The Heart and Circulation Cardiovascular System = Heart, Blood and Vessels Lymphatic System = Lymph...
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Transcript of The Heart and Circulation Cardiovascular System = Heart, Blood and Vessels Lymphatic System = Lymph...
![Page 1: The Heart and Circulation Cardiovascular System = Heart, Blood and Vessels Lymphatic System = Lymph nodes, Organs and Vessels.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052119/56649cc05503460f94987798/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Heart and Circulation
Cardiovascular System = Heart, Blood and Vessels
Lymphatic System = Lymph nodes, Organs and Vessels
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The Heart
• External Innervation– Vagus (parasympathetic)
– C + T sympathetic chain ganglion
• Pericardium (3 layers)• 1) Outer-fibrous pericardium
– Serous pericardium• 2) parietal
• 3) visceral (epicardium)
• Pericardial Cavity– between layers of serous pericardium
– serous fluid
– lubricate heart while beating
pg 502
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Location of Heart in Chest
• Oblique Position• Apex = Left of Midline (5th ICS), Anterior to rest of heart• Base (posterior surface) sits on vertebral column• Superior Right = 3rd Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum• Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage, 1” left midsternum• Inferior Right = 6th Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum• Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space at Midclavicular line
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Location of Heart in Thorax
pg 501
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External Features of Heart
• Interventricular sulcus• Coronal/Coronary sulcus• Auricles of atria• Apex• Base• Coronary vessels• Ligamentum Arteriosum
pg 504
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The Great Vessels and major branchesAorta (from Left Ventricle)
• Ascending– Coronary arteries
• Aortic Arch – Brachiocephalic trunk– Left Common Carotid– Left Subclavian
• Descending (Thoracic/Abdominal)– Many small branches to organs
Pulmonary Trunk (from Rt Ventricle)- -2 Pulmonary Arteries into lungs
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava - Coronary sinus
Pg 504, 532
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Layers of Heart
• Epicardium (most superficial)– Visceral pleura
• Myocardium (middle layer)– Cardiac muscle– Contracts
• Endocardium (inner)– Endothelium on CT– Lines the heart – Creates the valves
pg 502
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Right Heart Chambers: Pulmonary Pump• Right Atrium (forms most of base of heart)
– Receives O2-poor blood from body via IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus
– Ventral wall = rough Pectinate muscle
– Fossa Ovalis- on interatrial septum, remnant of Foramen Ovale
• Right Ventricle– Receives O2-poor blood from right atrium through tricuspid valve
– Pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary Semilunar Valve in pulmonary trunk
– Trabeculae Carnae muscle ridges along ventral surface
– Papillary Muscle-cone-shaped muscle to which chordae tendinae are anchored
– Moderator Band-muscular band connecting anterior papillary muscle to interventricular septum
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Left Heart Chambers: Systemic Pump
• Left Atrium– Receives O2-rich blood from 4 Pulmonary Veins
– Pectinate Muscles line only auricle
• Left Ventricle (forms apex of heart)– Receives blood from Left Atrium via bicuspid valve– Pumps blood into aorta via Aortic Semilunar Valve to
body– Same structures as Rt Ventricle: Trabeculae carnae,
Papillary muscles, Chordae tendinae– No Moderator Band
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Chambers of Heart
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Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**• *Tricuspid Valve: Right AV valve
– 3 Cusps (flaps) made of endocardium and CT
– Cusps anchored in Rt. Ventricle by Chordae Tendinae
– Chordae Tendinae prevent inversion of cusps into atrium
– Flow of blood pushes cusps open
– When ventricle is in diastole (relaxed), cusps hang limp in ventricle
– Ventricular contraction increases pressure and forces cusps closed
• *Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Left AV valve– 2 cusps anchored in Left Ventricle by chordae tendinae
– Functions same as Rt. AV valve
• **Semilunar valves: prevents backflow in large arteries– Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Trunk
– Aortic Semilunar Valve: Left Ventricle and Aorta
– 3 cusps: blood rushes past they’re flattened, as it settles they’re pushed down (valve closed)
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Heart Valves
pg 506
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Flow of Blood• O2-poor blood (S+I VC, Coronary Sinus) enters Rt Atrium
• Travels through Tricuspid Valve into Rt Ventricle• Pumped out through Pulmonary Semilunar Valve into
Pulmonary trunk (branches into Pulmonary Arteries) and to lungs
• After circulating through lungs, O2-rich blood returns to the heart through 4 Pulmonary veins
• The O2-rich blood enters the Left Atrium
• Travels through Bicuspid/Mitral Valve into Left Ventricle• Pumped out through Aortic Semilunar Valve into Aorta to
be distributed to rest of body by descending aorta and branches of aortic arch
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Cardiovascular Circuits
pg 500
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Circuits
• Pulmonary Circuit– Vessels carrying blood to and from lungs– Pulmonary arteries and veins
• Systemic Circuit– Vessels carrying blood to and from the rest of
the body– All other vessels
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Blood Flow to Supply the Heart Muscle • Heart wall too thick for diffusion
of nutrients• Rt and Lft Coronary Arteries
– Branch from Ascending Aorta
– Have multiple branches along heart
