The History of Computers 2

8/9/2019 The History of Computers 2

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By Karen Edoff


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WHO INVENTED THECOMPUTER?

Each of which can be considered

a separate invention.


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L

ets explore thoseinventions


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The AbacusSimple counting aid

Invented in the4th century B.C.


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TheM

odern Abacus

multiplicationdivisionadditionsubtraction

square rootand cube root

Still used inAsia and Africa

Used for :


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Pascals Calculator

The first calculator

Added up to 6 digits

Invented in 1694Very simple gears


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Problem..


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Arithmometer -1820Finally a machine that could

AddSubtractMultiply andDivide

RELIABLY


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Still Problems

All mechanical

calculators hadmoving parts thatwere slow and couldbreak down.


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First Programmable Computer

By:KONRAD ZUSEThe Z3

In 1941 Fully functional

Uses binary math

And Boolean logic


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operated at 5 instructions/second

was 1/2 the length of a football field

contained 500 miles of wiring

The Harvard Mark 1


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ENIAC

Electronic

Numerical

IntegratorAnalyzer and

Computer

operated at 5000 instructions per secondRequired enoughenergy to dim the lightsofPhiladelphia when it

was run.weighed 30 tons

Created in1945


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I think there is a world market for

maybe five computers.

-- Thomas Watson, chairman ofIBM, 1943

Computers in the future mayweigh no more than 1.5 tons.

-- Popular Mechanics, 1949


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Vacuum TubesEarly computers usedvacuum tubes.


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Replacing a bad tube meantchecking ENIACs 19,000

possibilities


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In 1945

Or electronic switches

Developed by:Bell TelephoneLaboratories

The First Transistors

They replaced a computers

vacuum tube in1956.


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The IBM Stretch -1956

transistors replaced vacuum tubes

operated at 50,000instructions per second

cost: $3.5 million


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The IBM StretchThe first to:

Provide multiprogramming do more than one task at a time.

line up instructions in a queue, so that thecomputer doesnt have to wait between

operations Provide security whichprevents unauthorizedmemory access

M

emory interleaving, breakingup memory into chunks for muchhigher bandwidth.

Establish the eight-bit byte


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Programming Language-1957

COBOL, FORTRAN

Computers operating at100,000 instructions /second

Used to create programs thatcontrol the behavior of a machine


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The First Integrated Circuits - 1958

Allows a computer to get

smaller, faster, cheaper

Modern

Integrated circuits


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RAM -1970

The firstmemory chip

contained more than 1,000 bits of information


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Floppy Disks - 1971The first 8" floppy diskette

Held 79.7 kb

of memory


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Apple I - 1976First single circuit board computer

8k of RAMOnly 200

Apple I s

were built and sold


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Apple II - 1977First built in Operating System

Microprocessorspeed of 1 MHz

4 KB of RAM withOption to upgrade to48 kb of RAM


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Video Games -1970Video games drove the demand for betterand more affordable computers.


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IMB - 1981First computer tocome with a

keyboard, monitor& printer.


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Commodore 64 -1982

64 kilobytes of memory

Directly plugged into a television

16 colors

two bitmap graphics modes


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Apple - 1984

Operating at 10-100 millioninstructions per second

First 16/32-bit microprocessor

Processing speeds of 16.67 MHz


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1990s

Personal computers are

operating at 1-2 GHz

1000 million to 2000 million

instructions per second


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If automobiles improved with thesame rate as computers thenour car would

cost: $4,000

top speed: 60,000 mph

seating: 10,000 people

fuel efficiency: 20,000 mpg

reliability: break every 70 years


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2000sMore computers are sold than televisions


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2000s

Operating at 2-4 GHz

2000 million to 4000 millioninstructions per second


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Moore's Law


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The Future of Speed


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Early 2000sUSB 2.0

IpodsDot com boom

X-box

AOL has over 28 million members

Windows XP

Approximately 1 billioncomputers have been

sold since 1970


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I-phone

Netbooks

Mac Air

MP3 Players

L

ate2000s


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Media Tablets Archos 7

320GB

7 in

128 MB RAM

Touch screen

Weight:23oz

WiFi

16 million colors

Battery life: 39 hours (music)


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The Future?

Think of the possibilities


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BIBLIOGRAPHYy http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreThe

Curriculum/EC_IntroductionToComputers/ICLesson1/

y http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm

y http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/elec.htmly http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechlist.htm

y http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/teaching/cs4/summer.08/notes/historyofcomputing/

y

http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/25079.wss

y http://www.computerhope.com/history/196080.htm

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