily deducible from a reasoned interpolation of all the trea tm en t.

(351v G eom etrical configuration which is allowed by the substance of in term ediary field configuration of th is specific in term ed iary field which has kept synchronized (in the tim e between the f ir s t form ation of the in term ed iary field of Code II® and the form ation of the in term ed iary field of f ir s t Code "secant") the DNAs of that in te r m ediary field of Code II®.


In th is way, we can reco llec t sim ultaneously not only the "inform atic content” but also, for exam ple, the "function” (example : a loved person w here "loved” = function that is sentim ent, "person” = inform atic content of such function, of such sentim ent).

So " re c a ll” joins with an aimed resyn thesis of a p a rticu la r mRNA, already previously form ed, that is , that coding for the substance of in term ediary field configuration. Such resy n th esis is added to a basal synthesis of the sam e substances, a basal synthesis which continues for the whole tim e passing between the storage and the full loss of the long term m em ory of a certa in inform ation. Each reca ll then involves in c reases of a step, a basal synthesis of the substance of in term ed iary field configuration. R efer Figure 11a.

(1) : R ecalls

(2) : D ecrem ent by "desynchronizing influences” which tend to change the biochem ical-conform ational situation of the DNA in question.

Figure 11a

Such an additional amount of the substance of in te rm ediary field configuration is necessa ry and sufficient in o rder that re c a ll happens. The necessary and sufficient amount varies according to variations of the level still p resen t of the sam e substance of in term ediary field configuration presyn thesized on the occasion of the original storage and of previous reca lls and synthesized in basal conditions (that is , without the intervention of re c a lls ) . R efer Figure l ib .

quantity

quantity

tim e

a : actual level (it is closely dependent on the tim e spent from the storage and from eventual, a lready happened recalls)

b : threshold of the necessa ry and sufficient amount of substance of in term edia ry field configuration,

c : necessa ry increase in o rd e r that reca ll is possible.

Figure l ib .


The explanation of RECALL FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY is s im ila r to that for the re c a ll from long-term m em ory; but here there is the advantage of the presence of a type of synchronization along the second channel not different in its in trin sic nature from the m echanism of tran sm issio n along the f i r s t channel: that is , respectively p iezoelectric conductivity (or an analogue mechanism ) and electro tonic conduction-action potential. In short, here also the tran sm issio n along the f ir s t channel trav e ls p referab ly along a presigned track in the second channel.

I would now like to touch upon how the function of hippocampus in m em ory can be explained by the p re sen t model. It is known that in man, b ila te ra l rem oval of the hippocampus is associated with a dram atic inability to re ta in perm anently the m em ory of new events; sh o rt- te rm m em ory is intact, however. My explanation is the following: The hippocampal ce reb ra l cells are those that in w hatever in term ed iary field in which they a re included in ’’characteriz ing" way (36) a re ju st those that synthesize (37) the substances of in term ediary field configuration. That is , if also the "c ircu its" basic to the f ir s t code a re possible (com pare sh o rt- te rm m em ory intact after the b ila te ra l rem oval) by m eans of the substituting function of other ce reb ra l zones (substitution is possible because there a re not in question tasks which a re "exclusive" o r "with copyright", such as synthesis of substances of in term ed iary field configuration, w hereas long-term m em ory of new inform ations is no longer possib le just because the hippocampal cereb ra l cells have the copyright for the synthesis of those substances for all the in term ed iary fields having the meaning of m em ory).

The substance of in term ediary field configuration has its own half-life . Indeed Unger in his experim ents noted that on the fourth day m ost of the anim als reverted to the prein jection p a tte rn of behaviour. Why? Because of catabolism of scotophobin or p ro g ressiv e desynchronization of the DNAs, or both these fac to rs together ?

My explanation is sim ple. For m aintaining a given configuration of in term ediary field, there is n ecessa ry a continual synthesis of the sam e substance, a cyclic synthesis in the case of in term ed iary field "closed" r. R efer Figure 12.

/ O ß V

That is , all the configurations with the "m eaning" of m em ory have, for exam ple, an 80% content of hippocampal ce lls .

v ' Given the m ajor probability (also num erical) of finding them selves in a b iochem ical-conform ational situation suitable to synthesis of substances of in term ed iary field configuration.

( 37)


= L O N G -T E R M MEMORY ?!

F igure 12

The so ca lled " re fre sh in g " (re in fo rcem en t) of m em o ry ' ; co n s is ts in the aim ed (because aim ed, tha t is id en tica l, is the experience) re sy n th e s is of the sam e substance of in te rm e d ia ry field configuration a fte r som e tim e , due to ca tabo lism of the substance e ith e r because of the continuous influences w hich bom bard all DNAs tending to desynchron ize them (DNAs a lread y synchronized tend to desynchronize) o r because of p a rtic ip a tin g to the level -rravxa p e i o r because of synchronizing th em se lv es on ano ther substance of ano ther in te rm ed ia ry fie ld . This is the m echanism w ith which g radually we fo rge t som ething s to red in lo n g -te rm m em ory (but never in an ir re tr ie v a b le way: see re sy n th e s is of the sam e substance) w hile we s to re in m em ory e ith e r s h o r t- o r long-, sim ultaneously o ther in fo rm ation . In re a lity a t the sam e m om ent we s to re som ething in m em ory , e ith e r s h o r t- o r long-, a lread y we begin to fo rge t it because from tha t sam e m om ent, accord ing to the s itua tion , begins the ha lf-life of the substance of in te r m e d ia ^ field configuration o r the p erio d of o sc illa tio n -to n in g down of n eu ro filam en ts and, in any ca se , the "d esy n ch ro n iz in g -co m p e tito rs" in fluences also begin.

