T H E H I S T O RY O F C A RT O G R A P H Y

V O L U M E T H R E E

V o l u m e T h r e eE d i t o r i a l A d v i s o r s

Denis E. Cosgrove Richard HelgersonCatherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob

Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. KaganPaula Findlen Martin Kemp

Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra MukerjiAnthony Grafton Günter Schilder

Stephen Greenblatt Sarah TyackeGlyndwr Williams

T h e H i s t o r y o f C a r t o g r a p h y

J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors

1Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean

2.1Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies

2.2Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies

2.3Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies

3Cartography in the European Renaissance

4Cartography in the European Enlightenment

5Cartography in the Nineteenth Century

6Cartography in the Twentieth Century

T H E H I S T O RY O F C A RT O G R A P H Y

V O L U M E T H R E E

Cartography

in the

European Renaissance

P A R T 1

Edited by

DAVID WOODWARD

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON

David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London

© 2007 by the University of ChicagoAll rights reserved. Published 2007

Printed in the United States of America

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 1 2 3 4 5

SetISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth)

Part 1ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth)

Part 2ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth)

Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supportedin part by grants from the Division of Preservation and

Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities andthe Geography and Regional Science Program and Scienceand Society Program of the National Science Foundation,

independent federal agencies. For a complete list of financial supporters, see pages vii–x of part 1.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data(Application has been made for CIP data from the Library of Congress.)

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in The History of Cartography are those of the

authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided financial support.

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Financial Support

Federal Agencies

Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities

Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the

National Science Foundation

Foundations and Institutions

The Muriel and Norman B. Leventhal Family Foundation, Inc.‡

The Rand McNally FoundationAndrew W. Mellon FoundationJack Ringer Family FoundationSalus Mundi FoundationDorothy, Louis, Susan, and Richard Sigel Family FundThe Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History

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and Taliaferro, LLCAssociation of Canadian Map Libraries

and ArchivesAster Publishing CorporationBoston Map Society, Harvard Map

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Sponsors

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Founders

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in memory of Helen Wallis‡Joseph H. and Monica G. FitzgeraldWarren HeckrotteRobert A. Highbarger

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Patrons

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Norman Fiering‡Richard and Dorothy Fitch, in memory

of Robert RossTheodore N. Foss and Kent S. DymakLoretta Freiling‡Dr. Gregory J. GajdaJenkins GarrettProf. John H. GeerkenFred J. GoldsmithLinda Grable-CurtisDr. and Mrs. Robert W. GraebnerSuzanne Graham, M.D.Sara S. GronimJohn M. Gubbins, F.R.G.S.Bob Gurda‡Brad HansonJohn HawkinsFrancis HellerGuntram Herb and Patricia LeBon-HerbFrancis HerbertPhilip HoehnTracy L. Honn and Mark Bernstein‡Bangbo HuMurray HudsonFuad IssaBert and Mary Lee Johnson‡Constance JordanRichard L. KaganChris KarcherJames T. KirkAnne and Larry Knowles‡Valerie Krejcie*John G. KrisilasG. Malcolm Lewis

Evelyn Lincoln‡John and Sally LongJack LowellCurtis A. Manchester IIIPaul C. Marengo and Joan P. SimmonsT. K. McClintockMarianne M. McKeeAllen H. MeyerCarmen and Jack MillerP. J. ModeMark Monmonier‡Harry and Geraldine MontgomeryJoel and Beverly MorrisonVictoria M. Morse and Bill NorthMary MurphyCurt Musselman‡In memory of Oscar I. NorwichBraham NorwickJudy M. Olson‡Vincent OsierFrank T. Padberg, Jr.Dick de PagterMiklos PintherKiky PolitesJeremy PoolPeter and Bernice PorrazzoBrian ProdinFrancesco PronteraPaula Rebert and Philip MelnickM. Reilly and B. K. SchneeDennis and Judy ReinhartzCharles D. ReynoldsSteve RitchieGeorge and Mary Ritzlin‡

Pierre L. SalesGwen SchultzJoseph E. SchwartzbergMarsha L. SelmerSinclair A. SheersRobert B. ShilkretRobert SilbermanSusan D. SlaughterNeil SmithDava Sobel

Frank K. SpainBruce N. SpringDavid and Deirdre StamMuriel StricklandJulie K. Sweetkind-SingerRichard TalbertFraser and Monica TaylorRichard F. ThomasJ. Thomas Touchton

Rainer VollmarLarry A. VosJames Walker, M.D.Pauline Moffitt WattsScott D. WestremBarbara Whalen‡Ronald Whistance-SmithKathleen M. Woodward‡Cordell D. K. Yee and Ingrid Hsieh-Yee

Friends

Arshes AnasalJames AxtellConstance A. and David E. Beam‡Soma Golden Behr‡Karen Beidel and Greg CarboneJohn Bennet and Deborah K. HarlanDavid BosseOrin D. BrustadD. Graham BurnettCharles A. BurroughsEdward (Joe) CarringtonMartin M. CassidyGary ChappellMs. Barbara M. ChristyBrock R. CovingtonRichard DittmanRobert H. Dott‡Bruce FetterAllen N. FitchenWarren W. FurthAlbert GanadoWilliam G. GartnerJohn B. GarverMason P. GoldmanThomas D. GoodrichRonald E. GrimStanley and Nancy Haack‡John H. Harwood II

Kenneth E. HillMarianne HinckleSteve HorowitzAlice C. HudsonElton R. KerrA. Jon and R. Ann Kimerling*Christopher and Margaret Kleinhenz‡Richard and Jane Knowles‡Josef W. KonvitzGeorge Leonard and Susan Hanes

LeonardDee LongenbaughMichael M. LudemanJane C. and Louis J. Maher Jr.‡Dr. Donald S. MarshallMark MattisonVincent G. MazzucchelliGregory C. McIntoshWilliam A. McKinstryJudith L. Meyer and Robert T.

Pavlowsky‡Richard and Pat Moll*Nobuo NagaiDonald J. OrthIn memory of George ParkerSamuel T. PerkinsBeverly A. PolingJoseph Poracsky

Thomas PortsGeorge S. ReadPenny Richards and Peter Turley‡Philip L. RichardsonLeonard and Juliet RothmanCurtis L. RoyPaul H. Saenger‡Donald SchnabelPeter L. SiemsWilliam F. SpenglerDavid and Ingrid StalléRichard W. StephensonRobert W. Stocker IIThomas, Ahngsana, and Sainatee SuarezHelen Hornbeck TannerG. T. TanselleJohn and Anne C. TedeschiJerry ThorntonCarol UrnessDavid G. UtleyRichard C. Veit and Yolanda TheunissenSteven James VogelHerbert M. Vogler, M.D.Stephen J. WalshBruce A. WarrenW. Ken WestrayDavid B. WolfJohn A. Wolter

Additional support from

Jonathan G. AndelsonRandy AndersDiane Warne AndersonJudith L. and Gary L. Bakke,

in memory of Janet WashaJ. BartholomewPhil BartonMary Beth BealJeffery BernardHenry S. BienieckiJohn Boyer

Alan K. BrownDaniel BrownsteinMead CainDavid Callahan and Roberto Muzzetta‡R. Wayne and Donna K. Callahan‡C. W. CarsonBill Cronan and Nan Fey‡David and Audrey Dean*In memory of Michael Dulka and

Nancy Vick EdstromSally Eberhardt and Graham McPhee‡

Trudi J. and Jack E. Eblen*Grant E. GaugerLinda GraffRobert Grummer‡Isidro Guzman, Jr.Joan H. Hall‡John E. Hansen‡John B. HattendorfKenneth Heim‡Jane C. Hutchinson‡Ms. Barbara Jenkin‡

John T. JuricekMark D. KaplanoffRobert KarrowSteven KosakowskiKathleen M. and Frederick Kruger,

in memory of Janet WashaPauline H. and James D. Kuelbs‡James P. LacyKristen Overbeck LaiseDavid C. and Greta J. Lindberg‡Deryck O. Lodrick‡Brian LordanA.S.M.Darrel L. McDonaldDurward and Carolyn L. McVey‡*Nancy M. Meier-Singer‡Nancy Goddin MillerRonald Lynn MillerFaith B. Miracle‡

Sam MooreWalter A. NebikerHenry NorrisMaurice A. O’Connor IIIElayne S. Orr‡Ann and Meridith “Buzz” Ostrom‡J. B. PostJeffrey PretesJean M. RayJohn H. RebenackJohn R. RibeiroStephen M. Robinson*Robert RossSharon E. and Guenther H. Ruch‡Tony and Mickie M. Schmudlach‡Margaret and Peter Scholtes‡Kirsten A. SeaverCherie Ann Semans

Peter J. SeverudJason ShihT. SinnemaBenjamin SpaierHerbert L. SpiraCarol A. Springer, M.D.Scott SteinkeRobert D. and Mary L. Stolen,

in memory of Janet WashaFrederick L. Tamm-DanielsMarina TolmachevaSarita F. Trewartha‡Judith A. Troia‡Brian A. TurkRichard and Peggy UglandJames M. Wells‡Stephen E. Wiberley, Jr., and Patricia J.

Wiberley‡

‡ A portion or all of this donation was given in memory of David Woodward (1942–2004).* A portion or all of this donation was given in memory of Arthur H. Robinson (1915–2004).

List of Illustrations xixList of Abbreviations xxxvii

PART 1

Preface, David Woodward xxxix

Setting the Stage

1 Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity andChange, David Woodward 3

The “Renaissance” as a Concept 5The Progressive Model and a Suggested Compromise 6Continuities 7Changes 11Conclusion 23

2 The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society:Twelfth to Fourteenth Century, Victoria Morse 25

The Roles of Maps in the Twelfth and ThirteenthCenturies 28

The Fourteenth Century 44Conclusion 51

The History of Renaissance Cartography: Interpretive Essays

maps and renaissance culture

Cosmography and Celestial Mapping

3 Images of Renaissance Cosmography, 1450–1650,Denis E. Cosgrove 55

Cosmography as a Renaissance Project 55Definitions, Meanings, and Uses of a Changing

Cosmography 56History and Geography of Renaissance

Cosmography 61The Cosmographic Work: Map, Text, and

Illustration 76Cosmographic Images 82Conclusion 98

4 Renaissance Star Charts, Anna Friedman Herlihy 99

Historiography 99Medieval and Renaissance Star Knowledge and

Representation 101Medieval Constellation Illuminations as Precursors

to the Renaissance 105Advances in Two-Dimensional Mapping 106Individual-Constellation Illustrations in the Early

Renaissance 109Early Renaissance Printed Planispheres and Planisphere-

like Maps 110Early Atlases 113Trends and Changes Regarding Iconography and

Format 114Bayer’s Uranometria: A Model for the Future 115Specialized Star Charts 118Concluding Remarks 122

5 Lunar, Solar, and Planetary Representations to 1650, R. H. van Gent and A. Van Helden 123

Pre-Telescopic Representations of Heavenly Bodies 123Viewing the Heavens through the Telescope 125Conclusion 134

6 Globes in Renaissance Europe, Elly Dekker 135Introduction 135The Legacy 136The Cosmographer’s Globe 141The Use of Globes 148Renaissance Globes: Humanism Materialized 158

Charting

7 The Renaissance Chart Tradition in theMediterranean, Corradino Astengo 174

Introduction 174Extant Works 177Customers and Patrons 178Materials 182Manufacture 185

Contents

xi

Workshops, Individual Production, and AnonymousCharts 189

Technical Features: Rhumbs, Wind Roses, Scale 191The Axis of the Mediterranean 194Ornamental Features 199Place-names 203Centers of Production 206Conclusions 235

8 Isolarii, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century, George Tolias 263

Definitions and Origins 263The Birth of the Genre: Florence, Fifteenth Century 265The Golden Age: Venice, Sixteenth Century 268A Second Heyday: The Low Countries and Venice,

Seventeenth Century 276Function and Uses of the Isolarii 279

The Visual, Mathematical, and Textual Models for Mapping in the Renaissance

9 The Reception of Ptolemy’s Geography (End of theFourteenth to Beginning of the SixteenthCentury), Patrick Gautier Dalché 285

From the Translation to the Construction of a Model(End of the Fourteenth to Middle of the FifteenthCentury) 287

The Geography as a Model for the Image of the World 318

Toward a “Mathematical Cartography” 333In-Depth Study and the Move beyond the Model

(End of the Fifteenth to Beginning of the SixteenthCentury) 342

Conclusion 358

10 Map Projections in the Renaissance, John P. Snyder 365

Projections for World Maps 365Projections for Sea Charts 374Projections for Regional Maps 378Projections for Celestial Maps 378Conclusion 380

11 The European Religious Worldview and Its Influence on Mapping, Pauline Moffitt Watts 382

Columbus 385Protestant Bibles 387Calvin and Luther 388The Mappe-Monde Novvelle Papistiqve 390Ortelius 392Celtis and Münster 393Map Mural Cycles 395Conclusions 399

Literature and Maps

12 Early Modern Literature and Cartography: An Overview, Tom Conley 401

Experience and the Production of Space 401Materialities: Text and Map as Landscape 403Topography and Alterity 404The Isolario and Literary Form 405Cartography and Emotion 407The Theatrum mundi as Text and Atlas 408Allegory and Utopia 409Conclusions 410

13 Literature and Mapping in Early Modern England,1520–1688, Henry S. Turner 412

Poetry: Terms and Meanings 412Poetry: New Developments 415Donne 416Milton 417Drama 419Poetics and Maps: Early Modern Social and Intellectual

Contexts 420Conclusion: Toward an Analysis of Early Modern

Topographesis 423

14 Cartography and Literature in Early ModernFrance, Nancy Bouzrara and Tom Conley 427

The Cartographer as Writer 429A Cosmographer for Three Kings: André Thevet 432Circumstance and Text of the First French Atlas 433The Writer as Cartographer 434Three Styles and Moments 434Conclusions 436

