The History of The History of ComputersComputers

Developments Leading up Developments Leading up to the Stored-Program to the Stored-Program

Computer of TodayComputer of Today

Designed by Mr. Wilhelmi

In The BeginningIn The Beginning

• Early humans counted Early humans counted on their on their fingersfingers – – evolution of base 10 evolution of base 10 numbering systemnumbering system

AbacusAbacus OrientOrient

• 3000 years ago3000 years ago• First calculating First calculating

mechanismmechanism• Beads represent Beads represent

digitsdigits• Rods represent Rods represent

places – units, places – units, tens, tens,

hundreds, hundreds, and and higher higher multiples of tenmultiples of ten

Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal

• Invented the Invented the PascalinePascaline in 1642 in 1642• First mechanical adding machineFirst mechanical adding machine

Gottfried LeibnizGottfried Leibniz

• Invented Invented Step ReckonerStep Reckoner in 1671 in 1671• Could Could add, subtract, multiply, divide, add, subtract, multiply, divide,

and evaluate square rootsand evaluate square roots

Joseph JacquardJoseph Jacquard

• Jacquard’sJacquard’s LoomLoom in in 18101810

• Emphasized three Emphasized three computer conceptscomputer concepts

1. 1. InstructionsInstructions- used punched - used punched

cardscards2. 2. Simple ProgramSimple Program

- series of - series of instructionsinstructions

3. 3. Automate jobAutomate job- because of - because of

programprogram

Charles BabbageCharles Babbage

• Father of ComputersFather of Computers• Invented Invented Analytical Analytical

EngineEngine in 1832 in 1832• 5 characteristics of 5 characteristics of

modern computermodern computer– InputInput device – punch device – punch cardscards– ProcessorProcessor – mill – mill– Control UnitControl Unit– StorageStorage Facility – store Facility – store– OutputOutput device device

Ada AugustaAda Augusta

• First Computer First Computer ProgrammerProgrammer

– wrote programs for thewrote programs for theAnalytical EngineAnalytical Engine

• Her notes on the Her notes on the Analytical Engine Analytical Engine was used in the was used in the

future developmentfuture development

of computersof computers

Herman HollerithHerman Hollerith

• Invented Invented Tabulating Tabulating

MachineMachine for for 1890 1890 CensusCensus

• First machine First machine capable of capable of processing processing statistical statistical information information

from from punched punched cardscards

Alan TuringAlan Turing

• Worked on Worked on ColossusColossus computer in computer in 19431943

• Used in World Used in World War II for War II for cracking cracking German codesGerman codes((ENIGMAENIGMA))

John MauchlyJohn MauchlyPresper EckertPresper Eckert

• ENIACENIAC (Electronic (Electronic Numerical Numerical Integrator & Integrator & Calculator) Calculator) 19461946

• First electronic First electronic computer to go computer to go into operationinto operation

• A A mothmoth got caught in the MARK II got caught in the MARK II and shorted out a relayand shorted out a relay

• Grace crawled in and removed it Grace crawled in and removed it from inside the computerfrom inside the computer

• Popularized the term “Popularized the term “bugbug” to ” to signify any system failuresignify any system failure

• The term “The term “debuggingdebugging” signifies ” signifies solving a computer problemsolving a computer problem

John von NeumannJohn von Neumann

EDVAC - first electronic computer to use stored-programEDVAC - first electronic computer to use stored-program

“First Draft” – based onhis concepts, all computersprocess data by carrying outfour specific activities:

Input dataStore dataProcess dataOutput data/results

This initiated the moderncomputer era.