8. THE COMPONENTS OF PHENOMENOLOGY A.

O ther "w orking m ethods" of phenom enology A, b es id es m em ory , a re sleep and d ream ing . W hile m em ory is a w orking m ethod tu rned to a w ell d e te rm in ed aim , tha t is lea rn in g , w hat a re the a im s of sleep and d ream in g ? To th is question it would be easy to answ er re sp ec tiv e ly in te rm s of te leo lo g ica l and p sychoanaly tica l concep ts , but I think it m ore usefu l to seek the so lu tions in the am bit of phenom enology A physiology. Phenom enology A m o reo v e r has two outputs: ideational and m oto r m echan ism s of speech , c e re b ra l beginning and con tro l of m ovem ent.

( 38 )W hich in re a li ty is none o the r than a re c a ll "su i g e n e ris " .

32. THE COMPONENTS OF PHENOMENOLOGY A

Attention is in a hybrid position between "functions" and "outputs". Phenomenology A ( = physic life = mind ) is form ed by:-

"functions""working m ethods""outputs" and a"supra-function" or "m eta-function"

R efer Figure 13.

THE " COMPONENTS " OF " PHENOMENOLOGY A " ( = "Psychic Life" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = "Mind" )

p lr qHENO (MENOL

OG iY

A

rw i l l ]

pL

^ "FUNCTIONS":ThoughtAttentionSentimentSensationEmotion

/ M emory

- < -----------

"WORKING METHODS":

>■ "OUTPUTS’• , {SpeechMovement

"SUPRA-FUNCTION" o r "META-FUNCTION :

Sleep ID ream ing-----1

CONSCIOUSNESSA

"Functions "o r ?"Working Methods’' ? o r"Supra- Function 'u M eta- Function''

(xoe y e x a x a <J>uaiKa!)

Figure 13

Consciousness is a "m eta-function" because the re la tion m ind- consciousness is a re la tion of symbolic transduction (m etatransduction): if werev ise Figure 2 somewhat, we obtain Figure 14.

While mind is the graphic in itse lf, consciousness is the psychological meaning, the psychological "lived" of the sam e graphic; mind is the phenomenon, that is the functioning of the b ra in , consciousness is the psychological meaning of th is phenomenon, namely the psychological meaning of th is functioning.

THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE HYPOTHESIS 33.

THE RELATION " MIND1’ - " CONSCIOUSNESS "

4 ^ thought 3420emotionE121239 thought 3422

LONG-TERMMEMORY

emotion E121240 AspeechS434I thought

i_ \ ] _ 342SHORT-TERMMEMORY sensatio:! \ J u lovem ent

y /A 3 9 2 \

e m otionE121238 movement

/* . 391

movementyu-390

Figure 14

9. THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE HYPOTHESIS

As it is seen, one of the c h a rac te ris tic s , if not the m ain c h a ra c te ris tic of th is hypothesis, is that th e re a re transduction m echanism s at different levels and of different quality, that is:

(a) energetic transduction: transduction of the nerve input into a re la tive ly perm anent chem ical form which allows inform ation re triev a l; and

(b) symbolic transduction or m etatransduction, that is , a logic m echanism .

10 . "THE METATRANSDUCER"

A very illu s tra tiv e com parison of this tool of logic is that between mind and nervous m echanism s which subtend it on the one hand and on the other, m usic incised on a reco rd and track s of th is . Indeed between track s on a reco rd and m usic which it is possib le "to ex trac t" from them in suited conditions, there is the sam e

3 4 . "THE METATRANSDUCER"

re la tio n , the sam e d ifference of quality , the sam e gap of sym bolic m eaning which e x is ts , fo r exam ple, betw een the e lectrophynolog ical m echan ism of v ision ( r e t in a —»-lateral genicu late nucleus) and the v isua l sen sa tio n which I fee l.

T here m ust be a " tra n sd u c e r" (as in a re c o rd -p la y e r the p ick-up and its in tr in s ic m echanism is lo g ic -sy m b o lic -in fo rm a tica l: the tra n sd u c e r is the e lec tro m ag n e t and m em brane) betw een the e lec tro ch e m ic a l m echan ism s of conduction and excita tion of a neuron, o r b e tte r of a group of neurons (that is , following the term ino logy of the p re se n t hypo thesis, an in te rm e d ia ry field), and the p sycho log ical m eaning of tha t conduction and excita tion .

