The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the...
-
Upload
luis-quinn -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the...
![Page 1: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The HUMAN BODYThe HUMAN BODY
Concepts of Concepts of
ANATOMYANATOMY
andand
PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY
![Page 2: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ANATOMYANATOMY
• The scientific study of The scientific study of structures and the structures and the relationship of structures to relationship of structures to each other.each other.
• FORMFORM• Other terms include shape, Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.structure, and appearance.
![Page 3: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY
• The scientific study of the The scientific study of the functioning of specific body functioning of specific body parts and systems.parts and systems.
• FUNCTIONFUNCTION
![Page 4: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The study of function is?The study of function is?
A.) anatomyA.) anatomy
B.) physiologyB.) physiology
C.) scienceC.) science
D.) catabolismD.) catabolism
![Page 5: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization
• Chemical LevelChemical Level• Cellular LevelCellular Level• Tissue LevelTissue Level• Organ LevelOrgan Level• System LevelSystem Level• Organism LevelOrganism Level
![Page 6: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
![Page 7: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chemical LevelChemical Level
• All chemical substances essential All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-for maintaining life – atoms-compounds-molecules.compounds-molecules.
• Major ElementsMajor Elements• C - carbonC - carbon• H - hydrogenH - hydrogen• O - oxygenO - oxygen• N - nitrogenN - nitrogen
![Page 8: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cellular LevelCellular Level
• The cell is the basic unit of The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. structure and function.
• Each cell has a unique Each cell has a unique structure and function.structure and function.• Muscle cellsMuscle cells• Nerve cellsNerve cells• Blood cellsBlood cells• Cartilage cellsCartilage cells
![Page 9: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tissue LevelTissue Level
• Collection of similar cells Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a grouped together to perform a specific function.specific function.
• Usually derived from a common Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.embryonic origin.
• Four Major Tissue TypesFour Major Tissue Types• Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue• Connective TissueConnective Tissue• Nervous TissueNervous Tissue• Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue
![Page 10: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Organ LevelOrgan Level
• Structures composed of two or Structures composed of two or more different tissues.more different tissues.
• Have specific functions.Have specific functions.• Usually have recognizable Usually have recognizable shapesshapes• HeartHeart• BrainBrain• KidneyKidney• LiverLiver
![Page 11: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
System LevelSystem Level
• An association of organs that An association of organs that have a common function.have a common function.• Digestive SystemDigestive System• Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System• Nervous SystemNervous System• Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
![Page 12: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Organism LevelOrganism Level
All body systems are All body systems are functioning with one functioning with one another as a living another as a living
individual.individual.
![Page 13: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Put the levels of Put the levels of organization in orderorganization in order
A.) chemical, cellular, organism, A.) chemical, cellular, organism, tissue, system, organtissue, system, organB.) organ, system, cellular, B.) organ, system, cellular, tissue, chemical, tissuetissue, chemical, tissueC.) chemical, cellular, tissue, C.) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismorgan, system, organismD.) system, tissue, chemical, D.) system, tissue, chemical, organ, organism, cellularorgan, organism, cellular
![Page 14: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
MetabolismMetabolism
The sum total of all The sum total of all chemical processes that chemical processes that
occur in the body.occur in the body.
![Page 15: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
AnabolismAnabolism
Using energy to Using energy to synthesize or synthesize or
manufacture new tissue manufacture new tissue or molecules.or molecules.
![Page 16: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CatabolismCatabolism
The breakdown of tissues The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures or chemical structures to produce or generate to produce or generate
energy.energy.
![Page 17: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
You are running a You are running a marathon what is marathon what is happening within your happening within your cells?cells?
