The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations
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Transcript of The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations
The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations
Class 3: Introduction to International Relations Eva wishanti
Introduction
International Relations (IR) After Two World Wars War Realism : state, power World Politics diversity Pluralism
Six Periods of Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations
1. Before 16482. After Westphalia3. Nineteenth Century Europe4. Interwar Years5. The Cold War6. The Post-Cold War
Periodisasi Sejarah Penting dalam HI
History and Philosophy
A Series of world events
The world in the 21st century
• Greek’s (political) philosophy
• Renaissance
• First World War• Second World War• Cold War
• Changing world order
• New challenges
Before 1648:The Pre-Westphalian World
• The Sovereignties of the Greek city-states (400 B.C.)• Imperialism by The Roman Empire (50 B.C – 400 A.D.)• Centralization & Decentralization in the Middle Ages
(400 – 1000)Three civilizations: Arabic, Byzantine, Europe
• The development of transnational networks in the Late Middle Ages (1000 – 1500)
a. Transnational Business Communityb. Individualist & Humanistc. Writers on Classic Literature
Munculnya sistem Westphalia : Nation - States
• Development of practical sovereigntySovereignty by Jean Bodin: absolute and perpetual
power• The Growth of Military Control
The Thirty-years war ⇒ Treaty of Westphalia• The Emergence of Capitalist Economic System
Adam Smith: Invisible Hand of the Market ⇒ Capitalism
Europe in the Nineteenth Century
• The Aftermath of Revolution: Core Principles- Legitimacy - Nationalism
• Peace at the Core of the European System- Solidarity sharing among European- Fear of Revolution among independent states- Unification of Germany and Italy
• Balance of PowerIndependent European states counteract predominant states
• The Breakdown: Solidification of Alliances
The end of Balance of Power system
Interwar Years and World War II
• Three Empires are WeakenedRussia ⇒ New leader and new ideologyAustro-Hungary ⇒ Replaced by new statesOttoman ⇒ Reconfigured and ousted from Europe
• Fascism in Germany- Mobilized support from the masses- Superior civilization
• The Weakness of League of Nations- Prevent all future wars- No political weight, legal instruments, legitimacy
The Cold War
• Origins of the Cold War- The emergence of two superpowers: United States and Soviet Union- The incompatibilities in national interests and ideology- The end of colonial system- The realization of indirectly conflict
• The Cold War as a Series of Confrontations- High level tension with no military conflict- Confrontations between proxies- Confrontations between two blocs: NATO vs. Warsaw
Pact• The Cold War as a Long Peace
John Lewis Gaddis: to dramatize the absence of war between superpowers
The Post-Cold War
• The Continuity of Glasnost and Perestroika in Soviet- Glasnost: Political Openness- Perestroika: Economic Restructuring
• Changes of Soviet Foreign Policy- Cooperate in multilateral activities to preserve regional security- Mark the post-Cold War era
• Iraq Invasion of Kuwait in 1990- The test of New World Order- U.N. Security Council ⇒ Economic sanctions
• The Disintegration of Yugoslavia- Disintegrates into independent states- Bosnia-Kosovo civil war leading to U.N. and NATO action