Such a tra n sd u c e r is very , very sim ple; it is a "m e ta tra n sd u c e r" T. I t is fo rm ed by the fact tha t the b ra in is a m achine w hich p ro c e s se s in fo rm ation , and in re a li ty is the only unique m achine, tha t is o rgan , of the human body, which p ro c e s s e s lo g ic-sym bo lic inform ation'.

Indeed in my opinion, th e re a re two " s ta g e s" in w hich can be p ro c e s se d o r handled the in fo rm ation in w hatever o rgan of the human body:

Stage I : "b iochem ica l-b iophysica l" ;

Stage II : " in fo rm atio n a l-sy m b o lic -lo g ic" of theco rresp o n d en t b io chem ical-b iophysica l s tage .

The b ra in is the unique organ of the human body which has both s tag es (concept of "the stage in p lu s"). I ts d iffe re n tia l p e cu lia rity depends only and uniquely on i ts d iffe ren t and p ecu lia r anatom ical constitu tion in com parison to all o th e r o rg an s: tha t is in re sp e c t of neurons + g lia l c e l ls . Then, the tra n sd u c e r is the in tr in s ic quality of the organ , brain '.

It seem s odd tha t th is lo g ic-sym bo lic tra n sd u c e r o r m e ta tra n sd u c e r has posed , un til the p re se n t, the m ain insu rm oun tab le difficulty'. Do we w onder at the fac t th a t the kidney is the o rgan deputed to the fo rm ation of u rin e , o r the stom ach to d ig e s tio n ? But perh ap s if kidneys had neurons in stead of nefrons, the "m eaning" of its function, could induce (even would induce) us ce rta in ly to re f le c t much m ore . . . and p e rh ap s s ti l l at the p re se n t tim e we would stop to ask o u rse lv e s , contem plating it m y s tica lly . . . "but . . . how does it p roduce the u rin e . . . " ?'.

The re la tio n of the kidney to the fo rm ation of u rin e , (kidney : fo rm atio n of u rine) is iden tica l from a log ical point of view to that of b ra in to mind (b ra in : m ind). Both indeed a re re la tio n s w hich a re in fo rm atica l, (that is functional), but of a d iffe re n t level of com plexity in te rm s of the two a fo resa id s tag es (I and II) (which how ever, a re we . . . to a ttr ib u te to th em ?) and they a re "a p o s te r io r i" : indeed both, b ra in and kidney, do not know anything about "a p r io r i” . . . '.

"THE METATRANSDUCER" 3 5 .

B rain p ro cesses inform ation as kidneys p ro cess m etabolites. As a given m etabolite reaching the kidney m eans for it (that is im plies inform atically but only at the f ir s t stage; = functionally for kidney : excretionally) a well defined sequence of physico-chem ical p ro cesses , so a given configuration of in term ed iary field m eans for the b ra in (that is im plies inform atically , but at both f ir s t and second stages = functionally for b ra in : psychologically) for exam ple, a well defined sentim ent with its inform atical content. In short, a certa in in term ed iary field configuration is lived o r experienced by the b ra in at the second inform atical stage, and sym bolizes, rep re sen ts and finally is felt by the individual_as a m ental state (a component of phenomenology A + the inform atical content of th is component). T herefore, in the b ra in the various physical-chem ical reactions form only one (the first) level of complexity, but not all (as happens for the liver or kidney), because above th e ir own level of complexity there is another, owing to the pecu liar anatom ical constitution: such "stage in p lus" is also inform atical in nature as is the f ir s t , but is in form atical in the sym bolic-logic sense. The pecu liarity of the b ra in in being the unique organ capable (or "forced" . . . ) of symbolic elaboration of inform ation p rocessed by it (beyond that one m aterial) depends, in my opinion, on an in te rfe ren tia l phenomenon, with different num erous in te rfe ren tia l system s, between the various populations and sub-populations, c lasses and su b -c lasses (anatom ical-stereo tax ica l-b iochem ical- psychological-inform ational) of c e reb ra l cells; in all the other organs such a symbolic elaboration is not possib le just because the cellu lar populations are much m ore uniform or homogeneous, so that it is im possible to have an in te rfe ro m etric m echanism like that of olography. The reason for the fact that we do not experience "m etabolically" the functioning of the liver, while we live (or experience) psychologically or m entally the function of the b rain , depends exclusively on the different stages at which inform ation can be handled respectively in the two organs; d ifferent stages which are perm itted by the different respective anatom ical constitutions.

10.1 An O perational Definition of the Mind

be given as:At th is point an operational definition of the mind can

"The mind is none other than the product of the inform atical level symbolic - produced by m etatransduction of the inform ation p rocessed by the C entral Nervous System ".

So the qualita tive-logic-sym bolic gap between electrochem ical p ro cesses of the C entral Nervous System and the psychological meaning of these p ro cesses , that is the secu la r, tr i te "m ind-body" or "m ind-brain" problem is m erely a pseudo-problem '.