15 Literary Mapping in German-Speaking Europe,Franz Reitinger 438

Utopian Fiction 438Satire 440Devotional Books 441Illustrated Broadsheets 443Emblem Books 446New Beginnings 447Conclusion 448

16 Maps and Literature in Renaissance Italy, Theodore J. Cachey Jr. 450

17 Mapping Maritime Triumph and the Enchantmentof Empire: Portuguese Literature of theRenaissance, Neil Safier and Ilda Mendes dos Santos 461

The Journey There and Back Again: The Roteiro and thePoetic Exaltation of Empire 462

xii Contents

The Epic Lyricism of Luís de Camões (1524?–1580) 463

Pilgrimages Large and Small, Far and Near 464Conclusion 466

18 Literature and Cartography in Early Modern Spain: Etymologies and Conjectures,Simone Pinet 469

Etymologies: Metaphoric and Literal Uses 470Conjectures 475

technical production and consumption

19 Land Surveys, Instruments, and Practitioners in the Renaissance, Uta Lindgren 477

Introduction: The Situation in 1450 477Land Surveys 479Instrumentation Employed 489How Surveyors or Mapmakers Obtained Their

Knowledge 500Links between Surveying and Maps 505Conclusion 508

20 Navigation Techniques and Practice in theRenaissance, Eric H. Ash 509

The Medieval Craft of Pilotage 509Oceanic Navigation 514Navigational Training: Learning and Doing 522Mathematical Navigation: Theory and Practice 525Conclusion 527

21 Signs on Printed Topographical Maps, ca. 1470–ca. 1640, Catherine Delano-Smith 528

The Absence of Standardization 531Map Signs in the Older Literature 537Analyzing Renaissance Printed Topographical

Maps 539Signs on Printed Topographical Maps 541Conclusion 579

22 Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, andColoring in the European Renaissance,David Woodward 591

General Technological Considerations 591Changing Woodcut and Copperplate Styles and

Their Effect on Map Printing: Line, Lettering, and Color 598

The Impact of Map Engraving and Printing 606Afterword 610

23 Centers of Map Publishing in Europe, 1472–1600,Robert Karrow 611

Sources of Data 611Analysis of Map Production by Type of

Cartography 612

Analysis of Map Production by Printing Technique 613Analysis of Map Production by Decades 614Analysis of Map Production by Region 620Conclusion 621

24 Maps as Educational Tools in the Renaissance,Lesley B. Cormack 622

Introduction 622Geography, Cosmography, and Maps 622Early Modern Education 623Theories of Education 625Correspondence to Practice 628Mathematical Practitioners and Maps 633Ideological Implications of Maps in Education 635Conclusion 636

25 Maps in Renaissance Libraries and Collections,George Tolias 637

Maps as Memory Aids 637Map Collecting and Arrangement 642Functions and Uses of Cartographic Material 652

maps and their uses in renaissancegovernance

26 Maps and the Early Modern State: OfficialCartography, Richard L. Kagan andBenjamin Schmidt 661

Introduction: Kings and Cartographers 661States and Space 662Mapping States 669“Pleasure and Joy” 677

27 Portraying the City in Early Modern Europe:Measurement, Representation, and Planning, Hilary Ballon and David Friedman 680

Measuring the City: Italy and the Culture of Survey 681Representing the City 687Planning the City: The Italian Evidence 696

28 Maps and Rural Land Management in EarlyModern Europe, Roger J. P. Kain 705

Maps and Property Disputes 706Property Maps and Colonial Settlement 708Cadastral Maps in Taxation Reform and the Evaluation

of State Land Resources 710Property Maps and Agrarian Improvement 712Property Maps: A Response to the Increasing Fiscal and

Symbolic Value of Land 716

29 Warfare and Cartography, ca. 1450 to ca. 1640,John Hale 719

Contents xiii

30 Maps and Exploration in the Sixteenth and EarlySeventeenth Centuries, Felipe Fernández-Armesto 738

Introduction 738Explorers’ Use of Maps 740Explorers as Mapmakers 746Collation of Explorers’ Information 754Exploration and the World Image 757

State Contexts of Renaissance Mapping

italian states

31 The Italian Map Trade, 1480–1650, David Woodward 773

Florence 773Rome 775Venice 779The Map Trade in Northern Italy after 1576 791Conclusions 794

32 Cycles of Painted Maps in the Renaissance,Francesca Fiorani 804

The Ancient Pedigree 804Wall Maps 805Cycles of Painted Maps 806The Dominion 808Beyond the Dominion 813The World Map 813The Continents 814The Regions of the World 816The Holy Land 820Italy 821City Views 825Conclusion 827

33 Cartography in the Duchy of Savoy during theRenaissance, Paola Sereno 831

The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 831The Seventeenth Century: From the Theatrum Sabaudiae

to Borgonio’s Carta generale 847

34 Cartographic Activities in the Republic of Genoa,Corsica, and Sardinia in the Renaissance,Massimo Quaini 854

Difficulties in Constructing a Map of the Genoese State 859

The Development of a Local Topographic Cartography 864

Corsica under Genoese Rule: An Early Case of “Colonial” Cartography? 865

A Comparative Case: Sardinia 870Conclusions 872

35 State, Cartography, and Territory in RenaissanceVeneto and Lombardy, Emanuela Casti 874

States and Cartography 876Maps and the Various Magistratures in Venice 877Administrative Cartography in the Management

and Control of Territorial Resources 880Political-Military Cartography and Territorial

Defense 892The Role of Descriptive Regional Cartography in

the Provision of Territorial Information and theCelebration of Power 900

Pastoral Visits Cartography and Eccesiastical Power in Lombardy 904

Conclusion 907

36 Cartography in the Central Italian States from 1480to 1680, Leonardo Rombai 909

Maps for General Administration (RegionalChorographies) 909

Special-Purpose Maps 915Agrarian Cadastral Cartography 927Urban Maps and Views 931

37 Cartography in the Kingdom of Naples during the Early Modern Period, VladimiroValerio 940

Astronomy and Geodesy at the Aragonese Court of Naples 941

The Enigma of the Aragonese Parchments (PergameneAragonesi) 945

The Map of the Borders of the Kingdom and the LastCartographic Works of the Period of Aragonese Rule 951

City Plans of Naples: Production and Aims 954The Printed Maps Dating from before the New Survey

of Stigliola 960Official Surveys: Maps of the Kingdom Compiled by

Nicola Antonio Stigliola and Mario Cartaro 962The Map by Giovanni Battista Nicolosi 970Conclusion 973

portugal

38 Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance, MariaFernanda Alegria, Suzanne Daveau, JoãoCarlos Garcia, Francesc Relaño 975

Introduction 975Early Nautical Cartography 977Chartmakers and Charts: The Practitioners 987The Charts 990Institutions and Political Policies 1002

xiv Contents

Portuguese Cartography of Its Overseas Routes andTerritories 1010

Terrestrial Cartography in Portugal 1034Printed Cartography in Portugal 1059

spain

39 Spanish Peninsular Cartography, 1500–1700,David Buisseret 1069

Introduction 1069The Medieval Traditions 1070The Sixteenth-Century Scientific Milieu 1072Decline and Revival in the Natural Sciences,

1550–1700 1079The Mapping Sense among Spain’s Rulers 1081Royal Mapping on the Peninsula 1083Regional Cartography 1085Conclusion 1091

40 Spanish Nautical Cartography in the Renaissance,Alison Sandman 1095

Introduction: Nautical Cartography in the SixteenthCentury 1096

Sea Charts as Part of the Nautical Bureaucracy 1103The Padrón Real 1107Selling Charts to Pilots 1130Conclusions 1138

41 Spanish Colonial Cartography, 1450–1700, David Buisseret 1143

The Various Groups of Cartographers Working on Mapsof Spain’s Overseas Territories 1144

The Main Areas of Spanish Colonial Cartography 1148Conclusion 1171

PART 2

german lands

42 Cartography in the German Lands, 1450–1650,Peter H. Meurer 1172

Introduction 1172The Dawn of Early Modern Cartography 1177An Italian Interlude 1182Cartography in the Heyday of German

Humanism 1189German Cartography in the Reformation Period 1207The Period of the First Surveys 1221Influences of the Flemish School in the German

Area 1228German Cartography in Late Humanism:

An Overview 1236Conclusions 1245

low countries

43 Surveying and Official Mapping in the LowCountries, 1500–ca. 1670, CornelisKoeman and Marco van Egmond 1246

Early Mapping of the Low Countries and the Historical-Political Background of CartographicDevelopment 1246

From Picture to Map: The Birth of a ModernCartography 1249

Regional Topographical Mapping of the Low Countries 1257

Military Mapping of the Low Countries (to ca. 1648) 1271

Summary Remarks 1290

44 Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672,Cornelis Koeman, Günter Schilder, Marco van Egmond, and Peter van derKrogt 1296

Louvain: Center of Learning 1296The Rise of Commercial Cartography in the Low

Countries (to ca. 1672) 1298Atlases from the Low Countries (to ca. 1680) 1318Wall Maps Published in the Netherlands 1341Globes from the Low Countries (to ca. 1680) 1356Summary Remarks 1374

45 Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries duringthe Renaissance, Günter Schilder andMarco van Egmond 1384

Dutch Pilot Guides and Sea Atlases 1385Single-Sheet Charts: Printed and Manuscript Traditions

up to 1630 1404Summary Remarks 1428

46 Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in the Seventeenth Century, Kees Zandvliet 1433

The Historical Background of VOC and WICMapmaking 1434

The Education and Status of Oceanic Navigators, LandSurveyors, and Military Engineers 1434

The Dutch East India Company 1436The West India Company 1449The Rhetorical Role of Company Maps 1458Conclusion 1460

france

47 Maps and Descriptions of the World in Sixteenth-Century France, Frank Lestringant andMonique Pelletier 1463

Oronce Fine and the Ptolemaic Tradition 1464

Contents xv

André Thevet and Nicolas de Nicolay: Cosmographes du roi 1467

Contacts with Italy and Flanders 1474Conclusion 1479

48 National and Regional Mapping in France toAbout 1650, Monique Pelletier 1480

National Mapmaking from Oronce Fine to GuillaumePostel (1525–1570): Fine, Jolivet, Nicolay, andPostel 1480

Regional Mapmaking and the First Atlas of France,1539–1594, Edited by Maurice Bouguereau 1489

New Trends in National Mapmaking: François de La Guillotière and Christophe Tassin 1493

The Administrative Mapmaking of Nicolas Sanson(1600–1667) 1497

The Itinerary and the Map (1515–1645) 1500Conclusion 1502

49 French Cartography: The ingénieurs du roi,1500–1650, David Buisseret 1504

Introduction: The Sixteenth Century 1504The Engineers of Henri IV (1589–1610) 1505The ingénieurs du roi during the Reign of Louis XIII

(1610–1643) 1514Conclusion 1519

50 Representations of Territory by Painters, Engineers,and Land Surveyors in France during theRenaissance, Monique Pelletier 1522

Maps and Plans Relating to Disputes 1522The Birth of Estate Maps 1525The Role of Maps in Regional and National

Development 1530Representations of Cities: Panoramas, Perspective Views,

and Profiles 1532Conclusion 1537

51 The Mapping of Samuel de Champlain, 1603–1635, Conrad E. Heidenreich 1538

Exploration and Mapping 1539Data Gathering for Maps 1542Conclusions 1547

52 Marine Cartography and Navigation in RenaissanceFrance, Sarah Toulouse 1550

Renaissance Normandy: A Seaward-Looking Province 1550

Neighboring Brittany and Distant Marseilles 1554The Influences on Cartographers 1555Projection: Rhumbs and Loxodromes 1556Magnetic Declination 1557The Production of Charts 1557

The Use of Charts: Plotting Position 1559The Uses of Norman Charts 1561Charts That Remained Manuscript Works 1562

53 Publishing and the Map Trade in France, 1470–1670, Catherine Hofmann 1569

A Century of Trial and Error, 1480–1580 1569The Influence of the Low Countries, 1580–1630 1575The Age of Independence, 1630–1670 1578

british isles

54 Mapmaking in England, ca. 1470–1650, Peter Barber 1589

The English Heritage to 1525 1589Foreign Influences to 1525 1595Change, 1526 –1550 1598Consolidation, 1550–1611: An Overview 1608Mapping the Country, 1550–1611 1620Mapping the Countryside, 1550–1611 1637Mapping the Towns, 1550–1611 1648Icons, Emblems, and Decoration, 1550–1611 1657Mapmaking in Early Stuart England, 1612–1650 1666Conclusion 1668

55 Colonial Cartography in a European Setting: The Case of Tudor Ireland, J. H. Andrews 1670

The Political Background 1671Maps and the Administrator 1671Ireland’s Cartographic Personality 1672The Earliest Official Maps 1673An Early Elizabethan Consensus 1675The First Measured Survey 1677Provincial Cartography: The West and South 1678Provincial Cartography: The North 1681The Empire of Great Britain 1682

56 The Kingdom of Scotland: Cartography in an Age of Confidence, Jeffrey Stone 1684

First Steps toward a Scottish Cartography 1685The Emergence of a Scottish Cartography: The Role

of Timothy Pont 1686

57 The London Map Trade to 1640, Laurence Worms 1693

Imports and Importers 1694Maps Published in England 1695The Engravers 1712Regulation and Control 1714Finance and Patronage 1717Marketing and Distribution 1718Conclusion 1720

xvi Contents

58 Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500–1660, Sarah Tyacke 1722

Introduction 1722The Early Period (to 1560) 1725English-Made Overseas Charts and Their Survival Rates