First Generation First Generation Computers (1951-1958)Computers (1951-1958)

• Vacuum tubesVacuum tubes– for electronic circuitsfor electronic circuits

• Punched cardsPunched cards– for secondary for secondary

memory/storagememory/storage

• Speed – Speed – MillisecondsMilliseconds– Thousands of Thousands of operations operations

per secondper second

• Machine and Assembly Machine and Assembly languageslanguages

Vacuum TubeVacuum Tube

• Provided the electronic Provided the electronic circuits for computercircuits for computer

• 6000 circuits/cubic foot6000 circuits/cubic foot• Konrad ZuseKonrad Zuse used it in 1941 used it in 1941

instead of electromagnetic instead of electromagnetic relaysrelays

• Large and bulky. Generated Large and bulky. Generated enormous amounts of heatenormous amounts of heat

• Burned out frequently causing Burned out frequently causing computer to be down computer to be down

for for large amounts of timelarge amounts of time

Second Generation Second Generation Computers (1959-1964)Computers (1959-1964)

• TransistorsTransistors– electronic circuitselectronic circuits

• Magnetic tapeMagnetic tape– secondary memory\storagesecondary memory\storage

• Speed – Speed – MicrosecondsMicroseconds– millions of operations per secondmillions of operations per second

• Programming languagesProgramming languages– COBOL, Fortran, SymbolicCOBOL, Fortran, Symbolic

TransistorTransistor

• Replaced vacuum tubes Replaced vacuum tubes as electronic circuits in as electronic circuits in computerscomputers

• Developed by Developed by William William Shockley, Walter Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Brattain, and John BardeenBardeen from Bell Labs from Bell Labs in 1947in 1947– Won the Won the Nobel Prize in Nobel Prize in

19561956 as a result as a result

• 100,000 circuits/cubic 100,000 circuits/cubic footfoot

Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor

Comparison of the vacuum tube with the transistor

Third Generation Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)Computers (1965-1970)

• Integrated CircuitsIntegrated Circuits (IC) (IC)– electronic circuitselectronic circuits

• Magnetic tapeMagnetic tape– secondary memory\storagesecondary memory\storage

• Speed – Speed – NanosecondsNanoseconds– Billions of operations per secondBillions of operations per second

• Silicon ChipSilicon Chip– silicon crystal that IC is etched insilicon crystal that IC is etched in

Integrated Circuit (IC)Integrated Circuit (IC)

• Invented by Invented by Jack KilbyJack Kilby of of

Texas Instruments in 1959Texas Instruments in 1959• 10 million circuits/cubic foot10 million circuits/cubic foot• Won the Won the Nobel Prize in 2000Nobel Prize in 2000 as a as a

resultresult

Fourth Generation Computers Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)(1971-Present)

• Personal micro-computerPersonal micro-computer• MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

– electronic circuitselectronic circuits

• Magnetic diskMagnetic disk– secondary memory\storagesecondary memory\storage

• Speed – Speed – picosecondspicoseconds– trillions of operationstrillions of operations

per secondper second

• Virtual memoryVirtual memory– mimics behavior of primary memorymimics behavior of primary memory

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

• Invented by Invented by Ted HoffTed Hoff of of Intel in 1971Intel in 1971

• Very Large Scale Very Large Scale Integration (VSLI)Integration (VSLI)– tens of thousands electronic tens of thousands electronic

components on each IC chipcomponents on each IC chip

• Over 500 billion Over 500 billion circuits/cubic footcircuits/cubic foot

Steven JobsSteven JobsSteve WozniakSteve Wozniak

• Invented Apple Invented Apple MacintoshMacintosh in in 19841984

• First First programmable programmable computer computer available for available for personal usepersonal use

• First computer to First computer to use Graphical use Graphical User User InterfaceInterface

Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Computers (Future)Computers (Future)

• Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence– Computer learns from itselfComputer learns from itself

• Natural LanguageNatural Language– Communicate with computer using everyday Communicate with computer using everyday

languagelanguage

• Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing– Ability to process millions of instructions Ability to process millions of instructions

simultaneouslysimultaneously

• Speed – Speed – gigasecondsgigaseconds– Quadrillions of operations per secondQuadrillions of operations per second

What will the future hold What will the future hold in the computer industry?in the computer industry?