10.2 Some Operational Questions

As we have seen, an im portant ch a rac te ris tic of

3 6. "THE METATRANSDUCER"

phenom enon A coded by the second Code is its re la tio n with DNAs of the fields of f i r s t d eg ree w hich "fo rm " the sam e phenom enon A . T h ere is a b id irec tio n a l feed -back w ith equipollen t ex trem es:

(1) MF(° 9)^=i:DNA

It is ju s t by m eans of th is continuous m echanism tha t the "quality", the "opera tional s itu a tio n " of D N A ^°), and p e rh ap s a lso its quantity (see re v e rs e tra n sc r ip to se —► gene a m p lif ic a t io n ^ ^ — ►major sy n th esis of a c e r ta in substance of in te rm ed ia ry field configuration) is a faithful re g is tra tio n of the h is to ry of the m egafie lds.

In my opinion, it is easy to in fe r tha t the DNA of neu ro n s and g lia l c e lls , fa r from being a m etabo lica lly in e r t s tru c tu re (as con trad ic ted by re c e n t findings), fu lfils an e s se n tia l duty in the dynam ism of c e re b ra l function.It is e s s e n tia l , th e re fo re , to ask o u rse lv es what is known about the DNA of human c e re b ra l c e lls : the rep ly is , "v ery l i t t le " . T en tative questions to which the answ ers could be very in te re s tin g include the following:

a re th e re b a se s unusual and specific for neuronal a n d /o r g lia l DNA?

is the quan tity equal fo r a ll the c e re b ra l c e lls o r e lse a re th e re d iffe re n t c a te g o rie s (hom o- a n d /o r etero logous) of c e re b ra l c e lls d iffe ren tia ted on the b a s is of quantity a n d /o r quality (sequences of b a se s ; tjrpe of b a se s ; "opera tio n a l situation") ? Is th e re betw een th e se ca te g o rie s a h ie ra rc h y o r m any h ie ra rc h ie s , s te reo tax ic an d /o r b io ch em ica l, d e term ined ju s t on the b a s is of the opera tional situation of the DNAs?

has the DNA of the c e re b ra l c e lls , o r p e rh ap s only of som e of them (for exam ple of the key fie lds of f i r s t degree) a c irc ad ian rhythm o r som e o the r rhythm as fa r as concerns quantity a n d /o r quality ?

w hat a re the functions of the DNA in d iffe ren t p erio d s of life of a g iven neuron o r of a given g lia l c e ll?

is the DNA of neurons a n d /o r g lia l ce lls (perhaps tha t of only som e t ^ e s of the two populations) inducib le? That is , is it p o ssib le to have an am plifica tion d iffe re n tia l and se lec tiv e of c e r ta in genes?

M F : m egafield .

The o p era tio n a l situa tion of DNA includes:(a) the genetic o r b iochem ical s itua tion : p a tte rn of re p re s s io n /

d e re p re s s io n ; and(b) the level of confo rm ational s itua tion in its two a ttr ib u te s ,

p o ten tia l and ac tu a l.

W hich, very in te re s tin g ly , and p e rh ap s e ssen tia lly , could be a consequence of a confo rm ational change.

(3 9)

(40)

(41)

MTHE METATRANSDUCER" 3 7 .

is th e re re v e r s e tra n sc r ip to se in neurons a n d /o r g lia l c e lls (perhaps only in som e types of the two populations and only in som e a re a s) ? If th e re is , is it active on the DNA of neurons and g lia l c e l ls ? Can it am plify c e r ta in s e ts of codons (operons) coding fo r the d e te rm in ed substance of in te rm e d ia ry fie ld con figu ra tion?

is the following schem e valid: DNA—►RNA— ►PROTEINS, o rpossib ly : D N A ^ R N A ^ P R O T E I N S , o r e lse a t som e tim esa n d /o r in som e types: DNA-— RNA—►PROTEINS^42) ?

4______ Iw hat re la tio n s a re th e re betw een tra n s m itte r s and DNA? Is p e rh ap s th e ir re la tio n : D N A ^=^Ts?

how m uch of the DNA of a given neuron and of a given g lia l ce ll is ac tive at a c e r ta in m om ent?

can the active p a r t of the DNA of a p a r tic u la r c e re b ra l ce ll change o r be d iffe ren t at two d iffe ren t m om en ts?

is the activation a unique event in the individual life of a given c e re b ra l ce ll o r can it have in i ts DNA d iffe ren tia l activations a t d iffe ren t tim es ?

have all the c e re b ra l c e lls active the sam e zone of DNA, o r a re th e re g roups of them (perhaps functionally linked o r loaded by the sam e inform ation) whose m e m b ers have, for every single group, d iffe ren t active zones: o r has each individual c e re b ra l ce ll an active p a r t of DNA which is d iffe ren t from tha t of a ll o th e rs ? (In my opinion, the second hypothesis, which is a lso the only one com patib le w ith the supposed Code IIB , is m ore likely).