(1560–1660) 1731English Chartmakers, 1560–1660 1737Conclusion 1746

59 Colonial Cartography under the Tudor and EarlyStuart Monarchies, ca. 1480–ca. 1640,Robert C. D. Baldwin 1754

Introduction 1754Maps and the Promotion of Overseas Ventures under

the Early Tudor Monarchs 1755The “Paper Empire” of Elizabeth I

(r. 1558–1603) 1757Colonization and Cartography under the Early

Stuarts 1767Conclusions 1779

scandinavia

60 Scandinavian Renaissance Cartography, William R. Mead 1781

The Setting 1781Pioneering in Nordic Cartography 1782A Gothic Vision of the North 1786“An Embryonic School of Cartography” 1788Cartography and Territorial Claims 1792The Contribution of the Fortification Engineers 1796The Birth of the Swedish Land Survey 1800Charting the Sea 1804On the Threshold of a New Age 1805

east-central europe

61 Renaissance Cartography in East-Central Europe,ca. 1450–1650, Zsolt G. Török 1806

The Study of Early Maps in East-Central Europe:Historiographic Overview 1808

Antique and Medieval Traditions: Ptolemy and PortolanCharts 1810

The Mathematical-Astronomical Tradition 1811The Local Context: Beginnings of Local

Mapmaking 1813The New Paradigm: Regional Cartography in

East-Central Europe 1816The First Printed Map of Hungary 1820A Transylvanian Humanist: Johannes Honter 1828Later Printed Maps of East-Central Europe 1833The Local Use of Foreign Maps 1837Military Maps of the Eastern Frontiers 1839In Defense of Europe: Military Mapping during the

Turkish Wars 1842Conclusions 1851

russia

62 Russian Cartography to ca. 1700, L. A. Goldenberg 1852

Reconstructions of General Maps of Russia from Western European Maps 1856

The Beginnings of Russian Cartography and Geography 1858

Local, Regional, and General Maps in Russia 1860Russian Geographical Discoveries and Mapping of

the Asiatic Part of Russia 1873Semyon Ulianovich Remezov and the Mapping of Siberia:

The First Russian Geographical Atlases 1884Conclusions 1902

Editor and Authors 1905Bibliographical Index 1907General Index, Margie Towery 2059

Contents xvii

Color Plates

Part 1(Following page 342)

1 Antonino Saliba’s Nvova figvra di tvtte le cose2 A measured cosmos3 The earliest Sufi Latinus manuscript4 Details of the celestial and terrestrial globes from

The Ambassadors5 The St. Gallen cosmographic globe, ca. 15756 Giovanni Battista Cavallini, large-scale nautical chart,

16527 Jacopo Maggiolo, nautical chart of the Mediterranean

and the Atlantic coast, Genoa, 15618 François Ollive, nautical chart of the Mediterranean,

Marseilles, 16649 Henricus Martellus Germanus, map of Ceylon

10 Ptolemaic manuscript map of Africa from the WilczekBrown codex

11 Page from a manuscript edition of the Septe giornate,[1482]

12 Jean Cossin, manuscript world map on the sinusoidalprojection, 1570

13 Portuguese roteiro, attributed to Luís Teixeira14 Plane chart of the Atlantic Ocean, created after 1549

by an anonymous Portuguese cartographer15 Four examples of early color printing, 151316 The two known colored versions of Francesco

Rosselli’s oval world map, ca. 150817 Signed coloring by Jackomina Liefrinck (Liefrynck)18 Ditchley portrait of Elizabeth I, attributed to Marcus

Gheeraerts, ca. 159219 Claes Jansz. Visscher, Leo Belgicus20 Johannes de Ram and Coenraert Decker, Delft,

ca. 1675–7821 Wotton Underwood, Buckinghamshire22 Tapestry map of the Mediterranean Basin, 1549–5123 Self-portrait of Sir Nathaniel Bacon, ca. 1618–2024 The Seven Cities of Cíbola from Joan Martines’s chart

of 1578(Following page 950)

25 Giovanni Andrea Valvassore, colored woodcut of thebattle of Marignano, ca. 1515

26 Map of the dominion of Siena, 1589, Sala delle CarteGeografiche, Uffizi Palace, Florence

27 Map of Africa, 1573, Sala della Cosmografia, PalazzoFarnese, Caprarola

28 Disputed territory of the “Gaio” by Alessandro Restaand Vermondo Resta, 1575

29 Pier Maria Gropallo, map from Atlas A, 1650–5530 Cristoforo Sabbadino, “Dissegno di Trivisan,” 155831 Silvestro da Panicale, map of the Franciscan province

of Umbria in the “Atlante dei Cappuccini,” 163232 Fernão Vaz Dourado, chart of the Far East, 157133 Luís Teixeira, map of Brazil, ca. 158634 View of the fortress of Malaca in António Bocarro’s

“O Livro das plantas,” 163535 João Teixeira Albernaz I, map of Baía de Todos

os Santos36 Fragment of a manuscript map of Portugal37 Pedro Nunes Tinoco, town map38 Anonymous view of Aranda de Duero, 150339 Anonymous chart attributed to Vesconte Maggiolo,

ca. 151040 Domenico Vigliarolo, chart of the North Atlantic

Part 2(Following page 1316)

41 Leonardo Torriani, view of Arrecife from his“Descrittione”

42 Bautista Antonelli, map of the road from Veracruz to Mexico City, 1590

43 Koblenz map fragment44 Erhard Etzlaub’s Rom Weg map, 150045 The Landtafel of Rothenburg, 153746 Arnoldus Mercator’s map of Trier47 Detail from the map of the lower Rhinelands by

Christiaan Sgrooten48 Map from the “Kaartboek van de landerijen van

het Sint Catharinae Gasthuis,” by Nicolaes vanGeelkercken, 1635

49 Jacob van Deventer, manuscript town plan ofLeeuwarden, ca. 1560

50 Christiaan Sgrooten, regional map of Veluwe, ca. 1568–73

51 Plan of Haarlem published by Joan Blaeu

Illustrationswith Tables and Appendixes

xix

52 Jan Vermeer, Officer and Laughing Girl, ca. 165853 Willem Jansz. Blaeu, terrestrial and celestial globes,

161654 Chart from Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer’s Spieghel der

zeevaerdt, 158455 Evert Gijsbertsz., manuscript chart of Central America

and South America, before 159656 Joannes Vingboons, map of the Gold Coast, ca. 1650

(Following page 1700)57 Oronce Fine, Recens et integra orbis descriptio,

1534/153658 André Thevet, engraved and colored frontispiece59 Jean Jolivet, “La carte generalle dv pays de

Normandie,” 154560 Map from “Livre des plans, des passages et chaussées

de la riviere de Somme,” ca. 164461 Detail of the map representing the course of the

Aa River, end of the fifteenth century62 Chart of the east of Terra Australis (Terra Java),

Vallard Atlas, 154763 Lyon cité opulente, située es confins de Bourgongne,

Daulphiné, & Sauoye, published by Nicolas Lefebvre,1555

64 Anthony Anthony, plan of the attack on Brighton, ca. 1539– 49

65 Robert Adams, map of Gironde, 159366 Christopher Saxton, map of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and

Middlesex, 157567 Robert Johnson, map of Crickhowell68 Ralph Sheldon, Warwickshire tapestry map, ca. 159069 Mark Pierse, manuscript map of Laxton, 163570 Detail from Richard Bartlett’s map of southeast Ulster,

ca. 160271 Baptista Boazio, The True Description or Draffte of

That Famous Ile of Wighte, 159172 Gabriel Tatton, chart of the Pacific Ocean, ca. 160073 William Downe, map of the Orinoco, Guiana, 159674 Anders Streng, Naappila and Rajalahti, Orivesi Parish,

Finland, 163475 Johannes Honter’s woodcut blocks, ca. 1541– 4276 Nicolo Angielini, map of Hungary, ca. 157077 Martin Stier, manuscript map of the Styrian frontier,

165778 Detail from a nineteenth-century copy of a

seventeenth-century map of the town of Kashin and its surroundings

79 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, map of the Iset River80 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, ethnographic map of

Siberia

Figures

Part 11.1 Collage of world maps and geographical diagrams

by Giuseppe Rosaccio, ca. 1610 4

1.2 Antonio Lafreri, Le sette chiese di Roma, 1575 111.3 World map by Francesco Rosselli, ca. 1508 141.4 Viewpoints used in cartographic and landscape

representations 152.1 Zone map by Opicino de Canistris 302.2 The divisions of a meadow, before 1208 382.3 Diagrammatic map of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

of Britain by Matthew Paris 402.4 Map of Europe 412.5 Diagram of the division of the Promised Land from

Richard of Saint Victor, “In Ezechielem” 422.6 Map of Canaan from a commentary on the Pentateuch

by Solomon Ben Isaac (Rashi), ca. 1233 422.7 Plan of Jerusalem, 1140s 432.8 Detail of the Aslake world map, fourteenth

century 452.9 Map of Lombardy by Opicino de Canistris, 1330s

or 1340s 482.10 Plan of Milan by Petrus de Guioldis from Galvano

Fiamma’s “Chronicle Extravagans,” fourteenthcentury 49

3.1 Peter Apian’s cosmography 573.2 Pierre d’Ailly’s cosmographic map 593.3 The three basic cosmographic maps derived from

Sacrobosco’s Sphaera mundi 623.4 Illustrating planetary movement and orbs 653.5 Sebastian Münster’s world system of 1550 683.6 The competing world systems 713.7 Robert Fludd’s cosmography 723.8 Jesuit cosmographic iconography 733.9 Mapped cosmography: John Speed’s map of the world,

1626 [1632] 743.10 The zodiacal houses 783.11 Peter Apian’s “Cosmographical glass” 783.12 Oronce Fine, Typvs vniversi orbis 793.13 André Thevet, L’vnivers 803.14 William Cuningham, Cœlifer atlas, 1559 813.15 The hieroglyphic monad 813.16 A Perfit Description of the Cælestiall Orbes:

The infinite Copernican cosmos 833.17 Diogo Homem’s “Perpetual novilunar table,”

1559 843.18 Detail from Guillaume Postel’s Polo aptata nova

charta universi, 1578 (1621 edition) 853.19 Mapping the correspondences of the human

microcosm 863.20 Dante’s Hell 883.21 Copernicus’s heliocentric cosmography 893.22 Galileo’s illustration of heliocentricity 903.23 A geometric cosmogony 913.24 Cosmic harmony as the breath of the cosmic

organ 913.25 Seventeenth-century Christian cosmos 923.26 Light and shadow: Mapping the eclipse 933.27 Knowledge and cosmic illumination 94

xx Illustrations

3.28 Mapping the scale of nature 953.29 The cosmographic emblem: Jodocus Hondius,

Typvs orbis terrarvm, 1589 963.30 Emblematic mapping of the two spheres 963.31 Vitruvian microcosm 974.1 Celestial map by Jost Amman 1034.2 Map of the new southern constellations 1044.3 Aquarius from Aratus, “Phaenomena,”

manuscript 1054.4 Aquarius from Aratus, Phaenomena, printed version

by Hugo Grotius 1064.5 Michael Scot’s constellations Tarabellum and

Vexillum 1064.6 Map showing general relationship of constellations

to one another from a tenth-century Aratusmanuscript 107

4.7 Trapezoidal projection map from 1426 by Conrad of Dyffenbach 108

4.8 An astrolabe-like star map, 1596 1124.9 Orion, from the first edition of Piccolomini’s De le

stelle fisse, 1540 1144.10 Early equatorial celestial map, 1592 1164.11 One of Schiller’s new biblical constellations 1184.12 Published counterproof of Schiller’s constellation

Saint Andrew 1194.13 Comet path map by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli 1194.14 Early printed comet path map 1204.15 A pole star chart by Peter Apian 1214.16 A chart of the Pleiades by Galileo Galilei 1225.1 Moon drawing by Leonardo da Vinci 1245.2 William Gilbert’s moon map 1255.3 Galileo Galilei’s moon drawings (composite) 1265.4 Saturn composite by Christiaan Huygens 1285.5 Sunspot drawing by Galileo Galilei 1285.6 Christoph Scheiner’s sunspot drawings 1295.7 Thomas Harriot’s moon map 1295.8 Claude Mellan’s moon map 1305.9 Plenilunii lumina austriaca philippica by Michael

Florent van Langren, 1645 1315.10 Moon map by Johannes Hevelius, 1647 1325.11 Giovanni Battista Riccioli’s moon map, 1651 1336.1 The Ambassadors, painted by Hans Holbein,

1533 1366.2 The Ptolemaic universe 1376.3 Drawing of a celestial globe 1406.4 The oldest terrestrial globe 1416.5 Terrestrial globe gores 1426.6 Celestial globe gores 144 – 456.7 Depiction of a cosmographic globe 1466.8 A cup of gilt silver in the shape of a cosmographic

globe 1486.9 J. C. Boulenger with globe 150

6.10 Cosmographic globe gores 1526.11 Celestial globe from Stöffler’s workshop 154

6.12 A cup of gilt silver in the shape of a terrestrial globe 156

7.1 The map of Columbus 1767.2 Coat of arms of the Doria family 1797.3 Binding of a nautical atlas with the coat of arms

of the Knights of Malta 1817.4 Small nautical chart 1837.5 Case for nautical charts 1837.6 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean glued onto four

panels 1847.7 Nautical atlas with accordion-like binding 1857.8 Nautical chart of the eastern Mediterranean with

grid 1867.9 Unfinished nautical chart once used for book

binding 1877.10 Indications of scale arranged to form the

letter “M” 1937.11 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean with a scale

of latitude 1957.12 Double nautical chart of the Mediterranean 1987.13 Example of a richly decorated nautical chart of

the Mediterranean 2007.14 Miniature of Genoa, with the port and the

Lanterna 2017.15 Nautical astrolabe 2047.16 Large-scale nautical chart of the Tyrrhenian Sea 2067.17 Reference map of the Mediterranean 2077.18 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Matteo

Prunes 2087.19 The Maggiolo family of cartographers 2097.20 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Nicolaus

Vourdopolos 2197.21 Nautical chart of the Adriatic by Alvise

Gramolin 2207.22 Sheet from the atlas by Conte di Ottomanno

Freducci 2217.23 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Domenico

Vigliarolo 2237.24 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Annibale

Impuccio 2247.25 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Joan Riczo

Oliva 2277.26 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Giovanni

Battista Cavallini 2317.27 Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by

