THE HOLY QURaAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT

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THE HOLY QUR’AN AND THEENVIRONMENT

© the royal aal al-bayt institute for islamic thought2010 ∙ jordanenglish series - book 6



In the Name o God, the Compassionate, the Merciul

Corruption has appeared on earth and at sea because o what thehands o men have wrought; in order that God may make them

taste the consequences o their actions; so that they might return.(l-Rum, 30:41)

THE HOLY QUR’AN AND THE

ENVIRONMENTGz M, z S-Kz A A

© the royal aal al-bayt institute for islamic thought

september 2010



T H Q’ E

C © 00 T A A-B I I T.

ll rights reserved. o part o this book may be reproduced or utilised in any orm or by any

means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopying or recording or by any inormationstorage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission o the publisher.

imon art

P T H K JISBN: 978-9957-48-8-9

Legal deposit number

(he Hashemite Kingdom o Jordan National Library)2558/7/2010



Executive Summary Chapter 1 T S E

(A) C 5(B) T A (, ) G 8

(C) ‘E P H’ Chapter 2

T E M(A) G’ K 9(B) T M-M M-

Chapter 3

H C E P(A) Q’ G E B 7(B) M P 0(C) E N 6

Chapter 4

H P E (A) C O 9(B) C W 4

Contents



1

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

T j I E-

:

F, I -

: H Q’ k G

, - H H. T H Q’

,

.

S, k . H

? G H

(khalīa) , k

, ’ -

. M ,

,

. H,

q C,



2

T H Q’ E

’ ( tra), -

M J.

T,

k . T H

Q’

. H walk humbly (uqmān, :9 );

;

G. I -

, k -

.

, .

F , -

. F

,

. T

,

,

, ,



3

Executive Summary

’ , ’

.

G H Q’:Corruption has appeared on earth and at sea because o what the hands o men havewrought; in order that God may make themtaste the consequences o their actions; so

that they might return[that is: so that they might return to od ] ( l-Rum, 30:41)



5

Cha pter 1: he Sacrednesso the Envi ronment

(A) Creation

G H Q’ :We created not the heavens and the earth

and all that is between them in play (l-ukhan, 44:38)

H :We created not the heavens and the earthand all that is between them save with truth

… ( l-ijr , 15:85)

T -

G’ . T

j , f

, D . I, -

f D

N Q. T Q k

C’ H



6

T H Q’ E

Q’. F D N -

:

He is the First and the Last, the Outward and the Inward … (l-adid, 57:3 ).

W T O

( l-ahir )? T O ,

, . TG f

N l-ahir . T -

:Unto God belong the East and the West. Sowherever ye turn, there is the ace o God .( l-aqara, 2:115)

T

G . T -

H, H

. T, ,

.



7

T S E

M, H

, G j

. G

H Q’:God produceth creation, then He repro-duceth it … ( l-Rum, 30:11)

A :… He multiplieth in creation what He will … (atir , 35:1)

A G’

k:

… not a lea alleth but He knoweth it ( l- n‘am, 6:59)

T k G’

k H . T

k

q . G H ;

H k .

-



8

T H Q’ E

:

Assuredly the creation o the heavens and the earth is greater than the creation o mankind; but most o mankind know not (har , 40:57)

…Thou canst see no ault in the Benecent One’s creation … ( l-ulk, 67:3)

T ,

, -

.

(B) The Ayat (signs, verses) of God

T -

‘ayat’ (),

Q’.Lo! In the creation o the heavens and theearth and in the dierence o night and day are signs or men o understanding ( al ‘mran, 3:190)



9

T S E

Lo! In the dierence o day and night and all that Allah hath created in the heavens

and the earth are signs, verily, or olk whoward o evil . (unus, 10:6)

T

Q’, -

k . T

, ,

men o understanding olk who ward o evil. T

-

. B j ,

k k , C

.