which fa c to rs , genetic and not d ire c tly genetic , d e te rm in e the choice fo r the ac tiva tion of a c e r ta in zone of DNA of a c e re b ra l c e ll? (for exam ple horm ones);

a question a r is in g from the p re se n t hypothesis: what is the re la tio n betw een the sequence of b a se s of n u c lear DNA of a neuron and the sequence of b a se s of its vesic le-R N A ?

w hat is the ex ten t of gene ac tiv itie s in highly d iffe ren tia ted c e lls , such as b ra in c e l ls ?

w hat fa c to rs in the env ironm ent o r in te rn a l fa c to rs m ay be able to ac tiv a te gene a re a s in b ra in c e lls ? P robab ly each type of c e re b ra l ce ll (or every single cell'.) has som e com m on fa c to rs and som e fa c to rs p e c u lia r to i ts e lf w hich can p re fe re n tia lly ac t on its DNA. P e rh ap s the choice of such fa c to rs can be d iffe ren t

( 42 )This could be the m eaning of the th ird Code'.

38. "THE METATRANSDUCER"

at different m om ents, that is at varia tion of the substratum (of the sam e DNA) and depend, to tally o r p a rtia lly , on an in teraction between cells which a re near and of different type (for example the th ird Code). In b ra in cells what could be such fac to rs? Possibly the following:

. configurations of the neuronal fields; of the glial fields; of the glial neural f i e ld s ^ ) ;

(43). configurations of the in term ediary fie ld s ' ,(43). configurations of the m egafieldsv ';

. horm ones;(44). tra n sm itte rs ; for exam ple, coming from axosom atic

synapses in which the axon belongs to a neuron with different zones of DNA "exposed", active and th e re fo re with a neuronal field and tra n sm itte r different from those of the sub synaptic neuron;

. inform atical p ro te ins.

with the tran sm itte r:Another im portant re la tion which DNA has is that

(2) DNA— ►T*4^

but also: (2’) T— HDNA(46)

From (1), (2) and (2’) is obtained the following scheme:

M F ^ D N A ^ T

(43) Or the ir electrochem ical substratum : certa in genetic loci could be activated by a specific p a tte rn or sequence of afferent im pulses; ionic flux (Na/K) a lte rs the histone binding to the portions of DNA concerned with mRNA synthesis; ion flux in CNS, would in itiate displacem ent of histones from DNA (that is the previous concept of the morphogenetic effect of the conform ational change—►chemical effect),

(44) and re la tive " tran sm itte r-a sso c ia ted p ro te ins" (com pare chrom ogranins),

(45) because a change in the operational situation of DNA causes the change of the tra n sm itte r; th is fact a ssoc ia tes also with the re la tion M F^^D N A ; in fact, prolonged activity of a neural c ircu it might cause the amount or the nature of the tra n sm itte r to change.

"THE METATRANSDUCER" 39.

10.3 "The P rincip le of Delocalized Equipollence"

The above schem e accounts, among other things, for the g rea t p lasticity of co rre la tiv e localization of the various in term ed iary fields; th e re is , m oreover, an equipotentiality of functional specialization; I have named such a concept "principle of delocalized equipollence" (equipotentiality); it is obvious that such a p rincip le with its epistem ological-m ethodological background overthrow s com pletely (finally destroying) the localizationistic ideas.

From the preceding, it is easy to infer that the problem of how the gap in knowledge between the electrophynological and biochem ical data on b ra in cells can be bridged,can be solved by the intervention of the "genetic fac to rs": DNA, RNA, p ro te ins. It is in teresting to consider in th is resp ec t thepossib ility that the pecu liarity or p roperty that nerve cells po ssess of not dividing, has been devised so as to avoid disturbing the learned inform ation which is sto red in th e ir DNA. In fact, from a biochem ical point of view, one of the m ost puzzling fea tu res of long-term m em ory is its perm anence; but, as we have seen, it is a perm anence which costs dearly , because it is a perm anence achieved by continuous resyn thesis and not a perm anence resu lting from absence of catabolism ! Among the fac to rs able to act on these genetic fac to rs (and, therefo re on the psychic phenomena) are the horm ones. It can be useful to introduce the concepts of genoneuron and phenoneuron because the passage from one to the other can depend just on the action of horm ones. R efer Figure 15.

Possibly:(a) tra n sm itte rs may exert th e ir effect in tracellu larly by rep ress io n or

activation of gene expression: DNA which, as we have seen, is the "secondary" recep to r for the substance of in term ediary field configuration, could have the sam e function also for the tra n sm itte r or its derivatives or its linked products (for example " tra n sm itte r- associated p ro teins");

(b) the re lease of tra n sm itte r exerts a de rep ress io n action on the DNA protein complex of the neuronal nucleus of the presynaptic neuron; th is fact is true in two senses:

(i) in general: it is true already only from a logical point of view: so that there is always a certa in amount of tran sm itte r available and so it is im possible to have "stro k es without effect" (that is blockage of the synapse owing to lack of tra n s m itter);

(ii) in p a rticu la r for this hypothesis: in which case th is fact is true only in the case of Code IIB and only indirectly , because the "com plex" form of tra n sm itte r is bound to vesicle-RN A .

i

40. "THE METATRANSDUCER"

V- J

kHORMONES

GENONEURON

• TRANSMITTERS J 1 * *("Pro teins T ran sm itte r s-

A ssociated")PHENONEURON

Figure 15

The concepts of geno-glial cell and pheno-glial cell correspond.