“Angelus” 2328.1 Map of Chios according to the “Liber insularum”

of Cristoforo Buondelmonti, ca. 1420 2668.2 Map of Mytilene by Bartolommeo dalli Sonetti 2698.3 Description and illustration of the sea battle of

Lepanto (7 October 1571) 2728.4 Map of Cyprus from Giovanni Francesco Camocio’s

Isolario, ca. 1570–74 2738.5 Map of Mallorca by Antonio Millo 274

Illustrations xxi

8.6 Map of the Falkland Islands by André Thevet(according to the geographic coordinates of the map) 275

8.7 The islet of Kalogeros from the north and south sidesby Coronelli 277

8.8 Types of isolarii and makers of each type 2829.1 World map from a fifteenth-century Latin edition

of Ptolemy’s Geography 2899.2 Europa IV in a Latin edition of the Geography 2949.3 Europe and part of Asia from a German manuscript,

first half of the fifteenth century 3029.4 Half of the map of northern Europe by Guillaume

Fillastre after Claudius Clavus 3039.5 Ptolemy’s second projection with annotations 3089.6 World map with “Mondo novo” by

Alessandro Zorzi 330–319.7 Traces of geographic information on a projection

grid 3399.8 World map in globular projection 3539.9 World map accompanying Waldseemüller’s

Cosmographiae introdvctio, 1507 3559.10 Copy of Ruysch’s world map in Glareanus’s

“De geographia,” ca. 1510–20 35810.1 Three ways of expanding the world map 36610.2 Double hemisphere map by Franciscus Monachus,

ca. 1527 36710.3 Perspective projection by Dürer and Stabius,

1515 36810.4 Oblique orthographic projection by Fausto Rughesi,

1597 36910.5 Polar stereographic projection with extensions

to a square, by John Blagrave, 1596 37010.6 Double hemisphere stereographic projection

by Rumoldus Mercator, 1587 37110.7 Double hemisphere stereographic projection

by Jodocus Hondius, ca. 1595 37210.8 Double hemisphere stereographic projection

by Philip Eckebrecht, 1630 37310.9 Azimuthal equidistant projection centered on

the north and south poles by Giovanni Vespucci, 1524 374

10.10 Interrupted cordiform map of the world by Georg Braun, 1574 375

10.11 Geographic sketches by Leonardo da Vinci 37610.12 The Mercator projection, 1569 37710.13 Gnomonic projection by Franz Ritter, 1610 37910.14 Map of Europe and North Africa for use with a

sundial, drawn by Erhard Etzlaub on a “Mercator-like” projection, 1511 380

11.1 Hartmann Schedel’s world map from Liberchronicarum (the Nuremberg Chronicle) 383

11.2 Detail of Columbus as Saint Christopher from the Juan de la Cosa map, ca. 1500 386

11.3 Calvin’s map of Mesopotamia 388

11.4 Map illustrating the dream of Daniel, printed by Hans Lufft, 1530 389

11.5 Pierre Eskrich’s Mappe-monde novvelle papistiqve 391

11.6 Ortelius’s Peregrinationis divi pavli typvscorographicvs, 1579 394

12.1 Title page from the Theatrum orbis terrarumof Abraham Ortelius, 1570 408

15.1 Macariae et Eudaemonis tabella 43915.2 Schlampampenland 44115.3 Labyrinth of the World, 1623 44315.4 Newe und kurtze Beschreibung der gantzen

Himmelischen und Iridischen Welt, des newenHierusalems und ewig brennenden Pfuls 444

15.5 Tabula cebetis, carta vitae 44516.1 Map of Dante’s Hell, 1506 45416.2 Allesandro Vellutello’s map of Provence, 1525 45516.3 Map from Ariosto’s Orlando furioso 45717.1 “Earth Protected by Juno & Jupiter,” ca. 1530s 46719.1 Reference map of Europe 47819.2 Alberti’s method for land surveying, ca. 1455 47919.3 Triangulation of the Brussels and Antwerp

environs 48319.4 Geometrical quadrat and heuristic model, 1550 48419.5 Oldest surviving mining draft of Bohemia near

Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg), drawn by Zikmund Prásek,1534 487

19.6 Method for mining survey, 1617 48819.7 Mine surveying instrument, 1557 48819.8 Astral clock (nocturnal) in Apian’s Cosmographia,

1540 48919.9 English nocturnal, ca. 1600 490

19.10 Sun quadrant, seventeenth century 49019.11 Sundial in the form of a poplar leaf, 1533 49119.12 Gold-plated quadrat as a universal instrument

by Tobias Volckmer, 1608 49319.13 Dreistab with a protractor and magnetic needle

compass from Münster, 1550 49419.14 Drawing of a Dreistab by Danfrie, 1597 49419.15 English theodolite, 1590 49519.16 Astronomical ring instrument from Gemma 49619.17 Example of a sighting tube on a multifunctional

instrument, 1557 49619.18 Detail of Lanci’s instrument 49719.19 Measuring with a sighting instrument and chain,

1575 49819.20 Components of the surveyor’s plane table 49919.21 Predecessor of the surveyor’s plane table, 1598 49919.22 Using Pfinzing’s table, 1598 50020.1 A typical page from the rutter The Safegarde

of Saylers, 1590 51120.2 Part of a manuscript Toleta de marteloio 51220.3 The title page from Waghenaer’s Spieghel der

zeevaerdt, 1584 –85 515

xxii Illustrations

20.4 Depiction of a mariner’s quadrant, late sixteenthcentury 516

20.5 A typical mariner’s astrolabe, of Spanish manufacture,1563 516

20.6 An astronomer’s planispheric astrolabe 51720.7 Illustration of a man measuring a solar altitude using

a mariner’s astrolabe 51720.8 Illustration of a man measuring a stellar altitude using

a cross staff 51820.9 An ivory back staff, English, 1690 518

20.10 A simple compass of variation 52020.11 A polar projection chart of the North Atlantic 52220.12 A typical page from William Borough’s A Discovrs

of the Variation of the Cumpas, 1581 52521.1 Continuity from manuscript to print 53021.2 Lack of standardization 53221.3 Explanation of signs on a map 53321.4 An engraver’s inconsistency 53321.5 The hand of the engraver 53421.6 Instructions to surveyors 53721.7 Perspective and style in pictorial signs 54121.8 Sea signs 54221.9 Coastline signs 543

21.10 Cliff signs 54321.11 Rock and shoal signs 54421.12 Signs for estuaries and other marine features 54521.13 Inland lake signs 54621.14 River signs 54621.15 Signs for other hydrographic features 54721.16 Hill and mountain signs 54821.17 Scarp and volcano signs 55121.18 Dune signs 55121.19 Tree signs 55321.20 Marsh signs 55421.21 Political boundary signs 55621.22 Linguistic boundary signs 55721.23 Nucleated settlement signs 558–5921.24 Isolated settlement signs 56321.25 Monastery signs 56421.26 Deserted village signs 56421.27 Confessional signs 56521.28 Church status signs 56621.29 Territorial overlord and urban overlord signs 56721.30 Gallows signs 56721.31 Signs for seats of Parliament 56821.32 Route signs 56821.33 Road signs 56921.34 Difficult-to-understand map signs 57021.35 Bridge signs 57121.36 Ford and ferry signs 57121.37 Two examples of ferry signs 57121.38 Beacon signs 57221.39 Lighthouse signs 57221.40 Anchorage and hostelry signs 573

21.41 Inland navigation and shipping route signs 57321.42 Distance line signs 57321.43 Arable land signs 57421.44 Viticulture signs 57421.45 Hunting and fishing signs 57521.46 Salt production signs 57521.47 Mine and quarry signs 57621.48 Manufacturing signs 57621.49 Logging signs 57721.50 Metalworking signs 57721.51 Windmill and water-powered mill signs 57721.52 Thermal bath signs 57721.53 Antiquity signs 57822.1 Early Chinese printed map 59222.2 Relief and intaglio 59222.3 Verso of Barbari woodblock, 1500 59322.4 Chisel and plank 59322.5 Graver and end grain 59422.6 Holding the graver 59522.7 Curved graver 59522.8 Comparison between etching and engraving 59622.9 Intaglio rolling press 598

22.10 Woodcut map lettering 60122.11 Original woodblock with stereotype lettering

plates 60222.12 Frontispiece showing map coloring 60623.1 Number of separate maps compared with number

of maps in books and atlases, 1472–1600 61223.2 Number of maps compared with number of views,

1472–1600 61323.3 Number of engraved maps compared with number

of woodcut maps, 1472–1600 61323.4 Production of woodcut maps and views by region,

1472–1600 61323.5 The production of printed maps, 1472–1600 61423.6 –23.9 The production of printed maps,

1472–1510 61523.10 Areas depicted on maps, 1472–1600 61623.11–23.14 The production of printed maps,

1511–1550 61723.15–23.18 The production of printed maps,

1551–1590 61823.19 The production of printed maps, 1591–1600 61923.20 Total map production by region, 1472–1600 62023.21 Map production by region and decade, 1472–

1600 62024.1 Volvelle from Blundeville’s Exercises 62724.2 The Ignatian tree, 1646 62926.1 Christopher Saxton, map of Somerset, 1579 67026.2 Egnazio Danti, map of Italy, Sala delle Carte

Geografiche, Palazzo Vecchio, ca. 1563–67 67226.3 Jan Vermeer, The Art of Painting, ca. 1662–65 67526.4 Pieter van der Beke, Flanders, 1538 67627.1 Imola, Leonardo da Vinci, 1502 683

Illustrations xxiii

27.2 Pisa, attributed to Giuliano da Sangallo 68427.3 Rome, Leonardo Bufalini, 1551 68527.4 Analytical drawings of Antonio Lafreri’s plan of

Milan, 1573 68627.5 Siege of La Rochelle (1628–30), Jacques Callot 69227.6 Madrid, Pedro Teixeira Albernaz, 1656 69327.7 Paris, Jacques Gomboust, 1652 69427.8 London, Wencelaus Hollar, 1666 69527.9 Plan of Vienna, Augustin Hirschvogel, 1552 697

27.10 Pratica, a project for the expansion of the Borgo,Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, 1539 699

27.11 Genoa, Modello for the Strada Nuova development,1551 699

27.12 Genoa, project sponsored by Pietro Battista Cattaneofor the extension of the Strada Nuova development,1595 700

27.13 Ancona, survey plan, Jacomo Fontana, 1585–90 70127.14 Ancona, proposal for the expansion of the city,

Jacomo Fontana, 1585–90 70127.15 Rome, Piazza Collegio Romano, 1659 70327.16 Rome, the neighborhood around Santa Maria della

Pace, 1656 70427.17 Rome, project for the square at Santa Maria della

Pace, Pietro da Cortona, 1656 70428.1 Albi, Département du Tarn, France, ca. 1314 70728.2 Diagram of a seignory for the Munster plantation,

1585–86 70928.3 Geometriska Jordebok map of Väversunda in Dals

Hundred, Östergötland, Sweden, by Johan LarssonGrot, 1633–34 711

28.4 Map of the Menago River lowlands in the Veneto,Italy, by Panfilo Piazzola, ca. 1570 713

28.5 Surveying activity in England and Wales, 1470–1640 714

28.6 Spofforth, Yorkshire, England, by Christopher Saxton,1608 715

28.7 Kilton Park, Somerset, England, by George Withiell,late seventeenth century 717

29.1 Cosimo de’ Medici planning the attack on Siena, byGiorgio Vasari (detail) 724

29.2 Route of Don Lope de Acuña through the Franche-Comté, 1573 726

29.3 Plan of the siege of Groningen, 1594 72829.4 Fortifications of Crema, ca. 1632 73029.5 Hans Sebald Beham’s siege of Vienna, 1529 73229.6 Jacques Callot’s Siège de Breda, 1628 73329.7 Jörg Breu the Younger, siege of Algiers, 1541 73429.8 Claes Jansz. Visscher’s siege of Breda, 1624,

engraving 73629.9 Jean de Beins, map of the siege of Soyons, 1629 73730.1 Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s map, probably by John Dee,

ca. 1582 74230.2 Detail of the north polar region from Gerardus

Mercator’s 1569 world map 743

30.3 Early example of the inclusion of information onsoundings 750

30.4 Antonio Pigafetta’s sketch of the Strait of Magellan 752

30.5 A near-contemporary copy of Nicolas Barré’s sketch of the Florida and South Carolina coasts 752

30.6 Hernando Gallego’s coastal chart of the SolomonIslands, 1568 753

30.7 Coastal profiles of the west coast of Greenland by James Hall, ca. 1605 754

30.8 Map of Spanish discoveries in the new world,illustrated ca. 1511 756

30.9 World map by Juan de la Cosa, 1500 76030.10 The Cantino map, 1502 76030.11 The King Hamy map, 1502? 76130.12 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, 1504 76130.13 Pedro Reinel’s map ca. 1504 (known as

Kunstmann I) 76230.14 Nicolò de Caverio’s map, 1505 76230.15 The Pesaro map, ca. 1505–8 76330.16 Map known as Kunstmann II, 1506 76330.17 1843 redrawing of the map known as Kunstmann III,

ca. 1506 76430.18 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, 1511 76430.19 Pırı Re

�ıs world map, ca. 1513 765

30.20 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, 1516 76530.21 World map in the Miller Atlas, ca. 1519 76630.22 1843 redrawing of Jorge Reinel’s map, ca. 1519

(known as Kunstmann IV) 76630.23 Vesconte Maggiolo’s map, ca. 1519 (known as

Kunstmann V) 76730.24 The Turin map, ca. 1523 76730.25 1525 map attributed to Diogo Ribeiro (known as

the Castiglione map) 76830.26 The Salviati map, ca. 1525 76830.27 Giovanni Vespucci’s map, 1526 76830.28 Diogo Ribeiro’s map, 1527 76930.29 Diogo Ribeiro’s map, 1529 (in Rome) 76930.30 Diogo Ribeiro’s map, 1529 (in Weimar) 77030.31 Giovanni da Verrazzano’s map, 1529 77031.1 Chart of the Lafreri-Salamanca collaboration 77631.2 Area of printmaking activity in sixteenth-century