T -

Q’ . G k : By the Sun and her brightness

( l-hams, 9:); By the Night when it enshroudeth ( l-

ayl, 9:)’, I swear by the planets ( l-akwir , 8:5) . T



10

T H Q’ E

Q’ k

k -

;

.

M

, : ‘T’, ‘T S’, ‘T M’,

‘T S’, ‘D’, ‘M H’, ‘T S D’,‘Sk’, ‘T W W’, ‘I’, ‘T A’, ‘T

B’, ‘T S’, ‘C’, ‘T E’, ‘T F’,

. T -

, ,

f D ,

.Will they not regard the camels, how they are created?/ And the sky, how it is raised?/

And the mountains, how they are set up?/ And the earth, how it is spread? ( l-hashi- yah, 88:17-20)

Those [the men o understanding] who re-member God, standing, sitting, and reclin-



11

T S E

ing, and consider the creation o the heavensand the earth. ( al ‘mran, 3:191)

(C) ‘Everything Pr aises Him’

E

G.The seven Heavens and the Earth and all that they contain glories Him; nor is thereanything that does not gloriy Him in praise; yet you understand not their praise … ( l-sra’, 17:44; see also 57:1; 59:1; 61:1; 62:1; 64:1; 24:41

and 59:24)

T

I :

, G’ -

G; , ,

, , , H . E

G,

/ G,



12

T H Q’ E

G. I, G

. G k -

H Q’:God is not ashamed to strike a similitude

even o a gnat, or anything beyond it; as or the believers, they know it is the truth

rom their Lord; but as or disbelievers, they

say, ‘What did God desire by this or a si-militude?’ Thereby, He leads many astray and thereby He guides many; and thereby He leads none astray except the wicked. ( l-aqara, 2:26)

O mankind, a similitude is being struck, so

listen to it : truly those on whom you call be-sides God will never create a y even i they rallied together to do so. And i a y should take away something rom them, they would not be able to recover that rom it. Feebleis the seeker and the [thing] sought. ( l-ajj,

22:73)

M , ,

. T -

H Q’ M .



13

T S E

F , ,

k , H

Q’ k -

.Do you not see that everything that is inthe heavens and the earth praises God? And the birds with wings outspread? O each He

knoweth the worship and the praise (‘wa’l-tayru sāātin—kullun qad ‘alima salātahuwa tasbīha’) … ( l-ur, 24:41)

W tajwid (-

) -

‘ali’ ( ‘’) ‘sāātin’

6 :

k

f . T

H Q’

j -

Q’. T

M -



14

T H Q’ E

.

M, j

G . T ,

. G

:Your Lord has revealed unto [awha] thebee: ‘make your home in the mountains,and on the trees, and the trellises which they erect; / then eat rom every ruit and ol-low humbly the ways o your Lord’. Therecomes orth rom their bellies a drink o di-verse hues, wherein is a cure or mankind.( l-ahl , 16:68-9)

T

(‘wahi’ ) G. ‘’ -

‘ ’

: () , - (make your

home in the mountains, and on the trees, and the trellises

which they erect; then eat rom every ruit ) () -



15

T S E

G (and ollow humbly the ways

o your Lord ). C

‘’

G’ M,

, ‘ ’

-E , S-

, ( ) . N -

( ,

‘taqwa’) G H Q’:O mankind! We have indeed created you rom a male and a emale, and made younations and tribes that you may come toknow one another. Truly the noblest o youin the sight o God is the most pious (atqa)among you. Truly God is Knower, Aware. ( l-ujurat, 49:13)

I

( k jinn)

‘’ jinn -



16

T H Q’ E

G. I, G

H Q’.

And We have indeed urged unto Hell many o the jinn and mankind, having heartswherewith they do not understand, and having eyes wherewith they do not perceive, and having ears wherewith they do not hear.These, they are like cattle — nay, rather they are urther astray. These — they are theheedless. ( l-’ra, 7:179)

T

M :

G; - (ayat ) G; G

,

G’

!

F, - (‘umam’, : ‘umma’)

k . G H Q’:There is not an animal on earth nor a ying



17

T S E

creature with wings which do not orm com-munities [umam] analogous [amthalukum]

to you. ( l-n’am, 6:38)

E , , ‘umma’ , -

, ‘

’. M,

( k

), -

. E

‘’ k ‘’

‘k ’, , z -

.

O Q’

: k -

, k , j ,

k . E , umma,

j ,

j



18

T H Q’ E

. O -

,

. T j

,

G. G H Q’:Because o that, We decreed or the Childreno Israel that whoever slays a soul or other

than a soul, or or corruption in the land, it shall be as i he had slain mankind alto- gether; and whoever saves the lie o one, it shall be as i he had saved the lie o all man-kind. Our messengers have already come tothem with clear proos, but afer that many

o them still commit excesses in the land. ( l-

aida, 5:32)

I

k , -

k. A G k .



19

Cha pter 2 – heRel ationship between t he

Environment and M an

(A) God’s Kh al ifa

M’ -

Q’ khalia

(, , ) G -

A (....) A:Lo! I am about to place a viceroy on earth

( l-aqara, 2:30)

G :He it is Who has made you viceroys onearth … (atir , 35:39)

H , , G’

. H H . H . T

-

, ,



20

T H Q’ E

! H

. T ,

. G … There shall be or you on earth a habita-tion and provision or a time ( l-aqara, 2:36)

He it is Who hath made the earth subservi-ent unto you, so walk in the paths thereo and eat o His providence … ( l-ulk, 67:15)

T ,

. H,

G, H Q-

, G,

G. T -

,

. G k H W:



21

T E M

He created man, / teaching him the [coher-ent] speech. / The sun and the moon ollow

a reckoning, / and the grass and the trees prostrate. / And He has raised the heavenand set up the balance, / [declaring] that you should not contravene with regard tothe balance. / And observe the measure with justice and do not skimp the balance. / And

the earth, He placed it or [all] creatures. / In it are ruits and date-palms with sheaths, / and grain with husk, and ragrant herb. / So which o your Lord’s avours will youdeny? (l-Rahman, 55:3-13)

H ’ , ,

. A

j

— , -

— G’ ,

L’ -

. H ,

. S G’ :



22

T H Q’ E

Do you not know that to God belongs thekingdom o the heavens and the earth, and

that you have none, besides God, neither protector, nor helper? ( l-aqara, 2:107; see also:

5:17-8; 5:40; 5:120; 9:116; 17:111; 24:42; 25:2; 35:13;

39:6; 39:44; 40:16; 42:49; 43:85; 45:27; 48:14; 57:2; 57:5;

64:1; 67:1, and 85:9)

T k -

k

C .

G H Q’ And the earth We have spread out (Likea carpet); set thereon Mountains rm and immovable; And produced therein all kindso things in due balance. And We have pro-vided therein Means o subsistence,— or you And or whose sustenance Ye are not responsible. ( l-ijr, 15:19-20)



23

T E M

(B) The M acro-Micro Mir ror-play

G H Q’:We shall show them Our signs on the hori-zons and in their own souls until it becomesclear to them that He is the Truth … (ussilat ,41:53)

A: And in the earth are signs or those whose aith is sure / And [also] in yourselves. Can ye then not see? ( l-hariyat , 51:20-21)

I , G k H -

H . T

D M f

.

I , k , -

k ,

k

G, H

.



24

T H Q’ E

M,

:

… Thou canst see no ault in the Benecent One’s creation ( l-ulk, 67:3)

Surely We created man o the best stature

( l-in, 95:4)

B , . B

G’ . W

the lowest o the low ( l-in, 95:5).

T -

- ,

’ . T H Q’,

J ‘’: And we made or the heaven, but we ound

it lled with mighty guards and meteors. / And we used to sit in [certain] places there-in to listen in; but anyone listening now will nd a meteor lying in wait or him. ( l-inn,

72:8-9)



25

T E M

T k’ -

f ’ ,

, ( ’ -

-

), ( ’

, ‘’ ). T

k k,

, -

. T k -

: k

k k

.



27

Chapter 3 – Human Corruptionand Environmental Pollution

(A) Qur’anic Guidelines for

Ecological Balance

T H Q’

. H ‘k

’ :The [aithul] slaves o the Benecent arethey who walk upon the earth modestly ( l-urqan, 25:63)

M

;It is He who produceth Gardens, with trel-lises And without, and dates, And tilth with produce O all kinds, and olives And pome- granates, Similar (in kind) And dierent (invariety): Eat o their ruit In their season,but render The dues that are proper On theday that the harvest s gathered. But wastenot by excess: or God Loveth not the wast-ers. ( l-n‘am, 6:141)



28

T H Q’ E

… And squander not in wantoness / Lo! The squanderers were ever brothers o the

devils,and the devil was ever an ingrate tohis Lord ( l-sra’ , 17:26-27)

H

; And the sky he has uplifed; and He hath set

the measure. / That ye exceed not the meas-ure. ( l-Rahman, 55:7-8)

Lk, G’ ,

S . And I will lead them astray, and give them

alse hopes, and order them to cut the ears o the cattle, and I will order them to alter thecreation o God … (isa’ , 4:119)

I ,

k .

W k E -

. T

. A



29

H C E P

, .

-

. T ,

k ,

. k ‘’, f

. U

, k

, , -

. W , ; ,

; ,

; k , k jk

k; k jk ,

; ,

, . T ,

f C, -,

, -



30

T H Q’ E

. A G Q’

,

, :He created man, / teaching him the [coher-ent] speech. / The sun and the moon ollowa reckoning, / and the grass and the trees prostrate. / And He has raised the heaven

and set up the balance, / [declaring] that you should not contravene with regard tothe balance. / And observe the measure with justice and do not skimp the balance. / And the earth, He placed it or [all] creatures. / In it are ruits and date-palms with sheaths,

/ and grain with husk, and ragrant herb. / So which o your Lord’s avours will youdeny? ( l-Rahman, 55:3-13)

(B) Moral Transgression and Pun ishment

W

P -

,



31

H C E P

, . T

‘’ f, ,

qk . N -

q .Corruption has appeared on earth and at sea because o what the hands o men havewrought; in order that God may make them

taste the consequences o their actions; sothat they might return’ [that is: so that they might return to od] ( l-Rum, 30:41)

W ‘’ ‘ ’

‘ ’? F -

Q’ , k

. O ‘’ -

‘ ’

‘’ q ,

, ,

G;

, ,

,

q .



32

T H Q’ E

q ‘’

-

; , ,

. G H Q’:Your creation and your resurrection is but asa single soul ... (uqman, 31:28)

I, ,

, ? T Q’

. H

.

So We seized each o them [the variouswrongdoers mentioned in the preceding verses] or their sin: among them were thoseupon whom We unleashed a hurricane, and

among them were those who were seized by the Cry, and among them were those whomWe caused the earth to swallow, and among them were those whom We drowned. But it was not God who wronged them, but rather,



33

H C E P

it was they who wronged themselves. ( l-‘nkabut , 29:40)

I

-

: ( ); ( ‘’ ,

,

H Q’ , G [ 7:8-9]

); ( f), (qk).

N k q

, , -

, (,

, q )

-

( , , ,

). I ,

,

.

H,



34

T H Q’ E

.

k ,

H Q’, -

: G

(har , 40:67) [ ]; ( l-

aaat , 7:) [ ];

( l-ijr , 5:6) [ , ], ( l-Rahman, 55:4) [ , ,

]. Cq, ’ (..

D S

— l-ajdah, :7-9; ad , 8:76 l-ijr

5:8-4) k : ( - ); (

); ( );

( ). T

P L (....); P ( P

N, [....]); P H (....)

‘ A P S (....),

, ,

( l-hariyat , 5:-44; l-ajm, 5:50-



35

H C E P

5 .). T G ( ): So We seized

each o them [according to] their sin ... But it was not God

who wronged them, but rather, it was they who wronged

themselves. ( l-‘nkabut , 9:40).

P

(

), are , . T

.

F,

, k , G :

And be araid o a trial which would cer-tainly not all exclusively upon the evildoersamong you; and know that God is severe inretribution. ( l-nal , 8:25)



36

T H Q’ E

(C) Eschatology and Nature

G L D ,

[ ] When the sun is overthrown. / And whenthe stars all. / And when the hills are moved. / And when the camels big with young are

abandoned. / And when the wild beasts areherded together. / And when the seas rise.

( l-akwir , 81:1-6)

When the sky is clef asunder. / When the planets are disperses. / When the seas are poured orth ( l-ntar , 82:1-3)

E -

:When Earth is shaken with [her] nal earthquake. / And Earth yieldeth up her burdens. / And man saith: What aileth her? / That day she will relate her chronicles ( l-Zalzala, 99:1-4)

T ,



37

H C E P

. G H Q’:

I only there had been one town that be-lieved and proted by its belie — except or the people o Jonah: when they believed, Weremoved rom upon them the chastisement o degradation in the lie o this world and We gave them comort or a while. (unus,

10:98)

A:Verily We sent Noah to his people [say-ing]: ‘Warn your people beore there comeon them a painul chastisement’. / He said,

‘O my people, I am indeed a plain warner to you, / [to tell you] that [you should] worshipGod and ear Him and obey me, / that Hemay orgive you some o your sins and deer you, until an appointed term. Indeed whenGod’s term comes, it cannot be deerred, i

only you knew’. (uh, 71:1-4)

T k

,

, G’ M. G :



38

T H Q’ E

Do they not know that God extends His provision or whomever He will, and re-

stricts [it] [or whomever He will?] Truly inthat there are signs or a people who believe. / Say [that God declares]: ‘O My servantswho have been prodigal against their ownsouls, do not despair o God’s mercy. Truly God orgives all sins. Truly He is the For-

giving, the Merciul. / And turn [penitently]to your Lord and submit to Him, beore thechastisement comes on you, whereupon youwill not be helped. ( l-Zumar, 39:52-54)

T , G' L,

.



39

Chapter – Human P uriicationand Env ironmental R esponsibility

(A) Changi ng Ourselves

W ? I -

,

, ? T

G’ :… Truly God will not change the conditiono a people until they change the condition o

their own souls ( l-Ra‘d , 13:11).

G

, in . O -

. W -

, L,

G. T



40

T H Q’ E

, -

. G :

O mankind, eat that which is lawul and wholesome on earth, and do not ollow the ootsteps o Satan ( l-aqara, 2:168)

W .

T , , wholesome on earth.

W , ,

, f . C -

-

? C

? W

. W , -

k. B j -

,

which is lawul and wholesome .A

,

. T



41

H P E

. T jihad . T k

. W

aqr dhikr ; , ,

, G

k, . A , . T

, k, ,

, , ,

, ,

, , , - .,

. I , ‘’

—

’ —

.



42

T H Q’ E

(B) Cha nging our World

G :Do you not see how God strikes similitudes? A good word is as a good tree. Its roots are rm and its branches reach up into heaven.It gives orth its ruits in every season, by

the leave o its Lord / And the similitude o a bad saying is as a bad tree, uprooted rom

upon the earth, having no stability. / God conrms those who believe by a rm saying in the lie o this world and in the Hereafer;and God sends astray the evildoers; and God

does what He will (brahim, 14:24-27)

I ,

. T , M,

H Q’’ ( )

M (

q ’ )

, — j -

— . W

, , -



H P E

-

preached uprooted rom upon the earth,

having no stability, lived

roots are rm and its branches reach up into

heaven. M H

Q’

, , in sha llah.

THE HOLY QURaAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT

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