– Sit in Coronary Sulcus
– Coronary Heart Disease
• Cardiac Veins– Coronary Sinus (largest)
– Many branches feed into sinus
– Sits in Coronary Sulcus
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Anatomy of Arteries and Veins• Tunica externa
– Outermost layer– CT w/elastin and collagen– Protects, Strengthens,
Anchors
• Tunica media– Middle layer– Circular Smooth Muscle– Collagen & Elastic Fibers– Vaso-constriction/dilation
• Tunica intima– Innermost layer– Endothelium– Minimize friction
• Lumen
pg 525
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Vessels of Cardiovascular System:Arteries
• Carry blood AWAY from heart
• Systemic Circuit: carry O2 blood
• Pulmonary Circuit: carry de-O2 blood
• Walls thicker than Veins– Tunica media > Tunica externa
• 3 Types– Conducting (elastic)
• large, elastin, high pressure
– Distributing (muscular)• medium size, to organs
– Arterioles• smallest pg 532
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Vessels of Cardiovascular System:Capillaries
• Smallest blood vessels• Single layer of endothelium surrounded by basal lamina
• Deliver O2 and nutrients to cells and remove waste
• Capillary Beds: networks of caps. Regulating amount of blood going to cells throughout tissues
• Tendons, Ligaments poorly vascularized• Epithelium, cartilage has no capillaries
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Vessels of Cardiovascular System:Veins
• Carry blood from capillaries INTO the heart• Systemic Circuit: O2 poor blood• Pulmonary Circuit: O2 –rich blood• Thinner walls than arteries
– Tunica externa > tunica media, Less elastin
• Larger lumen than arteries• Contain valves (made of T. intima)• Normal movement, Muscular contraction push blood through• Venules- smallest veins
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Movement through Veins
Pg 529
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Cardiovascular Blood Flow• HeartArteries(conducting-distributing)
ArteriolesCapillaries of tissues
• At Capillaries O2 is delivered and CO2 picked up
• CapillariesVenulesVeinsHeart• Portal System: Special vascular circulation where blood
goes through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart to achieve 2nd function– (eg) Hepatic Portal System: aids digestion by picking up digestive
nutrients from stomach + intestines and delivers to liver for processing/storage
– Pick-up occurs at capillaries of stomach and intestine
– Via Hepatic Portal Vein goes to capillaries of liver
– Via Hepatic Vein blood goes back to heart
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Hepatic Portal Systempg 548
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Vascular Anastomoses• Vessels unite and connect• Arteriole Anastomoses
– Communication between arteries
– Joints, Abdominal Organs, Brain, Heart
• Venous Anastomoses– Communication between veins
– More common
– (eg) back of hand
• Vaso Vasorum– Tiny arteries, veins, capillaries in
tunica externa of vessels to nourish them (outer half)
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Fetal Circulation: 2 main differences
1) Fetus must transport blood to and from the placenta
2) Lungs are not functional, and do not need much blood
• All major vessels are in place by 3rd month• Blood flows in same direction as in adults
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Fetal Circulation: Blood to Placenta
• Fetus must supply placenta w/blood• Umbilical Vessels: carries blood to/from placenta
– 2 Umbilical Arteries = bring blood that contains waste & little O2 from fetus to placenta
– 1 Umbilical Vein = brings blood w/O2 and nutrients to fetus from placenta (some goes to portal vein to process in liver)
• Ductus Venosus = shunt taking blood returning from placenta to fetus directly to heart, largely bypassing liver– Too much blood for liver to handle– Results in highly O2 blood going to heart
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Fetal Circulation: Bypassing the Lungs• Fetal Lungs are not functional and do not need large
amounts of blood• Foramen Ovale (becomes Fossa Ovalis)
– Small hole in inter-atrial septum allows blood to flow directly from Rt. Atrium to Lft. Atrium
– This largely bypasses the Rt. VentriclePulmonary trunk that would bring blood to lungs
• Ductus Arteriosus (becomes Ligamentum Arteriosum)
– Shunt directs blood from Pulmonary Trunk to Aortic arch, largely bypassing lungs
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Bypassing the Lungs
Pg 555
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Remnants of Fetal Circulation
• Ligamentum teres = Round ligament– Remnant of the umbilical vein– Anterior abdominal wall
• Ligamentum venosum– Remnant of ductus venosum– On liver’s inferior surface
• Medial Umbilical Ligaments– Remnant of umbilical arteries– Anterior abdominal wall below navel– Also gives branch to urinary bladder
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The Lymphatic System• Function: to collect excess tissue fluid collecting at
arteriole end of capillary beds, and return leaked blood proteins to blood (maintain osmotic pressure needed to take up water into bloodstream)
• Lymph is moved through vessels– Pulse of nearby arteries– Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle– Regular movement of body (wiggling legs)– Muscle in Tunica Media
• Lacteals-lymphatic capillaries w/unique function– In mucosa of small intestine, receive digested fat from intestine– Fatty lymph becomes milky = Chyle– Chyle goes to bloodstream
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Lymphatic System…The Players:• Lymph- clear fluid from loose CT at capillaries• Lymphatic capillaries (near blood capillaries) • Lymph collecting vessels (small, 3 tunicas, #
valves)• Lymph nodes (sit along collecting vessels)-clean
lymph of pathogens, they are NOT glands• Lymphatic trunks (convergence large collecting
vessels)– Lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian,
jugular
• Lymphatic ducts empty into veins of neck