The Human Body-Levels of Structural Organization Organ System Overview Integumentary (skin) Forms...
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BODY SYSTEMS
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The Human Body-Levels of Structural OrganizationOrgan System Overview
Integumentary (skin)Forms the external body
coveringProtects deeper tissue from
injuryHelps regulate body temperatureLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors
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Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores minerals
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Muscular
Produces movementMaintains postureProduces heat
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Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
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Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
GrowthReproductionMetabolism
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Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
OxygenCarbon dioxideNutrientsWastes
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Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vesselsCleanses the bloodInvolved in immunity
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Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxide
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Digestive
Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into bloodEliminates indigestible material
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Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastesMaintains acid-base balanceRegulates water and electrolytes
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Reproductive
Produces offspring
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Necessary Life FunctionsMaintain boundariesMovementLocomotionMovement of substancesResponsivenessAbility to sense changes and reactDigestionBreak-down and absorption of nutrients
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Necessary Life FunctionsMetabolism—chemical reactions within
the bodyProduces energyMakes body structuresExcretionEliminates waste from metabolic
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Necessary Life FunctionsReproductionProduces future generationGrowthIncreases cell size and number of cells
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Needed for survivalNutrientsChemicals for energy and cell buildingIncludes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and mineralsOxygenRequired for chemical reactionsWater60–80% of body weightProvides for metabolic reactionStable body temperatureAtmospheric pressure Must be appropriate
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Interrelationships Among Body SystemsHomeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment A dynamic state of equilibriumHomeostasis is necessary for normal
body functioning and to sustain lifeHomeostatic imbalanceA disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease
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HomeostasisHomeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment A dynamic state of equilibriumHomeostasis is necessary for normal
body functioning and to sustain lifeHomeostatic imbalanceA disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease
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Homeostasis cont:The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systemsReceptorResponds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)Sends information to control center
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Homeostasis cont:Control centerDetermines set pointAnalyzes informationDetermines appropriate responseEffectorProvides a means for response to the
stimulus
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Feedback MechanismNegative feedbackIncludes most homeostatic control
mechanismsShuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensityWorks like a household thermostatPositive feedbackIncreases the original stimulus to push the
variable fartherIn the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby