The HKIE YMC Seminar

Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System

Airport Reclamations – then and now

Speaker: Mr Daman Lee

20 January 2016

Since its opening in 1998, Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA)

has grown to become one of the busiest airports in the world.

In 2015, the airport served 68.5 million passengers, handled 4.38 million

tonnes of cargo and accommodated 406,000 air traffic movements.

With more than 100 airlines connecting to approximately

180 destinations worldwide, HKIA is a leading

international and regional aviation hub that helps

maintain Hong Kong’s status as “Asia’s World City”.

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The current airport platform, situated

over the former islands of Chek Lap Kok

and Lam Chau, encompasses an area

of 1255 ha, of which three-quarters was

reclaimed land.

3RS Layout

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HKIA

Contaminated Mud Pits (CMP)

CMP CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

• Reclaimed Area: ~650 ha. • Contaminated Mud Pits: ~270 ha. (Covers approx. 40% of the Site) • CMP will be treated by Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) method

Land Formation

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New North Runway

(3800m long) New Centre

Runway (4225m long)

Hong Kong Boundary

Crossing Facilities

Existing South Runway

(3800m long)

Runways and Taxiways Configuration

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• Floor Area: ~283,000m2

• Total Aircraft Parking Positions: 57

Third Runway Concourse Overview

Code F – 14 Code E – 23 Code C - 20

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Third Runway Concourse – Departure Level

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• Floor Area: ~300,000m2

• Check-in Counters: 216 • Baggage Reclaim Carousels: 8

Terminal 2 Expansion Overview

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• Station Distance: 2.6km between T2 and TRC • Headway: 2.5 mins • Maximum Train Speed: 80 km/hr.

Automated People Mover System Overview

TRC-W

TRC

APM Interchange Station SkyPier T2

EH

WH

MFC

Existing APM Line

New TRC APM Line

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TRC-W

TRC BHS T1 BHS

SkyPier T2 BHS

• Individual Carrier System (ICS) • Transport Speed: 25 to 36 km/hr.

New T1 ICS System

Conveyor System

T2/TRC ICS System

Baggage Handling System Overview

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6% of Hong Kong is reclaimed

land, they comprise the majority of

urban development lands.

Reclamation

then and now

Fill

~105m

Formation Level +5.5mPD

Rockfill

Sandfill Dredged Level

Alluvium

Existing seabed

Marine

Deposits

SW

L

Fully dredged

Alluvium

Existing seabed

Marine

Deposits

SW

L

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Old Reclamation

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CLK and Lam Chau

3.1km2

Reclamation Area

9.4km2

赤鱲角

欖洲

Total Site Formation Area

12.5km2

Total Construction Period 1993-1998 Reclamation and Site Formation 1993-1995

Distribution of Marine Deposit

Stage 1: Remove Soft Layer (Marine Deposit)

Grab Dredger 21 nos.

Trail Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) 23nos.

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Stage 2: Blast and Fill

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RH200 Excavator – bucket size 22m3

Major land earth moving plants: Large Excavator 15nos Large Dumper 60nos Large Dozer 23nos

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30nos. Caterpillar 785 large dumpers - payload 136tons 24

End tipping Type A/B Fill

CLK Site Formation

Rock and soil fill from excavation and blasting of CLK Island and Lam Chau

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CLK Site Formation

Type A Fill (blasted rock 2000mm down)

Type B Fill (excavated soil/rock 300mm down) 26

Marine sand filling

Hydraulic pumping from TSHD

>14 km of 800mmf hydraulic pipe

“Rainbowing”

from TSHD

HKIA at CLK

Reclamation & Site Formation

1993-1995

Progress Photos

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Main Site Formation commenced Jan 1993

CLK

Island

Feb 1993 April 1993

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Oct 1993

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Hydraulic marine sand pumping at

west end (Aircraft Maintenance

Area) supported by cutter suction

dredger

Dec 1993 32

Jun 1994

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Oct 1994

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1995

Surcharge

Vibrocompaction

Dynamic Compaction

Rolling Surcharge

Distribution of Ground Improvements

Tank

Farm

Apron,

APM,

Concourse

Road & AEL

Some observations

• Large flexibility in work sequence • Can do rainbow filling • Can have seabed as the stockpile area • Borrow areas nearby • Limited ground treatment needed • Few site constraints

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Settlements

• Short term – compaction of imported sand and fills;

• Long term – from below dredged level; design to cope

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Allowable Residual Settlement

Areas Allowable Residual

Settlement in 50 years

(mm)

Allowable Differential

Settlement in 50

years

Runway 500 1:1000

Taxiways & Aprons 500 1:500

Concourse and

buildings

500 1:300

Transition with existing

platform

200 1:500

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3RS Reclamation and Site Formation New Challenges

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Completely non-dredge

• Environmental reasons – No major disturbance of seabed – Reduce demand for import sand – No dredged mud dumping

• Contaminated Mud Pits • Seawall stability • Differential settlement • Site supervision

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Ground Improvement Deep Cement Mixing

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HKIA

Contaminated Mud Pits (CMP)

CMP CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

CMP

• Reclaimed Area: ~650 ha. • Contaminated Mud Pits: ~270 ha. (Covers approx. 40% of the Site)

Contaminated Mud Pits within 3RS Footprint

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Water

soft marine clay

stiff alluvium

rock

Conventional Solution - PVD / Stone columns

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soft marine clay

stiff alluvium

rock

sand fill

Conventional Solution - PVD / Stone columns

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DCM in CMPs and under Runway

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DCM Trial

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Ground Improvement for Seawall Deep Cement Mixing

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Fill

~105m

Formation Level +5.5mPD

1v:3h

Rockfill

Sandfill Dredged Level

1v:3h

Band drains Alluvium

Existing seabed

Marine

Deposits

SW

L

Cope Line Partially Dredged Seawall

Fill

~105m

1v:3h

Rockfill

1v:3h

Band drains Alluvium

Existing seabed

Marine

Deposits

SW

L

Non-dredged Seawall

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Reclamation Schemes

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Possible option: Steel Cells with Stone Columns

P281 Detailed Design Progress

Presentation

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General reclamation

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Surcharge

Vibrocompaction

CPT Testing

Settlement curves under different Surcharge periods

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Ground Improvement – A combination of different methods

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Surcharge Layout Plan

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Other main challenges

• Diversion of fuel pipes and CLP cables • Material supply

– Cement – Sand – Rock

• Constraints from existing airport

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Sand sources

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Alignment of Shenzhen – Zhongshan Highway

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Works Adjacent to Existing North Runway Seawall

0 mPD

+10 mPD

-20 mPD

-10 mPD

+30 mPD

+20 mPD

+2.6 mPD

+25 mPD

< 5m

Location Key Plan

+8 mPD

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Conclusions: Not just a runway ….. Completely non-dredged, partly within contaminated mud pits Soft soil improvement is a critical component Heavily constrained due to existing airport operations. Tight programme

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Thank You

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