Rome 77631.3 Genealogical chart of the De Rossi family 77731.4 One of the twelve plates of antique Rome by Etienne

Du Pérac 77831.5 Area of printmaking activity in sixteenth-century

Venice 78031.6 Giacomo Gastaldi’s map of the Piedmont, 1555,

engraved by Matteo Pagano 78131.7 Giacomo Gastaldi’s La Spaña, 1544 78231.8 Giacomo Gastaldi’s Italia, 1561 78331.9 Giacomo Gastaldi’s map of Lombardy 784

31.10 Giacomo Gastaldi’s Cosmographia universalis 785

xxiv Illustrations

31.11 City view of Florence from Giulio Ballino’s De’ disegni delle piu illustri città, & fortezze del mondo, 1569 789

31.12 Giovanni Antonio Magini’s map of the territory ofBologna, 1595 792

31.13 Map of Terra del Fuego, from the Arcano del mareby Sir Robert Dudley 793

31.14 Manuscript map of Terra del Fuego 79331.15 Reduced version of Dudley’s printed sea chart of the

east coast of North America 79432.1 Plan of the Renaissance wing, first floor, Ducal Palace,

Venice 80932.2 Plan of the Renaissance wing, second floor, Ducal

Palace, Venice 80932.3 Map of the Bolognese, 1575, Sala Bologna, Vatican

Palace, Rome 81132.4 Map of Asia Minor, 1565, Terza Loggia, Vatican

Palace, Rome 81732.5 American hemisphere, ca. 1582, Terza Loggia, Vatican

Palace, Rome 81832.6 Map of Indochina and Indonesia, 1573, Guardaroba

Nuova, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 81932.7 Plan of the library, Monastery of San Giovanni

Evangelista, Parma 82132.8 Map of the Holy Land at the time of Abraham,

1575, library, Monastery of San Giovanni Evangelista,Parma 822

32.9 Map of Flaminia, 1578–81, Galleria delle CarteGeografiche, Vatican Palace, Rome 824

32.10 View of the city of Graz, 1565, main courtyard,Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 826

33.1 Reference map of northwest Italy 83333.2 Network of salt-duty warehouses in the province of

Nice, 1548– 49 83433.3 Bertino Riveti, detail of the map of the river Chisone,

1558 83633.4 Final survey of Cuneo territory, 1566 83833.5 Bartolomeo Mellano’s map of the boundary between

Savigliano and Cervere, 1565 83933.6 Giacomo Soldati’s map of the Susa valley,

1591–93 84433.7 Ducal canal from Fossano to Bra, with new mills,

1584 –89 84533.8 Plan of Turin by Giovanni Caracha, 1572 84633.9 Map of area from Turin to the Alps by Agostino

Parentani, ca. 1640 84833.10 Revello from the Theatrum sabaudiae 85033.11 Detail from the Carta generale by Giovanni Tommaso

Borgonio, engraved by Giovanni Maria Belgrano,1679/80 852

34.1 Reference map of Liguria and Corsica 85534.2 View of Genoa, 1481 85634.3 Battista Sormano, “Pianta del sito delle marine

di Vado,” 1569 85934.4 Ercole Spina, “Parte della Lunigiana,” 1592 861

34.5 Map from Atlas B, 1648 86334.6 Detail of map from Atlas B, 1648 86434.7 José Chafrion, map of Liguria, 1685 86534.8 Corografia Xofori de Grassis [Bordoni], 1598 86834.9 Detail of part of Corsica from the Corografia Xofori

de Grassis [Bordoni], 1598 86934.10 Nicolò Todesco, city map of Aleria, 1484 87034.11 Sardinia insvla by Sigismondo Arquer, 1550 87235.1 Reference map of northeastern Italy 87535.2 Reference map of northeastern Italy in the fifteenth

century 87735.3 Reference map of northeastern Italy in the sixteenth

century 87735.4 Powers of the Venetian magistratures and sources

of information for the magistratures 88035.5 Relations among the different agents and the roles

of cartography in administrative practice 88035.6 Detail from “Dissegno di Trivisan” 88535.7 Cristoforo Sorte, “Dissegno da adaquar il Trivisan,”

1556 88735.8 Detail from Sorte’s “Dissegno da adaquar il Trivisan”

88735.9 Iseppo Paulini and Tommaso Paulini’s map of their

proposal to protect the Venetian lagoon, 1608 89035.10 Map of Lombardy by Giovanni Pisato, ca. 1440 89435.11 Explanatory diagram of Pisato’s map of

Lombardy 89535.12 The Almagià map of the Verona region, fifteenth

century 89635.13 Francesco Squarcione’s map of Padua and the

surrounding territory, 1465 89735.14 Map of Palmanova, first half of the seventeenth

century 89935.15 Cristoforo Sorte’s map of Peschiera’s new

fortifications, 1571 (3 July) 90035.16 Map of Lake Garda 90135.17 Cristoforo Sorte’s map of Padua and Triviso, 1594 90335.18 Map of the pieve of Pontirolo Vecchio and the

surrounding area, 1566 90635.19 The area under the pieve of Missaglia by Aragonus

Aragonius, 1611 90736.1 Reference map of the central Italian states 90936.2 Piero del Massaio, “Etrvria moderna,” 1469 91036.3 Map of the Parma area 91136.4 Giovan Battista Aleotti, “Corografia dello stato di

Ferrara” 91436.5 Leonardo da Vinci, Etruria, ca. 1503 91736.6 Map of the lower Valdarno from Pontedera to the sea,

ca. 1550s 91836.7 Smeraldo Smeraldi, map of the Po, 1589 91936.8 Bartolomeo Gnoli, “Disegno delle valli di

Comacchio,” 1630–50 92136.9 Francesco Zati, perspective view of the area

of Gallicano and Barga 922

Illustrations xxv

36.10 Giovan Francesco Cantagallina, perspective map,1616 924

36.11 Gherardo Mechini, “Popolo di Santo Lorenzo à Grieve” (Florence) 925

36.12 Map of the via Flaminia, 1659–61 926 –2736.13 Smeraldo Smeraldi, “Rilievo di un podere situato

sulla strada Claudia [l’Emilia] Presso il Castello diPontetaro (Parma),” 1607 928

36.14 Frosino Zampogni, view of the Bosco di Frati, 1628 929

36.15 “Torre Nova,” 1660 93136.16 Leonardo da Vinci, map of Imola, 1502 93536.17 Cipriano Piccolpasso di Durante, map of

Perugia 93737.1 Reference map of southern Italy 94237.2 Detail of a map of Calabria (eighteenth-century

copy) 94537.3 Index of the copies made by Ferdinando Galiani

in Paris of the Aragonese maps 94737.4 Detail of northern Calabria (eighteenth-century

copy) 94937.5 Detail of a map of the Cilento region (eighteenth-

century copy) 94937.6 Detail of a parchment showing the Gargano

promontory (sixteenth- or seventeenth-century copy) 950

37.7 Detail of a parchment depicting the region aroundNola (sixteenth- or seventeenth-century copy) 951

37.8 Map of the borders of the kingdom of Naples(eighteenth-century copy) 953

37.9 Plan of Naples by Carlo Theti, 1560 95537.10 Plan of Naples by Etienne Du Pérac, 1566 95737.11 Detail from the plan of Naples by Alessandro Baratta,

1627 95937.12 Perspective in Baratta’s view of Naples 95937.13 Map of the kingdom of Naples by Paolo Cagno,

1615 96137.14 “Provincia de Calabria vltra” (sixteenth-century

copy) 96337.15 Detail from “Provincia di terr[a] di Lavoro”

(sixteenth-century copy) 96437.16 Conventional signs and symbols in the atlas of

the kingdom of Naples by Stigliola and Cartaro, ca. 1595 964

37.17 Border of the kingdom of Naples in the atlas of the kingdom of Naples by Stigliola and Cartaro, ca. 1595 965

37.18 Decorative motifs from “Provincia de contado de Molise” (sixteenth-century copy) 965

37.19 Fresco titled “Principato Citra” by Luigi Rodriguez 966

37.20 “Nova totius terrarum orbis” 96837.21 Map of the kingdom of Naples by Paolo Cartaro,

1642 969

37.22 “Terra di otranto” by Mario Cartaro (eighteenth-century copy) 970

37.23 Drawing of the Terra di Bari 97238.1 Reference map of Portugal 97738.2 Signed and dated chart of the African coast by Jorge

de Aguiar, 1492 98038.3 Detail of the African coast on the mappamundi

of Fra Mauro, ca. 1459 98238.4 Anonymous undated nautical chart of the Atlantic

coast, ca. 1471 98438.5 Fifteenth-century nautical chart of the western

Mediterranean and the African coast by Pedro Reinel 985

38.6 Detail from a chart of the north Atlantic by PedroReinel, ca. 1504 986

38.7 Chronology of the main Portuguese cartographers and cartographic families of the Renaissance 988

38.8 Numbers of extant Portuguese nautical charts andoverseas maps of the Renaissance, by date 991

38.9 Detail of South America from the Cantino map, 1502 993

38.10 World map by André Homem, 1559 99538.11 Numbers of extant Portuguese maps reproduced

in PMC, by date and region covered 99638.12 Examples of areas portrayed in Portuguese maps

of the Mediterranean and the near Atlantic 99638.13 Chart of the Mediterranean by Diogo Homem,

1570 99738.14 Chart of the Indian Ocean, anonymous

(Jorge Reinel?), 1510 99838.15 View of Cochim by Manuel Godinho de Erédia 99938.16 Coastlines as shown on the Portuguese maps of

Central America and the Antilles, ca. 1537–1628,compared with modern coastlines 1001

38.17 Locations of the maps in four Portuguese sources 1012

38.18 Profile of Sukur Island by Francisco Rodrigues, ca. 1513 1013

38.19 View of the fortress of Diu in the roteiro from Goa to Diu by João de Castro 1016

38.20 View of Aden, from Gaspar Correia’s “Lendas daÍndia,” ca. 1550 1018

38.21 View of Aden from the Civitates orbis terrarum,1572 1018

38.22 View of the fortress of Diu from Gaspar Correia’s“Lendas da Índia,” ca. 1550 1020

38.23 Coastal view in the roteiro of Manuel de MesquitaPerestrelo, ca. 1575 1021

38.24 Coverage of the main chorographic maps by ManuelGodinho de Erédia and derivatives 1023

38.25 View of the fortress and island of Diu, seventeenthcentury 1024

38.26 Map of the Congo published by Pigafetta, 1591 1026

xxvi Illustrations

38.27 Seventeenth-century map of the Rios de Cuama (near the mouth of the Zambezi River) 1027

38.28 Engraved version of Manoel de Almeida’s map of Abyssinia, 1660 1027

38.29 Detail of the east coast of South America, anonymous[Diogo Ribeiro], ca. 1532 1031

38.30 Detail of the east coast of South America, GasparViegas, 1534 1031

38.31 Maps and city plans of the Brazilian coast in the atlases of Luís Teixeira and João Teixeira Albernaz I 1033

38.32 Page from the “Longitudo et latitudo Lusitaniae,”known as the Hamburg Codex 1036

38.33 Comparison of latitude and longitude values fromthree Portuguese Renaissance sources 1038

38.34 Map of Portugal by Fernando Álvaro Seco, after 1561 1040

38.35 Map of Portugal in the Cadaval Codex, 1617 104338.36 Mural map of Portugal attributed to João Teixeira

Albernaz I 104338.37 The Descripcion del Reyno de Portvgal of Pedro

Teixeira Albernaz, 1662 104438.38 Map of the southwest coast of the Iberian peninsula,

from Cortés’s work 104638.39 Copy of a map of the limits between Olivença and

Alconchel, 1438–81 104738.40 View of Bragança by Duarte de Armas, 1509 104838.41 Chart from the Cadaval Codex, 1617 104938.42 Map of the coast of Minho from the “Descripção

dos portos maritimos do regno de Portugal” by JoãoTeixeira Albernaz I, 1648 1050

38.43 Anonymous map of the area of Almeirim, 1632 1051

38.44 António de Holanda’s view of Lisbon, ca. 1530–34 1053

38.45 An example of a “model map” from Luís SerrãoPimentel’s Methodo Lusitanico 1054

38.46 “Carta do curso do rio Minho,” 1652 105538.47 Map of Setúbal by João Gilot, ca. 1652 105638.48 Carta da fronteira do Alentejo, attributed to João

Teixeira Albernaz I, ca. 1644 105838.49 Descripsão da Provincia de Alemtejo, by Bartolomeu

de Sousa, 1665 106038.50 Mapa dos estuários do tejo e do sado by Manuel de

Figueiredo and Gaspar Ferreira Reimão, 1642 106139.1 Anonymous map of Argeles, 1458 107139.2 Anonymous sixteenth-century map of the

surroundings of Valdeaverlo 107239.3 Anonymous profile of Cádiz, 1513 107239.4 Francisco de Ruesta, plan of the boundary of

Salteras, 1660 107439.5 Bautista Antonelli, plan of the city of Larache,

1612 1075

39.6 Francés de Alava, detail of work to be done on thefortifications of Cádiz, 1578 1076

39.7 Luis Bravo de Acuña, plan of Gibraltar from the west, 1627 1077

39.8 Francisco Negro, plan and perspective view of thecastle at Marsala in Sicily, 1640 1078

39.9 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of Fort Saint Martin atSantander, 1591 1078

39.10 Luis Carducci, plan of the boundaries of Atalaya de Cañavete, 1638 1079

39.11 Luis Carducci, plan of the surroundings of Alcalá La Real, 1631 1080

39.12 Key map from the “Escorial Atlas” 108339.13 Part of section 2 from the “Escorial Atlas” 108439.14 Anonymous bird’s-eye view of Champagne,

ca. 1539 108639.15 Jerónimo de Chaves, Hispalensis conventvs delineatio,

from the 1579 edition of Ortelius’s Theatrum 108739.16 Provinces of the Spanish peninsula newly shown in

the 1606 Mercator-Hondius Atlas 108839.17 Michael Florent van Langren, Luxembvrgensis

