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Slide 2 The History of Psychology Slide 3 Before Psychology was a Defined Field Slide 4 Socrates and Plato (428-399 BCE) The mind is separate from the body When the body dies, the mind remains Knowledge is innatewe are born with it Slide 5 Descartes (1595-1650) French philosopher and scientist Everything from the early philosophers and The mind contains animal spirits Slide 6 John Locke (1632-1704) The mind at birth is a tabula rasa on which experience writes Slide 7 Wave 1: Structuralism and Functionalism What vs. Why Slide 8 Structuralism Whilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) German The father of modern psychology December 1879 Experiment: hear a sound, push a button Structuralism- studies the structural elements of the mind Introspection Slide 9 Functionalism William James (1842-1910) American Focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world Heavily influenced by Darwin Slide 10 Wave 2: Gestalt Psychology More than a sum of its parts Slide 11 Gestalt Psychologists A group of German psychologists lead by Max Wertheimer Argued against dividing human though and behavior into discrete structures When given a cluster of sensations our minds organize them into gestalt (a form or a whole) The whole experience is often more than a sum of its parts Slide 12 Slide 13 Wave 3: Psychoanalysis The Commoners Psychology Slide 14 Psychoanalysis Freud (1856-1939) Believed that humans possess an unconscious mind The thoughts in the unconscious mind build up over the years through repression Slide 15 Wave 4: Behaviorism Wheres the science?? Slide 16 Behaviorism Watson, Skinner, Pavlov Psychology must limit itself to observable phenomena Behaviors (response) and the cause of the behaviors (stimuli) and reinforcement The dominant school of thought from the 1920s-1960s Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Wave 5: Multiple Perspectives Current Day Slide 20 Contemporary Psychology can Be Placed in 7 (8?)Broad Perspectives Humanistic Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Biological/Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavioral Cognitive Sociocultural Slide 21 while e coyote Slide 22 Humanist Important People: Maslow, Carl Rogers Focus: individual choice and free will; how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self- fulfillment How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth? Slide 23 Psychodynamic People: Freud Focus: how behavior spring from unconscious drives and conflicts How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas Slide 24 Biology/Neuroscience/Biophysi ological People: none for now Focus: how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences How are nervous signals passed? What part of the brain is functioning when? How is blood chemistry linked with mood or motive? To what extent is our personality or intelligence due to genes? The environment? Slide 25 Evolutionary People: Darwin Focus: how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Slide 26 Behavioral People: Watson, Skinner, Pavlov Focus: how we learn observable responses to stimuli How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter behavior? Slide 27 Cognitive People: none for now Focus: how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems? Slide 28 Sociocultural People: none for now Focus: how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures How are we alike as members of one human family? How do we differ as a product of our environment? Slide 29 #8Biopsychosocial An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis Slide 30 Meyers, D. G. and Fineburg, A. C. (2014). Psychology for AP. New York, NY: Worth.