A.) anabolismA.) anabolism
B.) catabolismB.) catabolism
![Page 18: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Position DescriptorsPosition Descriptors
• Superior (Cranial)Superior (Cranial)• Inferior (Caudal)Inferior (Caudal)• Anterior (Ventral)Anterior (Ventral)• Posterior (Dorsal)Posterior (Dorsal)• MedialMedial• LateralLateral• ProximalProximal• DistalDistal
![Page 19: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Position DescriptorsPosition Descriptors
![Page 20: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms
![Page 21: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Movement DescriptorsMovement Descriptors
• flexionflexion• extensionextension• hyperextensionhyperextension• abductionabduction• adductionadduction• plantar flexionplantar flexion• dorsiflexiondorsiflexion• circumductioncircumduction
• supination (LR)supination (LR)• pronation (MR)pronation (MR)• inversioninversion• eversioneversion• elevationelevation• depressiondepression• protractionprotraction• retractionretraction
![Page 22: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)Synovial Joints)
• Special Special MovementsMovements• InversionInversion• EversionEversion• DorsiflexiDorsiflexionon
• Plantar Plantar flexionflexion
• SupinationSupination• PronationPronation• OppositionOpposition
![Page 23: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)Synovial Joints)• AbductionAbduction
• Movement of a Movement of a bone away from bone away from the midlinethe midline
• Moving the Moving the humerus humerus laterally at the laterally at the shoulder jointshoulder joint
• AdductionAdduction• Movement of a Movement of a bone toward the bone toward the midlinemidline
• Movement that Movement that returns body returns body parts to normal parts to normal position from position from abductionabduction
![Page 24: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)Synovial Joints)
• CircumductionCircumduction• Movement of a body part in a circleMovement of a body part in a circle• Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder jointjoint
![Page 25: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)Synovial Joints)
• RotationRotation• A bone revolves around its own longitudinal A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axisaxis
• Turning the head from side to side as when you Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no”shake your head “no”
![Page 26: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Joints (Types of Movements at Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)Synovial Joints)
• Special Special MovementsMovements• ElevationElevation• DepressioDepressionn
• ProtractiProtractionon
• RetractioRetractionn
![Page 27: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PlanesPlanes
Fixed lines of reference Fixed lines of reference along which the body or along which the body or organ is often divided organ is often divided to facilitate viewing.to facilitate viewing.
![Page 28: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Body PlanesBody Planes
![Page 29: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane
A vertical plane which A vertical plane which divides the body or divides the body or structure into right structure into right and left sections.and left sections.
![Page 30: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sagittal Section of Sagittal Section of ThoraxThorax
![Page 31: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MRI of BrainMRI of Brain
![Page 32: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mid-Sagittal PlaneMid-Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane which A vertical plane which divides a body or divides a body or
structure into equal structure into equal right and left halves.right and left halves.
![Page 33: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Frontal (Coronal) Frontal (Coronal) Plane Plane
A vertical plane which A vertical plane which divides a body or divides a body or
structure into anterior structure into anterior and posterior sectionsand posterior sections
![Page 34: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
X-Ray: Frontal ViewX-Ray: Frontal View
![Page 35: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Transverse Transverse (Horizontal) Plane(Horizontal) Plane
A horizontal plane which A horizontal plane which divides a body or divides a body or
structure into superior structure into superior and inferior sections.and inferior sections.
![Page 36: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Transverse PlaneTransverse Plane(Cross Section)(Cross Section)
![Page 37: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Chest CT ScanChest CT Scan
![Page 38: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Brain MRIBrain MRI
![Page 39: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Planes - OverviewPlanes - Overview
![Page 40: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
You are doing heart You are doing heart surgery and have to cut surgery and have to cut through the rib cage, through the rib cage, what kind of a cut will what kind of a cut will you make?you make?A.) midsagittalA.) midsagittal
B.) frontalB.) frontal
C.) transverseC.) transverse
![Page 41: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES
Spaces within the body Spaces within the body that contain the that contain the internal organs.internal organs.
![Page 42: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dorsal Body CavityDorsal Body Cavity
• Cranial CavityCranial Cavity• Contains the brainContains the brain
• Spinal (Vertebral) CavitySpinal (Vertebral) Cavity• Bony cavity formed by the Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal contains and protects the spinal cord.cord.
![Page 43: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ventral Body CavityVentral Body Cavity
• Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity• Pleural cavities (2)Pleural cavities (2)• MediastinumMediastinum• Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity
• Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity• Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity• Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity
![Page 44: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity
![Page 45: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
You have just received a You have just received a gun shot to the chest, gun shot to the chest, which cavity did it go which cavity did it go through?through?