Dvcatvs, 1671/72 108939.18 Anonymous map of northern Italy 109039.19 João Baptista Lavanha, detail of Aragon, 1622 109039.20 The areas of Lavanha’s Aragon covered by

ecclesiastical maps 109139.21 Ambrosio Borsano, “El principado de Cattalvña y

Condados de Rossellon y Cerdaña,” ca. 1687 109239.22 José Chafrion, right half of the Carta de la parte

Meridional del estado de Milan, 1685 109340.1 Compass rose from Diego Gutiérrez’s Atlantic chart,

1550 109740.2 Detail of South America from Giovanni Vespucci’s

world map, made in Seville, 1526 109840.3 Detail from the world map of Diogo Ribeiro,

1529 109840.4 View of Désirade from Vellerino de Villalobos’s

“Luz de nauegantes” 109940.5 Printed chart included in Martín Cortés’s Breue

compendio, 1551 110140.6 Detail from the world map of Diogo Ribeiro,

1529 110940.7 Detail from the Juan de la Cosa chart, 1500 111140.8 Detail from an anonymous chart, ca. 1505–8 111140.9 Detail from the redrawing of an anonymous chart

attributed to Jorge Reinel, ca. 1519 111240.10 Detail from the chart by Nuño García Toreno showing

the antimeridian of Tordesillas, 1522 111340.11 Detail from the Turin world map, anonymous,

ca. 1523 111440.12 Detail of the Castiglione world map, attributed

to Diogo Ribeiro, 1525 111540.13 Detail of the Moluccas from the Salviati world map,

attributed to Nuño García Toreno, ca. 1525 1115

Illustrations xxvii

40.14 Detail with ship from the Salviati world map 111640.15 The Wolfenbüttel chart, attributed to Alonso de

Chaves, ca. 1533 111740.16 Northeast coast of South America, from Diego

Gutiérrez’s Atlantic chart, 1550 111940.17 Chart of Central America from Alonso de Santa

Cruz’s “Islario” 112140.18 Detail from the world chart of Sancho Gutiérrez,

1551 112240.19 World chart of Sancho Gutiérrez, 1551 1124 –2540.20 World map of Sebastian Cabot, 1544 112640.21 Response to the 1597 “memoria” asking pilots about

their charts and instruments 112840.22 Chart included in Andrés García de Céspedes’s

Hydrografía 112940.23 Seventeenth-century view of Seville, as seen from

Triana 113141.1 Alonso de Santa Cruz, “Cuba” from the “Islario,”

1542 114541.2 Diego Gutiérrez, detail from Americae (Antwerp,

1562) 114541.3 Juan López de Velasco, map of the Spanish world,

ca. 1575 114641.4 Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, map of Central

America from his Décadas (Madrid, 1601–15) 114741.5 Anonymous, illustration of the Jesuit curriculum

from the prospectus of the College of Cordelle (Spain,ca. 1750) 1148

41.6 Alonso Álvarez Pineda, map of the Gulf of Mexico,1519 1149

41.7 Alonso de Santa Cruz, map of Central America and the Caribbean Sea, ca. 1536 1150

41.8 Bautista Antonelli, plan of Santo Domingo, ca. 1592 1150

41.9 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of Havana, 1603 115141.10 Enrico Martínez, sketch of the provinces of

New Mexico, 1602 115341.11 Anonymous, map of the Gulf of Mexico, 1544 115441.12 Domingo del Castillo, map of the California area,

1541 115541.13 Nicolás de Cardona, view of Veracruz and San Juan

de Ulloa, 1622 115641.14 Adrian Boot, view of the port of Acapulco,

1618 115741.15 Juan María Ratkay, map of the Tarahumara region,

1683 115841.16 Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, map of Mexico,

1691 115941.17 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of the city of Panama,

1609 116041.18 Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, map of Colombia,

from his Décadas (Madrid, 1601–15) 116141.19 Bautista Antonelli, plan of Cartagena, 1595 1162

41.20 Francisco de Ruesta, the government of Venezuela,1634 1163

41.21 Cristóbal de Rojas, plan of the fort of San Daniel,1623 1164

41.22 Anonymous, “Cordillera en qve habita la nacionChiriguana,” 1584 1165

41.23 Samuel Fritz, map of the Amazon basin, 1707 116641.24 Bartolomé García de Nodal and Gonzalo de

Nodal, map of the southern part of South America,1621 1167

41.25 Alonso de Ovalle, detail from the map of Chile, 1646 1168

41.26 Joan Blaeu, Paraqvaria, vulgo Paragvay (Amsterdam,1663) 1169

41.27 Ignacio Munoz, Descripcion geometrica de la civdad y circvnvalacion de Manila (Manila, 1671) 1170

Part 242.1 Reference map of the political structure of the German

lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 117342.2 Fragment of a printed fifteenth-century multisheet

wall map of the world 118242.3 Cusanus map by Henricus Martellus,

redaction A 118542.4 Cusanus map by Nicolaus Germanus, redaction B

(the Eichstätt map) 118642.5 Distortion grid, Cusanus map redaction B 118742.6 The components of the Eichstätt map 118842.7 The Ruysch map 118942.8 Cartographic illustrations in Conrad Celtis’s book

of love poems 119042.9 Europe in the form of a queen, 1537 1192

42.10 Map of Central Europe in the Nuremberg Chronicle 1194

42.11 Erhard Etzlaub’s Lantstrassen map, 1501 119642.12 Distortion grid, Etzlaub’s Rom Weg map 119742.13 Johannes Aventinus’s map of Bavaria, 1523 119942.14 Apian world map in cordiform projection, 1530

120042.15 Map of Switzerland by Conrad Türst, ca. 1497 120242.16 View of Augsburg by Jörg Seld, 1521 120442.17 Detail of the German region from Waldseemüller’s

Carta itineraria Europae 120642.18 Map of Lorraine in Waldseemüller’s edition of

Ptolemy’s Geography, Strasbourg 1513 120742.19 Heinrich Zell’s map of the German lands, ca. 1544

(1560) 121042.20 Sebastian Münster’s map of the Heidelberg area,

1528 121142.21 View of Trier from Münster’s Cosmography 121242.22 Detail from Tilemann Stella’s map of Zweibrücken-

Kirkel, 1564 121442.23 Map of the Zurich area from Johannes Stumpf’s atlas

of Switzerland, Landtafeln, 1548 1216

xxviii Illustrations

42.24 Lucas Cranach’s map of the Holy Land, ca. 1515 1217

42.25 Wolfgang Wissenburg’s map of the Holy Land 121942.26 Detail from Caspar Vopel’s map of the Rhine,

1555 122142.27 One sheet from Philipp Apian’s survey of Bavaria,

1568 122442.28 One sheet from George Gadner’s survey of

Württemberg 122642.29 The area around Dresden from the survey of Saxony

by Öder and Zimmermann 122942.30 Map of Lower Saxony in Gerardus Mercator’s

Atlas 123142.31 Christiaan Sgrooten’s wall map of the Holy Roman

Empire 123342.32 Depiction of the capture of Geldern (1587) from

Hogenberg’s “Geschichtsblätter” 123442.33 Map of Geldern from Hogenberg’s Civitates orbis

terrarum, 1581 123542.34 David Seltzlin’s map of Franconia, 1576 123642.35 Matthias Quad’s map of the Holy Roman Empire,

1600 123842.36 Isaac Brun’s map of the Holy Roman Empire,

1633 123942.37 Road map of the German lands by Johann Georg Jung

and Georg Conrad Jung, 1641 124042.38 Example of a historical map 124342.39 View of Trier from Matthäus Merian’s town book,

1646 124443.1 The seventeen provinces, 1543–67 124743.2 Belgii XVII Provinciarum tabula, by Frederik de Wit,

before 1661 124843.3 Kaart van de Oosterscher Zee, by Jan van Hoirne,

1526 125043.4 Part of the bishopric of Utrecht, ca. 1524 125143.5 Perspective view of Utrecht by Antoon van den

Wijngaerde, ca. 1558 1252–5343.6 Copy by Pieter Claeissens of the 1571 map of the

Vrije van Brugge by Pierre Pourbus, 1601 125443.7 Manuscript map of the northern part of Holland

by Willem Hendricksz. Croock, 1529/30 125643.8 Coverage diagram of Jacob van Deventer’s province

maps 125743.9 Copy of the map of the province of Gelderland

by Jacob van Deventer, 1556 125943.10 Provincial map of Vermandois by Jacques Surhon,

1558 126143.11 Map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator, 1540 126243.12 The Netherlands without dikes and dunes 126343.13 Printed waterschap map of Heerhugowaard by

Claes Jansz. Visscher, 1631 126543.14 Manuscript waterschap map of peat digging in the

Oude Polder van Pijnacker and the OudewegschePolder, 1691 1266

43.15 Reference map of cities mapped by Jacob vanDeventer 1273

43.16 Detail from the town plan of Dordrecht by Jacob van Deventer, ca. 1560 1275

43.17 Reference map of Christiaan Sgrooten’s topographicalmaps 1276

43.18 1608 wall map of North Holland and West Friesland,reprinted from the original by Joost Jansz. Bilhamer,1575 1279

43.19 Printer’s mark of Joost Jansz. Bilhamer 128043.20 Manuscript map of South Holland by Hans Liefrinck,

1578 128143.21 Giovanni Maria Olgiati, drawing of Maastricht,

1553 128243.22 Map of the Frisian village of Dronrijp from the

De Robles atlas 128443.23 Title page of Practijck des lantmetens, by Johannes

Sems and Jan Pietersz. Dou, 1600 128743.24 Adriaan Anthonisz.’s plan of the fortified city

of Amersfoort, 1594 128843.25 Tapestry of Leiden by Joost Jansz. Lanckaert,

1587 128944.1 Wall map of Spain, Hieronymus Cock, 1553 130144.2 Totivs Dvcatvs Brabaniae . . . by Gerard de Jode,

1565 130244.3 Christiaan Sgrooten’s wall map Peregrinatio filiorum

dei, engraved by Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum,1572 1308

44.4 Map of southern South America, published byCornelis Claesz., ca. 1592 1310

44.5 Circular Leo Belgicus map of the seventeen provincesengraved by Jodocus Hondius in London, late 1590s 1312

44.6 Nova descrittione d’Italia di Gio. Anton. Magino,wall map published by Hessel Gerritsz., 1617 1316

44.7 News map published by Claes Jansz. Visscher 131744.8 Editions of Ortelius’s Theatrum orbis terrarum,

1570–98 131944.9 World map in Ortelius’s Theatrum, 1570 1320

44.10 Title page, Speculum orbis terrarum, Gerard de Jode,1578 1321

44.11 Map of Africa in De Jode’s Speculum orbis terrarum 1322

44.12 Title page from Gerardus Mercator’s Atlas,1595 1323

44.13 Gvineae nova descriptio, added to Mercator’s Atlasby Jodocus Hondius, 1606 1325

44.14 Map of Europe from Atlantis appendix, Willem Jansz.Blaeu, 1630 1326

44.15 Overview of atlas publication between 1630 and 1640 1327

44.16 Carved wooden cabinet designed for Blaeu’s Atlasmaior 1330

44.17 Map of Salzburg in the Spieghel 1331

Illustrations xxix

44.18 Title page from Langenes’s Caert-thresoor 133344.19 Map of Europe from Ortelius’s Parergon 134044.20 Ville Franche and the plan of Charleville from the

Atlas Blaeu–Van der Hem 134144.21 Page from a catalog by Cornelis Claesz. with a section

devoted to wall maps, 1609 134244.22 Gerardus Mercator’s instructions for assembling wall

maps, ca. 1570 134344.23 Sketch of a roller case for wall maps, Richard Hakluyt

the Elder, ca. 1590 134444.24 Map of the world by Ortelius, published in Antwerp,

1564 134544.25 Gerard de Jode’s wall map of Germany, 1562 134744.26 Wall maps of the world published between 1592 and

1648 134844.27 Wall map of the world by Petrus Plancius,

1592 134944.28 Wall map of the world by Jodocus Hondius,

1595/96 135044.29 Willem Jansz. Blaeu’s 1608 wall map of Europe,

reprinted by Henricus Hondius, 1624 135244.30 Venetian imitation of Blaeu’s wall map of Asia 135444.31 Detail of Pieter van den Keere’s wall map of the

seventeen provinces, 1607 135544.32 Pieter Bast’s bird’s-eye view of Amsterdam,

1597 135744.33 Giant atlas—the “Atlas of the Great Elector” 135844.34 Dutch share of world globe production (new editions

of printed globes) to 1720 135944.35 Three terrestrial globe gores by Gerardus Mercator,

ca. 1541 136044.36 First Amsterdam celestial globe, Jacob Floris van

Langren, 1586 136144.37 First Amsterdam terrestrial globe, Jacob Floris van

Langren, 1589 136244.38 Celestial globe by Jodocus Hondius, 1600 136444.39 Three gores from Blaeu’s first celestial globe,

ca. 1598 136444.40 Giant globe by Joan Blaeu 136644.41 Detail of the arctic region on a globe by Petrus

Plancius and Pieter van den Keere, 1612 136844.42 Terrestrial globe by Jacob Aertsz. Colom,

ca. 1640 136844.43 Terrestrial globe gores of Johannes Janssonius,

1621 137044.44 Terrestrial globe gores, possibly published by De Jode,

1584 –87 137144.45 Detail from the terrestrial globe of Michael Floris

van Langren, ca. 1645 137244.46 Thematic globe gores by Franciscus Haraeus showing

the dispersion of different religions 137345.1 Diagram of Dutch printed rutters, 1532–94 138645.2 Title page of Jan Seversz.’s De kaert va[n]der zee,