11. THE GAINS OF THE HYPOTHESIS

The schem atism of the p resen t hypothesis m ust be based on the arrangem ent of the m illions of neurons and glial cells of the human brain . Indeed for exam ple, c ruder m em ory hypotheses involving all-o r-none effects localized at a single neuron or synapse a re no longer tenable; studies with implanted electrodes suggest that even the sim plest m ental activity involves some m illions of neurons. Also, a "sim ple” in term ed iary field is form ed by m illions of c e lls ’.

This num erical aspect accounts for an in teresting fact that the p resen t hypothesis can explain: the "com ponents" are num erically limited^47) owing to th e ir p a rtic u la r m etatransduction m echanism , w hereas the "inform atical contents of these com ponents" a re infinite due to th e ir respective m etatransduction m echanism ; th is second m echanism accounts for the infinite graduation of mental s ta tes .

But th is hypothesis, although certain ly schem atic, is certain ly s tochastic-heuristic and has its own advantages, namely it can solve problem s o th erw ise hardly soluble. B esides those already cited, such problem s include the following:

(47) ’ ’ "But with an extension of pathological nature: in any case the components are

su re ly num erically lim ited, e ither in the field of norm al psychodynam ics, o r in that of psychopathology.

THE GAINS OF THE HYPOTHESIS 4 1 .

(a) the very im portant, essen tia l question which Schmitt asks in "N eurosciences - A Study P rogram " -

"The em b arrassm en t of the ce llu lar neurobiologist stem s from the following: according to Hyden, the RNA base ra tio s in b ra in cells change when learning occurs, but not when the sam e neurons fire in a nonlearning situation. How do individual cells "know" when learning is taking place as distinguished from other sensory-m otor ac tiv ity?"

My answ er is very simple: evidently the "how" re s id es in what is the "amount" of the RNA'.

(b) the problem of c e reb ra l localization of functions and cen te rs , is solved in the only adequate way, that is , one which is dynamic, p lastic , functional, by the principle of delocalized equipollence;

(c) "attention" may be considered a p ro cess in the Nervous System that enables an observer to ex tract m ore inform ation from a selected stim ulus configuration. There is con troversy in both the neurophysiological and the psychological lite ra tu re as to what the neural m echanism of attention may be and, in p a rticu la r, w hether attention involves a p eriphera l "filtering" or "gating" of "sensory inputs";

(d) why do some experim ents on the tra n s fe r of learning with RNA. ce reb ra l ex trac ts and so on, fa il? My answ er is sim ple: "because the rec ip ien t, namely the DNAs, are not receptive.'"

(e) "it is not known how much change m ust occur in the Nervous System before an anim al learns a sim ple task" ;

(f) "it is not known what kind or how many changes in the Nervous System are requ ired for an animal to forget p a r t o r all of a learned task" ;

(g) "thinking, rem em bering , learning, and other cognitive p ro cesses may include im portant components that a re e lec trica lly silent to conventional electrophysiological m ethods" ;

(h) the "resonance phenomenon": convulsive d ischarges can som etim es be evoked in epileptic subjects by photic stim ulation at c ritic a l frequencies. At what frequencies?: my answ er is: "when all complex DNA-neurofilam ents a re "synthesized", because they have been previously receptive at these c ritic a l frequencies" ;

42. THE GAINS OF THE HYPOTHESIS

(i) the M o rre l's phenomenon: there a re th ree p ossib ilities: DNA and /o r RNA and /o r p ro te in s (48) Can pass through the callosal fib res as "pathologic inform ative m a te ria l’. "

(j) the action m echanism of psychonalysis and of its exact method of free association;

(k) other points.

11.1 A Set of Definitions

include:Definitions derived from the fram ew ork of the hypothesis

"FUNCTIONAL CENTER"(49): th is is determ ined by all the "m onopolizer ce lls" and the characteriz ing portions of the respective in term ed iary fields which contain them . For example, why is the B roca’s a rea the speech cen te r? Because its cells (neurons + g lial cells) a re always involved, and involved in the characteriz ing prevailing m anner, in whatever in term ed iary field has the psychological meaning of speech; that is , functional center in a "sui generis" way: not because it is , as it w ere, the unique locus, but because it (or b e tte r, its cells which, very im portantly, can be also not contained in an "a rea" or "volume" of tissue: com pare the concept of delocalized equipollence) monopolizes for a characteriz ing portion, all the in term ediary fields which have that psychological meaning, for exam ple, speech.

"MONOPOLIZER CELLS": those (neurons and glial cells) which ch arac te rize all (or only some: that is a cell can be a monopolizer for a given component of phenomenology A , but not for another such component) the in term ediary fields which contain them .