A.) AbdominopelvicA.) Abdominopelvic
B.) cranialB.) cranial
C.) thoracicC.) thoracic
![Page 46: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
![Page 47: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants
• The abdominopelvic cavity can The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into be functionally divided into quadrants.quadrants.
• Used by clinical personnel to Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.and other abnormalities.
![Page 48: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants
• Used mostly in the medical and Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines.clinical disciplines.
• Functionally divides the Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrantsquadrants• RUQ - Right Upper QuadrantRUQ - Right Upper Quadrant• LUQ - Left Upper QuadrantLUQ - Left Upper Quadrant• RLQ - Right Lower QuadrantRLQ - Right Lower Quadrant• LLQ - Left Lower QuadrantLLQ - Left Lower Quadrant
![Page 49: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Quadrants and OrgansQuadrants and Organs
• RUQ – liver, gallbladder, RUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidneyright kidney
• LUQ – stomach, spleen, LUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidneypancreas, left kidney
• RLQ – appendix, right ovaryRLQ – appendix, right ovary• LLQ – left ovaryLLQ – left ovary
![Page 50: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants
![Page 51: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Nine body regionsNine body regions
RightHypochondriac
Epigastric
LeftHypochondriac
RightLumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
RightIngunial
HypoGastric
LeftIngunial
![Page 52: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
HomeostasisHomeostasis
The ability of the body The ability of the body to maintain a constant to maintain a constant internal environment internal environment within prescribed within prescribed
physiological limits.physiological limits.
![Page 53: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Parameters Maintained Parameters Maintained in Homeostasisin Homeostasis
• gas concentrationsgas concentrations• temperaturetemperature• pressurepressure• pH (acidity)pH (acidity)• nutrientsnutrients• waterwater
![Page 54: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
STRESSSTRESS
• Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.• Any stimulus which creates an Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal imbalance in the body’s internal environmentenvironment
• Anything that causes stress - StressorAnything that causes stress - Stressor• PhysicalPhysical• EmotionalEmotional• MetabolicMetabolic• EnvironmentalEnvironmental
![Page 55: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
External StressorsExternal Stressors
• HeatHeat• ColdCold• NoiseNoise• LightLight• ExerciseExercise
![Page 56: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Internal StressorsInternal Stressors
• PainPain• TumorsTumors• High blood pressureHigh blood pressure• Chemical imbalancesChemical imbalances• Unpleasant thoughtsUnpleasant thoughts
![Page 57: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Any circular situation in Any circular situation in which information about which information about something is monitored something is monitored and sent to a control and sent to a control
centercenter
![Page 58: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Components of a Components of a Feedback MechanismFeedback Mechanism
• Control CenterControl Center• An area that receives information An area that receives information about a monitored condition and about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response.determines an appropriate response.
• ReceptorReceptor• An area or structure that monitors a An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition.controlled condition.
• EffectorEffector• Structure that produces a response or Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.changes a controlled condition.
![Page 59: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
![Page 60: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Types of Feedback Types of Feedback MechanismsMechanisms
• Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)• The response counteracts the input.The response counteracts the input.• The most common feedback mechanism.The most common feedback mechanism.• Examples:Examples:
• blood pressureblood pressure• blood sugar regulationblood sugar regulation• cardiac outputcardiac output• temperature regulationtemperature regulation
• Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)• The response is intensified by the input.The response is intensified by the input.• Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.childbirth, and blood clotting.
![Page 61: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Negative Feedback Negative Feedback SystemSystem
![Page 62: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Positive Feedback Positive Feedback SystemSystem
![Page 63: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Which feedback mechanism Which feedback mechanism reverses the reaction to reverses the reaction to return to homeostasis?return to homeostasis?
A.) NegativeA.) Negative
B.) PositiveB.) Positive
C.) NeutralC.) Neutral
![Page 64: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
MRI MachinesMRI Machines
![Page 65: The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032306/56649b56550346318e8d48b8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)