1532 1386

45.3 Woodcut profiles from Cornelis Anthonisz.’s Caertevan die oosterse see, 1558 1387

45.4 Facing pages from Harmen Jansz. Muller’s De caertevander zee, 1579/80 1389

45.5 Frontispiece from Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer’s Thresoorder zeevaert, 1592 1394

45.6 Chart of the Sunda strait from Waghenaer’s Thresoor,1602 1396

45.7 Chart from Willem Barents’s Nieuwe beschryvingheende caertboeck van de midlandtsche zee, 1595 1397

45.8 Chart from Blaeu’s Het licht der zee-vaert,1608 1398

45.9 Chart of the Zuiderzee from Johannes van Keulen’s De nieuwe groote lichtende zee-fackel, [1689] 1403

45.10 Third state, ca. 1560, of Caerte van Oostlant byCornelis Anthonisz. 1406

45.11 Detail from the title page of Adriaen Veen’s Napasser,1597 1407

45.12 Map of the Indian archipelago and the Far East by Petrus Plancius, published by Cornelis Claesz.,1592–94 1409

45.13 Willem Barents’s polar map, published by CornelisClaesz., 1598 1411

45.14 Map showing the route of the first Dutch fleet to the East Indies, 1595–97 1412

45.15 Map of Europe by Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer, 1592 1415

45.16 Cornelis Doetsz.’s Nieuwe paschaerte . . . van Europa,1602 1417

45.17 Cornelis Doetsz.’s manuscript chart of the Far East,1598 1418

45.18 Manuscript chart of the Indian Ocean and East Indiesby Evert Gijsbertsz., 1599 1420

45.19 Doetsz.’s chart of Europe, published by Blaeu, 1606 1423

45.20 Willem Jansz. Blaeu’s West Indische paskaert,ca. 1630 1425

45.21 Hessel Gerritsz.’s “Carte nautique des bords de mer du nort, et norouest mis en longitude, latitude et enleur route, selon les rins de vent,” 1625 1427

46.1 First state of Hessel Gerritsz.’s map of India andSoutheast Asia, made in or shortly before 1632 1440

46.2 Third state of Gerritsz.’s map of India and SoutheastAsia, India quæ orientalis 1441

46.3 Detail of official VOC chart of Sumatra and the Straitof Malacca, 1647 1442

46.4 Detail of cadastral map of Banda Neyra, 1630s 144746.5 Banda Neyra, 1662 or 1663 144746.6 Example of Roman land division 144846.7 Gerritsz.’s Brasilysche paskaert, 1637 145146.8 Index map from the Christina atlas by Joannes

Vingboons, ca. 1650 145346.9 Nieuw Nederland compiled by Gerritsz. 1454

xxx Illustrations

46.10 Wall map of Dutch Brazil published by Joan Blaeu,1647 1455

46.11 Leggerkaart of the colony of Surinam, 1688 145846.12 Decorative chart of the Indian Ocean, 1660s 145946.13 Watercolor view of a city called Surat by

Vingboons 146046.14 Watercolor view of Bijapur by Vingboons,

1660s 146147.1 Oronce Fine, “La composition et usaige d’un singulier

méthéoroscope géographique,” 1543 146547.2 Oronce Fine, Nova, et integra vniversi orbis descriptio,

1531 146647.3 Nicolas de Nicolay, Vraye & exacte description

hydrographique des costes maritimes d’Escosse & desisles orchades hebrides, 1583 1470

47.4 André Thevet, “Terres neveves ov isles des molues” 1473

47.5 André Thevet, “Mipart septentrionalle dv monde” 1475

47.6 Guillaume Postel, Polo aptata nova charta universi 1477

47.7 Le “Caloier de nisare” and its “Engin à barquerottes” 1479

47.8 “Le caloiero de nisaro dit panegea” 147948.1 Reference map of France, ca. 1610 148148.2 Oronce Fine, Nova totivs galliae descriptio,

1553 148248.3 Jean Jolivet, Vraie description des Gaules, auec

les confins d’Allemaigne, & Italye, 1570 148448.4 Nicolas de Nicolay, Novvelle description dv pais

de Bovlonnois, comte de Gvines, terre d’Oye et villede Calais, 1558 1486

48.5 Guillaume Postel, La vraye et entiere description dv royavlme de France, et ses confins, 1570 1487

48.6 Paolo Forlani, Totivs galliae exactissima descriptio,1566 1488

48.7 Jean Tarde, Sarlatensis diocesis geographica delineatio vera & exacta, 1594 1490

48.8 Description dv pays armoriqve a present Bretaigne, 1588 1491

48.9 Jean Fayen, Totivs lemovici . . . , 1594 149248.10 François de La Guillotière, Charte de la France, 1632

(detail) 149448.11 Christophe Tassin, Carte de Normandie, 1634 149648.12 Nicolas Sanson, Carte et description generale

dv tres-havt, tres-pvissant, et tres-chrestien royavme de France, 1652–53 1498

48.13 Nicolas Sanson, Segusiani, partie du dioecese etarchevesche de Lyon: Le Bas Forez et Beaujolois,eslectoins de Roanne et de Villefranche, 1659 1499

48.14 Jacques Signot, La carte Ditalie, 1515 150148.15 Nicolas Sanson, Carte des rivieres de la France

cvrievsement recherchee, 1641 150249.1 Jean Martellier, “Plan de Calais” 1506

49.2 Jean Martellier, “La carte dv govvernement de Calaiset pais reconqvis” 1507

49.3 Approximate coverage of the gouvernement maps of Picardy in the BL, Add. MS. 21117 1507

49.4 Jean Martellier, “Carte de la province de Picardie,Bovlonois, Artois et pais reconqvis” 1508

49.5 Approximate coverage of the gouvernement maps of Champagne in the BL, King’s TopographicalCollection 1509

49.6 Claude Chastillon, “Carte g[e]n[er]alle deCha[m]paigne” 1510

49.7 Jean de Beins, “Carte des vallees de Seissel et la Michaille,” 1606 1511

49.8 Jean de Beins,”Govverne[ment] de Grenoble” 151249.9 Approximate coverage of the gouvernement maps

of Brittany in the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, MS. 3921 1513

49.10 “Carte generalle de Bretaigne” 151349.11 “Govverne[ment] de Nantes et Encenix” 151449.12 Jean Cavalier, “Carte particvliere de la comté de

Rossillon et de la vallee de conflens,” 1635 151649.13 N. Du Carlo, “Carte hidrographique des costes

de Bretaigne, Guienne, et de partie de lEspagne,” ca. 1625 1517

49.14 Jérôme Bachot, “Carte particulliere de l’isle et bourgdv Conquest,” 1625 1518

49.15 Jean Martellier, “Plan de Peronne,” ca. 1602 151949.16 Peronne, 1634 152049.17 “Govver[nement] de Rennes” 152049.18 Govvernement de Rennes, 1634 152049.19 Claude Chastillon, “Plan de Langres” 152149.20 Langres, 1634 152150.1 A tibériade representing the Ouche Valley, drawn

by Jean II d’Orrain for a lawsuit, ca. 1567 152450.2 Figurative view of contested land between the abbeys

of Granselve and Mas-Grenier-Grandselve-Lasalle,1521 1525

50.3 Jan Brouault and Paris Alexandre, plan of the territoryof the seigneury of Picauville, 1581 1526

50.4 Detail from the map of the censive of the chapter ofSaint-Germain-L’Auxerrois between the Louvre andthe Châtelet in Paris, sixteenth century 1527

50.5 J. Monnerye, map of the gruerie of Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, 1609 1528

50.6 René Siette, “Plan et description particulière desmaraits desseichés du petit poictou avecq le partaigesur Icelluy,” 6 August 1648 1529

50.7 Manuscript atlas describing the Vilaine River betweenRedon and Rennes, 1543 1531

50.8 Jacques Le Lieur, “Livre des fontaines,” 1525 153150.9 Guillaume Revel, “Armorial,” ca. 1450 1533

50.10 Evrard Bredin, “Le vray portraict de la ville de Diion,”1575 1534

Illustrations xxxi

50.11 Olivier Truschet and Germain Hoyau, Le vraypourtraist naturel de la ville, cité, vniversité etFaubourgz de Paris, ca. 1553 1535

50.12 Perspective view of Lyons, Saint-Just sheet, [1548–54] 1536

50.13 La Rochelle: View by Christophe Tassin from ClaudeChastillon 1537

51.1 Champlain’s manuscript chart “Descrpsion des costsp[or]ts rades illes de la nouuelle France faict selon sonvray meridien,” 1607 1540

51.2 Chart of Tadoussac drawn by Champlain in 1608,published in 1613 1541

51.3 Champlain’s first published map, Carte geographiqvede la Novvelle Franse, 1612 1542

51.4 Champlain’s drawing of the English log, log-line, half-minute glass, and log reel 1543

51.5 Champlain’s chart to illustrate a coastal survey 154551.6 An analysis of Champlain’s sources for the incomplete

map of 1616 154652.1 Pierre Desceliers, world chart, 1546 155252.2 Jacques de Vaulx, chart of the coast of America,

1584 155352.3 Guillaume Brouscon, page from nautical guide 155452.4 Jean Guérard, chart of the Atlantic, 1631 155652.5 Chart from the Hague Atlas 155852.6 Northeast America from the Pasterot Atlas,

ca. 1587 156053.1 Detail of Jerusalem and the Holy Land 157053.2 Pourtrait de la Rochelle & des forteresses que les

rebelles y ont fait depuis les premiers troubles jus[q]uà present 1573

53.3 The Gourmonts 157453.4 Jean II de Gourmont, Congnois toy toy-mesme, Paris,

ca. 1575 157553.5 The Leclercs 157653.6 Frontispiece from Le theatre francoys 157653.7 The Taverniers 157753.8 Jodocus Hondius, Nova totius terrarum orbis

geographica ac hydrographica tabula, 1625 157853.9 Nicolas Sanson, Mappe-monde, ou carte generale

du monde dessignée en deux plan-hemispheres,1651 1582

53.10 Pierre Sainton, Nova totius terrarum orbisgeographica ac hydrographica tabula, 1653 1583

53.11 Claude Chastillon, title page of Topographie francoise,1641 1584

53.12 Albert Jouvin de Rochefort, detail of central Paris from a map of Paris and its surroundings, 1676 1586

53.13 Almanac for the year of grace MDCLXXXI: Detail of“Les nouvelistes du quay des Augustins” 1587

54.1 Reference map of the British Isles 159254.2 Robert Ricart, plan of Bristol, ca. 1480 159354.3 Vicar of Bakewell, map of Over Haddon, 1528 1600

54.4 Thomas Geminus (?), Musselburgh /Pinkie Cleugh 1602

54.5 Anonymous, detail from map of Canterbury 160654.6 William Lambarde, map of the Kent beacons,

1585 161254.7 George Owen, map of Pembrokeshire 161754.8 Reyner Wolfe (?), Anne of Cleves’s journey to Calais,

1539 162154.9 Christopher Saxton, map of Norfolk, 1574 1625

54.10 John Norden, Myddlesex, 1593 163354.11 William Smith, map of Cheshire, 1602–3 163554.12 John Speed, map of Hertfordshire 163654.13 Anonymous, map of Byfield and Chipping Warden,

ca. 1550 164054.14 Richard Bankes, detail from map of Sherwood

Forest, 1609 164254.15 Thomas Clerke, map of Ivychurch, copied by

Thomas Langdon 164654.16 Copperplate of the anonymous copperplate map

of London, ca. 1557–59 164954.17 Richard Lyne, plan of Cambridge, 1574 165254.18 John Walker, map of Chelmsford, 1591 165354.19 Ralph Treswell, plan of London property, 16 –21

Fleete Lane, 1612 165454.20 John Hooker, map of Exeter, 1587 165654.21 John Speed’s “Invasions” map, 1603/4 166054.22 Ralph Agas, detail of estate map of Toddington,

ca. 1581 166254.23 Quentin Matsys the Younger, portrait of Elizabeth I,

1583 166454.24 Diego de Çaias, hunting knife of Henry VIII,

ca. 1545 166554.25 Bernard de Gomme, fortification of Liverpool,

1644 166855.1 Ireland in the 1520s or 1530s 167455.2 Abraham Ortelius, Ireland, 1573 167655.3 John Goghe, “Hibernia: Insula non procul ab Anglia

vulgare Hirlandia vocata,” 1567 167755.4 Robert Lythe, detail from map of central and southern

Ireland, 1571 167855.5 John Browne, detail from map of Connaught and

Thomond, 1591 167955.6 Francis Jobson, “Maior comitatvs limerice,”

ca. 1587 168055.7 Dinish Island and vicinity, Bantry Bay,

West Cork 168155.8 John Speed, The Kingdome of Irland, 1610 168356.1 Part of Pont manuscript 1: Durness and

Tongue 168856.2 Pont’s manuscript map of Tarbat Ness,

Easter Ross 168956.3 Part of Extima scotiæ septentrionalis from Blaeu’s

Atlas novus, 1654 169156.4 Part of Gordon manuscript 53: Fyfe Shyre 1692

xxxii Illustrations

57.1 Detail from John Norden, Myddlesex, 1593 169557.2 Woodcut plan detailing Scottish Wars, 1548 169757.3 The Iovrney of Sainct Paule the Apostle, 1549 169857.4 Nordovicvm, Angliæ Civitas Anno 1558 I.b.f.,

1559 169957.5 England and Wales, 1568 170057.6 Anthony Jenkinson, Nova absolvtaqve Rvssiae,

Moscoviae, & Tartaria, 1562 170157.7 Oppidvm Cantebrigiæ, 1574 170257.8 Robert Adams, engagement off Portland Bill,

1590 170357.9 Thomas Hood, northern celestial planisphere,

1590 170457.10 Jodocus Hondius the Elder, Typvs Angliæ,

1590 170657.11 Detail of the Molyneux terrestrial globe, 1592 170757.12 The Discription of the Islandes, and Castle of