The m onopolizer cells a re divided in two categories:(a) "stab le"; (b) "unstable". Such classification is p a ra lle l to that regarding the components of phenomenology A which also a re divided into "stab le" and "unstable".

It is intriguing to in terpolate here the pecu liar percentage of bases in RNA of the epileptic focus: that is, a significant in c rease in the adenine/uridine ra tio which, as we know form m olecular biology, is the typical ra tio for the DNA-like RNAs.

7 In the sense of the c lass ic localizationist theo ries, but considered again in the light of the p re sen t hypothesis; functional cen ter, for example, for the "B roca’s c en te r” .

(49 )

THE GAINS OF THE HYPOTHESIS 43.

Definition of COMPONENT OF PHENOMENOLOGY A "STABLE” (or "NOT OLOGRAPHIC"): that configuration of in term ediary fields with a p a rticu la r, fixed pa tte rn of percentage d ifferential of position of its fields of f ir s t degree which has its monopolizer cells with stable anatom ical position^50).

COMPONENT OF PHENOMENOLOGY A "UNSTABLE" (or "OLOGRAPHIC"): that which has its m onopolizer cells with unstable anatom ical position^

There are also "DOUBLE MONOPOLIZER CELLS": For exam ple, the cells of the in fe rio r colliculus have two "jobs":(1) vision; (2) learning, in which vision furn ishes the m ateria l to be learned . There is an overlapping of ta sk s , some specific, "not olographic" (for example: vision for the cells of the in ferio r colliculus), some aspecific, "olographic", such as learning for the aforesaid ce lls .

11.2 The Mind is . . . .

In conclusion, the mind is an olography in the etymological sense of oAoo ypa^co (5^) but only for the components of phenomenology A unstable; never, obviously, for that which concerns the components of phenomenology A stable. That is , only the components which a re unstable are being sca tte red olographic ally; never, obviously, the components which are stable.

11.3 An . . . . A rch itectu ral Summary

As the end of this trea tm en t, I want to show in effect an a rch itec tu ra l sum m ary of th is hypothesis; that is , a sum m ary in which I place its p ila s te rs and its a rch itrav es . R efer Figure 16.

(50) Example: speech.

(51) Example: m em ory.

(52) It rem em bers g raph ic—»-design—»-configuration’.

44. CONCLUSION

A N . . . ARCHITECTURAL SUM MARY

Z : Tef?HlV(?Z06-/

F igure 16

12. CONCLUSION

P erh ap s only m a th em atica l and s ta t is t ic a l an a ly sis toge ther with quantum m echan ics can b ring full evidence in support of th is hypothesis. M oreover, it is n e c e s sa ry to study a lso a p ro b a b ilis tic e lem en t which e x is ts very likely at le a s t a t c o r tic a l level, owing to the enorm ous num ber of d iffe ren t p o ss ib ili tie s at all lev e ls and a t a ll " c ro s s ro a d s " . . . . (com pare the above cited idea of the b ra in as a lab ry in th ). Indeed the p o ss ib ility of re c ip ro c a l in te ra c tio n s by m eans of the th re e postu la ted c o d e s (^ ) , a lso betw een two c e re b ra l c e lls not linked by any one phenom enon A , tha t is not being p a r t of sam e neuronal, g lia l, g lia l-n eu ro n a l fie lds (or m egafie lds), is ve ry high.

W hile m any questions and p ro b lem s, cues and avenues of re s e a rc h , w hich I have s ta ted p a r tia lly in the co u rse of the tre a tm e n t can, and m ust be posed in a m o re d e ta iled and sop h is tica ted fo rm in the lab o ra to ry , I feel that they re f le c t the h e u r is t ic -s to c h a s tic value of the p ostu la ted m odel.

But p e rh ap s th e re a re a lso m any o th e rs , m any of w hich can a lread y be outlined on the b a s is of ideas expounded in the vario u s p a r ts of the p re se n t hypothesis.

No.

E P-R R 1

EP-R R 2

E P -R R .3

EP-RR 4

EP-R R 5

EP-RR 6

EP-RR 7

EP-RR 8

EP-RR 9

R1

Publications by D epartm ent of Engineering Physics

F ir s tAuthor_________________ T i t l e _________________ Published R e-issued

Hibbard, L. U. Cementing R otors for the C anberra Homopolar G enerator

Ma” , 1959 April, 1967

Carden, P .O . Lim itations of Rate of Rise of Pulse C urren t Imposed by Skin Effect in R otors

Sept., 1962 A pril, 1967

M arshall, R. A. The Design of B rushes for the C anberra Homopolar G enerator

Jan., 1964 A pril, 1967

M arshall, R. A. The E lectro lytic Variable R esistance T est Load/Switch for the C anberra Homopolar G enerator

May, 1964 April, 1967

Ina ll, E.K. The M ark II Coupling and Rotor Centering R eg isters for the C anberra Homopo- la r G enerator

Oct. , 1964 A pril, 1967

Inall, E.K. A Review of the Specifications and Design of the Mark II Oil Lubricated T hrust and Centering B earings of the C anberra Homopolar G enerator

