The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire because
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Transcript of The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire because
The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire becauseA. The emperors were not crowned by the popesB. The byzantine emperors did not acknowledge the Holy Roman
empireC. The people who lived there did not practice ChristianityD. It did not restore imperial unity to Western Europe
Which one of the following does not describe the crusades?A. The campaigns showed European military superiority to
Muslim armiesB. One of the crusades conquered Constantinople instead of
recapturing Palestine.C. Crusaders brought back many Muslim ideas including
agricultural products back to EuropeD. Crusaders traded eagerly with merchants in the Eastern
Mediterranean
Quick Write
High Middle Ages
European Middle Ages0Early / Post-Classical (Ds)
0“the Dark Ages” disorder, disunity, despair
0High Middle Ages (Cs) 0Rise of crown, commerce & cities0Late Middle Ages 03 disasters: church scandal,100 years
war & BLACK DEATH
Post-Classical/ Early Middle Ages
0550 – 900 CE – fragmented & chaotic
0Catholic church only source of intellectual development & literacy
0Church power0Manorialism0Feudalism
High Middle Ages Advancements
0primogeniture0Holy Roman
Emperor0Capetian kings0Norman conquest0More stability
10th century – out of the ruins of the Frankish empire
0W. - France:0 new hereditary
monarchy established:
0Hugh Capet – Capetian dynasty
E. - German States: Holy Roman Empire0Develops as an
“elected” emperor under the Pope
Greater Stability…
Limited Government Control
0Church main authority0Aristocrats vs. monarchical
power /Magna Carta01st English parliament0Three key estates0Conflicts church &
Kings
The Crusades
Overview
0 The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims
0 Fought over control of the city of Jerusalem0 Though eight Crusades occurred between 1096 and 1300,
only the first four hold true historical significance
Causes of the Crusades
0 Muslims controlled Palestine and threatened Constantinople
0 Pope wanted to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christendom (which had split in 1054)
0 Kings and religious leaders wanted to rid themselves of quarrelsome knights
0 European merchants looked to take control of Muslim-held trade routes in the Mediterranean
0 Crusaders were assured of a place in heaven
The Effects of the Crusades
0 Increased contact between the Europeans and Muslims led to:0 Revival of the Mediterranean Sea
Lanes0 Europeans were introduced to
goods from Southwest Asia:0 Spices, ivory, oranges, gun-
powder, East Asian foods0 Islamic forms of math and
science entered European society0 Algebra, optics, advanced
engineering (stone fortifications)0 Decline of Constantinople
The West ExpandsReasons:
0Pop growth0Memory of Rome0Religious zeal
Reconquista of SpainVikingsCrusades0cultural diffusion & trade
Western Civilization
0Christianity was unifying element
0Little classical thought before 1000
0Crusades classical works0Aristotle especially
Trends in the West… food production population strong monarchies travel trade towns… urban culture
Rise of Trade, Towns, &
Cities
Role of Italy0Italian towns had not decayed to same
degree as rest of W. Europe0Italy’s location – trade cities0Crusades resulted in trade of goods –
luxury items from the east & middle east
0Connection between Mediterranean trade system & rest of Europe
0Belgium and N. France0Textile capital of Europe; 0woolen industry0Center of trade in European Northern
Coast: across France, down Rhine River and across English Channel
Flanders
0Trading towns along Baltic Coast & North Eastern Europe
070 member cities0Established permanent trading routes
0Traded in fur, timber, fish, grain
Hanseatic League
Champagne (France) had the best known fairs
Fairs
Role of Medieval Fairs0Goods from all over world were exchanged
(at first by barter then by money) at fairs0Trade items from East: spices, medicine,
perfume, dyes, gems, silk, cotton, linen, gold, silver, ivory
0Trade items from Middle East: textiles, rugs, grains, fruit
0Exchange of ideas!
Development of Money Economy0led to decline of feudal system &
emergence of market economy0Capital: wealth earned, accumulated
and invested0Coinage – silver, then gold0Banking - Italian “banca” = money
changers table0European traders less wealthy than
Islamic counterparts
Growth of Cities and TownsResulted from:
0the revival of trade 0serfs leaving manor
for opportunities0strong monarchies Developed Where?
Near well-traveled roads, transfer points or waterways
Guilds0set quality standard0loans to members0ill / disabled members0Protected businesses0set prices /conditions 0prohibited competition0supervised training…
Universities Develop0Begin as learning guilds (an
association of people organized for the purpose of learning and teaching)
0Limited to specific subjects (ex: theology, law, medicine)
0Academic degrees develop (B.A., M.A. PhD)
Scholasticism0Intellectual movement that attempted to reconcile faith & reason0Faith = Church teachings
0Reason = Aristotle’s logic
0Scholastic philosophers
Thomas Aquinas013th century Italian
priest0Wrote Summa Theologica 0reason was God’s gift 0church doctrine could be
supported through logic 0Proposed 5 logic proofs
of the existence of God...
Vernacular0Vernacular: language of everyday
speech0people spoke the language that had
developed in their own countries from Latin or German roots (Eng, Fr, Ger, Ital, Span)
0each kingdom a distinct identity0literature more accessible
Vernacular Writers0Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy,
epic poem in Italian that describes an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory and heaven
9 circles
Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales
0English narrative poems that described a group of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on their way to Thomas Beckett’s shrine
Gothic Architecture0Characteristics: walls high & thin, flying
buttresses supported weight of roof, large stained-glass windows, pointed arches
0Symbolism: 0ground plan in shape of a cross0with high walls and pointed arches,
everything appeared to be “reaching towards heaven”
Flying Buttresses
Clerestory Windows
Seville’s Cathedral
Toledo’s Cathedral
MUST KNOW:Gothic vs.
Romanesque
Illuminated
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•The Rise of a Middle Class leads to the decline of Medieval Feudalism•The kings will use the Middle Class to weaken the nobility / aristocracy• revival of trade will lead to the more rapid exchange of everything – including the Black Death