Mozambique, 1598 170857.13 William Smith, “Vigorniensis (Vulgo Worcestershire)

Comitat: Descriptio,” 1602 170957.14 John Speed, Glamorgan Shyre: With the Sittuations

of the Cheife Towne Cardyff and Ancient LandaffeDescribed, 1607 1710

57.15 Ralph Hall, Virginia, 1636 171157.16 Detail from Philip Symonson, A New Description

of Kent, 1596 171357.17 Thomas Jenner, A Trve Description of the Citie

of Rochell, [1621] 171657.18 Ephraim Pagitt, A Description of the Multitude

of Christians in the World, 1636 171958.1 John à Borough, rough sketch of the channel into

the Zuiderzee, 1539 172858.2 Reference maps for figure 58.1 172858.3 Coverage of charts drawn by the English,

1560–80 173258.4 Coverage of charts drawn by the English,

1600–20 173358.5 Anonymous, plot of a route from the Shetlands to

the Norwegian coast on squared paper with a latitudescale in pen and ink, ca. 1600 1734

58.6 William Borough, chart of the northeast Atlantic, ca. 1580 1736

58.7 Binding made from Borough’s chart 173658.8 Sketch of the mouth of the river Ob, 1568 173858.9 Robert Norman, chart of the Azores to Beachy Head,

1581 173958.10 Detail from John Norden’s map of London 174058.11 Celebes in Gabriel Tatton’s atlas of sea charts,

ca. 1619 174158.12 Fragment from Harmen and Marten Jansz.’s chart

of the world, 1606 174358.13 Drawing by Maerten de Vos, 1589 174358.14 John Daniel, North Atlantic, 1639 174759.1 George Best, world map in praise of English voyagers,

1578 1758

59.2 Humphrey Gilbert, world map conceptualizing theNorthwest Passage, 1576 1759

59.3 John Dee, map of the North Atlantic incorporatingMartin Frobisher’s discoveries, ca. 1580 1760

59.4 Michael Lok, map of the Northwest Passage, 1582 1762

59.5 Baptista Boazio, map of the West Indian voyage, 1588 1763

59.6 Edward Wright, world map on Mercator’s projection,1599 1764

59.7 John White, manuscript map, 1585 176559.8 Sir Walter Ralegh, map of Guiana, ca. 1595 176659.9 William Baffin, map of the Mughal territories,

1619 176859.10 The “Velasco map” showing the coast of North

America from Newfoundland to Roanoke, ca. 1611 1769

59.11 John Smith’s version of Richard Norwood’s map of Bermuda land grants 1770

59.12 John Smith, map of Virginia, 1612 177359.13 John Smith, map of New England, 1616/17 177559.14 William Alexander, map of New Scotland,

1624 177659.15 William Wood, map of New England, 1635 177759.16 “The Baltimore map” of Maryland, 1635 177860.1 Reference map of Scandinavia 178260.2 Jaakko Teitti, a freehand sketch of the Karelian

isthmus in eastern Finland, ca. 1555 178360.3 Claudius Clavus, manuscript map of the north in

Ptolemy’s Geography, Nancy manuscript, 1427 178460.4 Map of the north from Ptolemy’s Geography,

ca. 1490 178560.5 Map of the north from Ptolemy’s Geography,

ca. 1481 178560.6 Jacob Ziegler, map of the north, printed in

1532 178660.7 Olaus Magnus, Carta marina, Venice, 1539 178760.8 Finland from the Carta marina 178960.9 Marcus Jordanus, map of Denmark, 1585 1791

60.10 Abraham Ortelius’s map of Iceland based on a map by Guðbrandur Thorláksson 1793

60.11 Andreas Bureus, Lapponia, 1611 179460.12 Andreas Bureus, Lake Mälaren, ca. 1613 179560.13 Sample map by Georg Ginther Kräill von

Bemebergh 179660.14 Georg Ginther Kräill von Bemebergh, map of the

conquest of Riga, 1621 179760.15 Olof Hansson Svart (Örnehufvud), mineral map,

1629 179860.16 The “Spy Map” (Spionkort) of Stockholm,

1640s 179960.17 Heinrich Thome, map of Copenhagen and its

environs, 1624 180060.18 Andreas Bureus, Orbis arctoi nova et accurata

delineatio, 1626 1801

Illustrations xxxiii

60.19 Early town plan prepared by the surveyors of theLantmäterikontoret in Finland 1804

61.1 Reference map of East-Central Europe 180761.2 Horoscope, 1467 181261.3 Astrolabe, ca. 1519 181361.4 Boundary map, Reszege, Hungary 1814 –1561.5 Bernard Wapowski, map of Sarmatia, ca. 1528 181861.6 Bernard Wapowski, map of Poland, ca. 1526 181961.7 Giovanni Andrea Valvassore, map of Hungary,

ca. 1538 182161.8 Tabula Hungarie, 1528 182461.9 Johannes Honter, map of Transylvania, dated 1532

(copy printed after 1539) 182961.10 Johannes Honter, map of Transylvania, second edition

(after 1546) 183061.11 Johannes Honter, images of terrestrial globes, 1530

and 1542 183261.12 Waciaw Grodecki, map of Poland, 1570 183461.13 Detail from Wolfgang Lazius’s map of Hungary,

1552/56 183561.14 Johannes Sambucus, map of Hungary, 1571 183661.15 Descriptio regni Hungariae . . . , ca. 1595 183861.16 Detail of Radziwill’s map of the Grand Duchy of

Lithuania, 1613 184161.17 The military border on a 1563 manuscript map 184361.18 Natale Angielini’s printed leaflet, 1565 184561.19 Ottavio Baldigara, fortification plan of the castle

of Eger, Hungary, 31 March 1572 184661.20 Giovanni Jacobo Gasparini, border zone map,

ca. 1580 184861.21 Ferenc Batthány, sketch map, ca. 1600 184962.1 Egnazio Danti’s map of Muscovy 185362.2 Reference map of the Russian area 185562.3 Anthony Jenkinson’s map of Muscovy, 1562 [1570]

185762.4 Pskov-Pechorskaya Virgin Mary icon, end of the

sixteenth century 186062.5 Map of the Solovetski Islands on the icon “Bogomater’

bogolyubskaya s predstoyashchimi zosimoy isavvateyem solovetskimi i stsenami ikh zhitiya” 1861

62.6 Old Russian map of a plot of land, 1536 –37 186262.7 Map of the area around the city of Zvenigorod and

the Savvino-Storozhevskiy monastery, 1664 186762.8 Map of the waste land of the village of Izmailov,

1670s 186862.9 Map of the localities along the Donets River,

1679 186962.10 Land map, Yaroslavl uyezd 187062.11 Map of the localities along the Vorskla and Oleshnya

Rivers, 1652 187162.12 Map of the region between the Don and Oskol Rivers

with the Polatovskiy and Novooskol’skiy ramparts, ca. 1697 1872

62.13 Aleksey Galkin and Fyodor Rosputin, map of thelands on both sides of the Tunguska River between the Yeniseysk and Ilimsk uyezds, 1685 1874

62.14 Map of Siberia, 1667 [1697] 187662.15 Map of Siberia, 1667 [after 1702] 187762.16 Map of Siberia, 1667 [1669] 187862.17 Nikolay Gavrilovich Spafariy’s map of Siberia,

1678 188162.18 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, map of Siberia,

1687 188262.19 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, map of the Yenisei

River 188862.20 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, description of the

“Chertëzh vsekh sibirskikh gorodov i zemel” with an account of the progress of his cartographic worksin Moscow in 1698 1890

62.21 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, “Chertëzh vsekhsibirskikh gorodov i zemel,” 1699 1891

62.22 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, heading for introductoryarticle, table of contents, and catalog 1892

62.23 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, “Chertëzh zemli vseybezvodnoy i maloprokhodnoy kamennoy stepi” 1892

62.24 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov, examples ofgeographical map headings, 1697 1893

62.25 “Chertëzh vsekh s kameni potoki rek,” copy by Ivan Seymonovich Remezov 1894

62.26 Instructional examples of the maps of the slobodasof the Tobolsk uyezd, 1704 1895

62.27 “Chertëzh zemli irkutskogo goroda,” copy by Ivan Seymonovich Remezov 1896

62.28 “Chertëzh zemli tarskogo goroda” from the“Chertëzhnaya kniga sibiri” 1897

62.29 “Chertëzh zemli tarskogo goroda” from the“Sluzhebnaya chertëzhnaya kniga” 1898

62.30 Artistic details on Semyon Ulianovich Remezov’sgeographical maps 1898

62.31 Examples of combinations of symbols, abbreviations,and inscriptions, 1701 1899

62.32 Town plan of Pelym on the map of the Pelym uyezd1899

62.33 Heading and introductory text of the ethnographicmap of Siberia 1900

62.34 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov’s map of Kamchatka1901

Tables

Part 11.1 Text and image in three main functions of maps in the

Renaissance 79.1 Introductions to geography, ca. 1495–1525 351

19.1 Differences between longitude and latitude values fromfour coordinate tables and modern values 481

22.1 Sizes and costs of paper (high quality) per ream (500 sheets or 20 quaderni) 597

xxxiv Illustrations

35.1 Venetian magistratures responsible for themanagement of territory 879

38.1 Countries where Portuguese manuscript mapsmentioned in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) are preserved 992

38.2 Portuguese maps, manuscript and printed, identified in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 992

38.3 Latitude values for selected places, Renaissancesources versus modern 1039

40.1 Prices of charts and other instruments for variousyears, 1519–1592 1132

Part 243.1 Christiaan Sgrooten’s topographical maps of the Low

Countries, 1568–1573 127744.1 Contents of the Atlantes novi by Blaeu and

Janssonius 132944.2 Blaeu’s Atlas maior 133044.3 Overview of the Civitates orbis terrarum by Braun

and Hogenberg 133444.4 The town atlases of Italy by Blaeu 133744.5 The town atlases by Janssonius 133845.1 Professions of sellers of maritime printed matter,

mainly from the seventeenth century 140045.2 Contents of Johannes van Keulen’s De nieuwe groote

lichtende zee-fakkel 140455.1 Tudor and early Stuart maps of Ireland and parts of

Ireland 167362.1 Measures in sixteenth and seventeenth century

Russia 1863

Appendixes

Part 16.1 List of globes and globe gores made in Europe from

1300 until 1600 1607.1 Charts of the Mediterranean in public collections,

1500–1700 2387.2 Members of the Oliva and Caloiro e Oliva dynasty

with the cities where they worked and the years 2629.1 Ptolemy’s Geography, editions from 1475 to

1650 36121.1 Maps used in the analysis of signs on topographic

maps 58130.1 Pre-1530 manuscript maps showing the relationship

between the Old and New Worlds 75931.1 A historiographical and bibliographical note 79631.2 Locations with Italian composite atlases and

significant collections of Italian sixteenth-centuryprinted maps probably deriving from compositeatlases 799

32.1 Partial list of map cycles 82838.1 Number of charts of each author reproduced in PMC

(ca. 1485–1660), listed by area depicted 1062

38.2 Distribution of the charts reproduced in PMC(ca. 1485–1660), listed by area depicted 1063

38.3 The twenty-five Portuguese world maps reproduced in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1063

38.4 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of chartsof the Mediterranean and of the Atlantic reproducedin PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1064

38.5 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of chartsof the Far East (Asia and Indonesia) reproduced inPMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1065

38.6 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of chartsof Brazil reproduced in PMC (ca. 1485–1660) 1066

38.7 Portuguese cartographers who were authors of charts of the American continent reproduced in PMC(ca. 1485–1660) 1067

38.8 Coastal sites represented by Gaspar Correia in the“Lendas da Índia” (1563) 1067

38.9 Examples of military or propaganda maps 106840.1 Cosmographers and allied professionals at the Casa

de la Contratación, 1503–1603 (in order of firstappointment) 1139

40.2 Timeline of the office of pilot major at the Casa de la Contratación, 1508–1620 1141

40.3 Revisions of the padrón real, 1508–1600 1142

Part 243.1 The first printed Dutch maps of the (mainly) Dutch

provinces in the middle of the sixteenth century,1538–1581 1291

43.2 Printed waterschap maps, 1572–1650 129243.3 Prototypes of printed province maps,

1575–1698 129544.1 Maps published in Hieronymus Cock’s Quatre

Vents 137644.2 Summary of Gerard de Jode’s maps 137744.3 Bernard van den Putte’s woodcut maps 137744.4 Wall maps published in Antwerp (sixteenth

century) 137844.5 Selection of wall maps—mainly prototypes—

published in Amsterdam, ca. 1590–ca. 1670 137944.6 Multisheet maps of the Low Countries,

1557–ca. 1700 138144.7 Globes published in Amsterdam,

ca. 1596 –ca. 1605 138244.8 Production of Dutch globes, ca. 1606 –1648 138345.1 Dutch printed rutters, 1532–1594 142945.2 Pilot guides published in the Netherlands,

1584 –1681 143145.3 Sea atlases published in the Netherlands,

1650–1680 143251.1 Maps by Samuel de Champlain 154852.1 Norman charts and atlases 156358.1 Survival of the earliest English marine representations

and charts of overseas, ca. 1560–1660, listed bydecade 1748

Illustrations xxxv

BL British Library, LondonBNF Bibliothèque Nationale de France, ParisHC 1 The History of Cartography, vol. 1, Cartogra-

phy in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Eu-rope and the Mediterranean, ed. J. B. Harleyand David Woodward (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1987)

HC 2.1 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, Car-tography in the Traditional Islamic and SouthAsian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and DavidWoodward (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1992)

HC 2.2 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 2, Car-tography in the Traditional East and SoutheastAsian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and DavidWoodward (Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1994)

HC 2.3 The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 3, Car-tography in the Traditional African, American,Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, ed.David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis (Chi-cago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used throughout this book. Abbreviations specific to a givenchapter are listed in the first, unnumbered, footnote of that chapter.

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