The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Rafael M. Eufrasio Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Arch

Zero Carbon Yorkshire BUILDINGS/ AECB Yorkshire

January 2019

• Life cycle energy analysis and Embodied energy

• Methods for embodied energy estimations

• GIS based Spatial analysis

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

• OECD countries building materials' use (Tons per person)

--

-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0Canada

MexicoUSA

Japan

Korea

Australia

N.Zealand

Austria

Belgium

Czech R.

Denmark

Finland

FranceGermany

GreeceHungaryIceland

Ireland

Italy

Netherl.

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak R.

Spain

Sweden

SwitzerlandTurkey

UK

•HOW MANY TONS OF BUILDING MATERIALS DO WE USE?

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Housing Life Cycle Stages and systems boundaries

M.K. Dixit et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012)

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Dixit, M.K., Life cycle recurrent embodied energy calculation of buildings: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019. 209: p. 731-7

INPUT – OUTPUT ANALYSIS MRIO

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) ISO 14040 (Process Analysis)

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials Input-Output based hybrid analysis

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

STAGE 0 STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 STAGE 5

PROPORTION OF TOTAL ENERGY BY SECTORS ( ENERGY EMBODIED AT STAGES 0 TO 5)

111 112 113114 115 213237 238 311312 313 314315 316 321322 323 324325 326 327331 332 333334 335 336337 339 43-46481 482 483484 485 486487 488 491492 493 511512 515 516517 518 519521 522 523524 531 532533 541 551561 562 611621 622 623624 711 712713 721 722811 812 813814 931 236211 212

Embodied energy residential sector from the I-O model

“The black box”

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Let’s calculate EE!

HOUSE DATA LOCATION: MEX CURRENCY: PESO ECONOMIC LEVEL: SOCIAL-HOUSE CONSTRUCTION AREA : 51.66 M2 PRICE: $320,000.00 I-O COEFFICIENT of MEXICAN RESIDENTIAL SECTOR (Gj/$) 0.001092768

TER = (I-O) coefficient * Price of the house

TER = 0.001092768 Gj X $320,000.00 = 346.69 GJ 349.69 / 51.66 = 6.77 Gj/m2

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

METHODOLOGY MATTERS?

Processanalysis

Input-Outputanalysis

Process-basedhybrid analysis

Input-Output-based hybrid

analysisSeries1 1057 2127 3152 3994

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

TOTA

L EM

BO

DIE

D E

NER

GY

(GJ)

Embodied energy calculation of a house with different methods

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Waste Material

0%

Cardboard sheet 2%

Metallic Sheet 13%

Asbestos sheet 5%

Palm or Straw 1%

Wood or Shingle wood 3%

Rammed earth with

beam 1% Clay Tile

3%

Reinforced Cocrete slab,

Concrete beam and

polystyrene vaulted

71%

Not Specified

1%

Other 75%

Roof's Materials

Rammed earth floor

5% Concrete slab or cement floor

53%

Wood, Ceramic

tiles or other covering

41%

Not specified 1%

Not answered 0%

Other 1%

Floor's materials

Waste Material 0%

Cardboard Sheet

0% Asbest or

Metalic sheet 1%

Reed, Bamboo or Palm

0%

Cob or Rammed earth 1%

Wood 5%

Adobe 6%

Brick, Block, Concrete or

Stone 86%

Not Specified 1%

Other 93%

Walls' materials

Life Cycle Inventory & Bioregion case study

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Fired Bricks production, Bioregion case study

Density map of fired clay brick production in Mexico

Mapping embodied energy of Materials

EE •IO Model to local processes • Display and identify EEI patterns

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Bioregion Area

Embodied energy map MJ/Kg Embodied energy map CO2/tonne/Year The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials

Conclusions

1. Importance of Embodied Energy and Carbon 2. Methodological approach without consensus 3. Use of local materials and energy reduction 4. Energy awareness 5. Platform for decision making & participatory process

Thanks for your attention

REFERENCES: Dixit, M.K., Life cycle recurrent embodied energy calculation of buildings: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019. 209: p. 731-754. Azari, R. and N. Abbasabadi, Embodied energy of buildings: A review of data, methods, challenges, and research trends. Energy and Buildings, 2018. 168: p. 225-235. INVENTORYOF CARBON & ENERGY (ICE). Hammond, G. and C. Jones, Inventory of Carbon & Energy, (ICE) Version 2.0 Summary tables, U.o. Bath, Editor 2011.

ISO, ISO 14044, International Standard, in Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines2006, ISO.Org.: Switzerland

Dixit, M.K., et al., (2012). Need for an embodied energy measurement protocol for buildings: A review paper. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 3730-3743.

Treloar, G.J., A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework, in Faculty of science and technology1998, Deakin University.

Crawford, R., Life Cycle Assessment in the Built Environment2011: Routledge. -1.

Eufrasio, R.M. and F. Stevenson. Spatial Life Cycle Energy Model of dwellings within a bioregional context, Initial steps. in PLEA2013 - 29th Conference, Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future. 2013. Munich, Germany, 10-12 September 2013.

The hidden energy of buildings and construction materials