N ov.,1964 A pril, 1967

Inall, E.K. Proving T ests on the C anberra Homopolar Gene ra to r with the Two R otors Connected in Series

F e b .,1966 A pril, 1967

Brady, T.W. Notes on Speed Balance C ontrols on the C anberra Homopolar G enerator

M ar. ,1966 A pril, 1967

Inall, E.K. T ests on the C anberra Homopoiai G enerator A rranged to Supply the 5 Megawatt Magnet

May, 1966 A pril, 1967

Publica tions by D epartm ent of Engineering P h y s ic s (C on t.) R2

No. Author TitleF i r s t

Published

E P-R R 10 Brady, T .W . A Study of the P e r fo rm a n c e of the 1000 kW M otor Gene r a to r Set Supplying the C an b e rra Homopolar G ene r a to r Field

June, 1966

E P-R R 11 Macleod, I.D.G. Instrum en ta tion and Controlof the C an b erra H omopolar G en era to r by O n-Line Com pu te r

O c t . , 1966

E P-R R 12 Carden, P .O . Mechanical S t r e s s e s in an Infinitely Long Homogeneous B it te r Solenoid with Finite E x terna l Field

Jan. , 1967

E P -R R 13 Macleod, I.D.G. A Survey of Isolation A m pli- Feb. , 1967f ie r C ircu its

E P -R R 14 Inall, E .K . The M ark III Coupling for the R o to rs of the C an b erra Homopolar G en era to r

F e b . ,1967

E P-R R 15 Bydder, E. L. On the In tegration of Liley, B .S. "B oltzm ann-L ike"

Collision In teg ra ls

M ar. ,1967

E P -R R 16 Vance, C . F . Simple T h y r is to r C ircu itsto P u l s e - F i r e Ignitrons fo r C apac ito r D ischarge

Mar. ,1967

E P-R R 17 Bydder, E. L. On the Evaluation of E las ticand Inelastic Collision F r e quencies for H ydrogenic-L ike P la s m a s

Sept. ,1967

E P -R R 18 Stebbens, A.Ward, H.

The Design of B rushes fo r the Homopolar G en era to r at The A ustra lian National U niversity

M ar. ,1964

R e-issu ed

A pril, 1967

A pril, 1967

S e p t . , 1967

P u b lica tio n s by D epartm en t of E ngineering P h y sics (Cont’d) R3

F ir s tNo. Author T itle P ublished

E P-R R 19 C arden , P .O . F e a tu re s of the High F ield M agnet L abo ra to ry at the A u stra lian N ational U n iversity , C an b erra

J a n . , 1967

E P-R R 20 Kaneff, S. V ladcoff, A .N .

S elf-O rgan iz ing teaching System s

D e c . , 1968

E P-R R 21 V ance, C .F . M icrow ave P ow er t r a n s m iss io n R atio: I ts use in E stim ating E lec tro n D ensity

F e b . , 1969

E P-R R 22 Sm ith, B .D . An Investigation of A rcing In the E lec tro ly tic Sw itch/ T es t Load Used with the H om opolar G en era to r

O c t., 1969

E P-R R 23 Inall, E .K , Use of the H om opolar G en era to r to Pow er Xenon D ischarge Tubes and som e A ssocia ted Switching P ro b lem s

M a r . , 1969

E P-R R 24 C arden , P .O . Pivoted H ydrosta tic B earing P ads fo r the C an b e rra H om opolar G enera to r

D e c . , 1969

E P-R R 25 C arden , P .O . W helan, R . E .

In stru m en ta tio n fo r the A u stra lian N ational U n iversity 300 k ilogauss E xp erim en ta l M agnet

Dec. , 1969

E P-R R 27 M arsh a ll, R . A . Sliding B ru sh es fo r the H om opolar G en era to r

May, 1973

E P-R R 28 Sutton, R . G . M cM urtrie , R . L .

C ollection , S torage and R e tr ie v a l of D ata by C om puter at the High F ield M agnet L ab o ra to ry , C an b e rra

O c t., 1972

R e-issu ed

Publications by D epartm ent of Engineering P hysics (Cont'd) R4

No. AuthorF ir s t

T itle Published R e-issued

EP-RR 32 Morton, A .H . Proceedings of the O c t., 1972C anberra P lasm a Physics Sem inar. 1972

EP-RR 33 Di M aria, A. The Human Mind - An D ec., 1972H ypothesis.

EP-RR 34 Hughes, J .L . Experim ents Involving the D ec., 1972 Focusing of Intense L aser Beam s: Testing a Cyclic Model of the U niverse.

EP-RR 35 Inall, E .K . R esults of P re lim in ary A pril, 1973T ests on Sections of a Disk L aser Am plifier for a 44 mm D iam eter Beam.

EP-RR 36 Macleod, I .D .G .F ry e r , J .G .D. Smith.

A Rational Approach to June, 1973Automated C artography.

THE HUMAN MIND-AN HYPOTHESIS

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