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The Grid-Integrated VehicleThe Grid-Integrated VehicleEnvironmental and Energy Study InstituteEnvironmental and Energy Study Institutegy y

Briefing on

The Role of Electricity as a Transportation Fuel

by

gy yBriefing on

The Role of Electricity as a Transportation Fuel

bybyWillett Kempton

Director, Center for Carbon-free Power IntegrationProfessor, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment

Professor, Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Delaware

15 March 2010

byWillett Kempton

Director, Center for Carbon-free Power IntegrationProfessor, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment

Professor, Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Delaware

15 March 2010

Overview

N d f t h l i th t b id th• Need for technologies that bridge the electric system and auto fleet

• The Grid-Integrated Vehicle (GIV)

• Vehicle-to-Grid power (V2G)

• Markets for grid services• Markets for grid services

• Implemented now

• Next steps

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Need to connectElectric+Auto Industries

• Retail utilities -- Manage the local wires, retail sales

• ISO/TSO -- wholesale electricity, balance generation, transmission and load

• Automobile drive train designersAutomobile drive train designers

• Automobile manufacturers

• National governments

Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Cars

Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive CarsInteractive Cars

ConsortiumInteractive Cars

Consortium

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Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Car Consortium (MAGICC)

• Partners• Univ. of Delaware

PHI D l P Atl ti El t i PEPCO• PHI: Delmarva Power, Atlantic Electric, PEPCO• PJM Interconnection• AC Propulsion• ACUA• AutoPort• AES Corp• Observers• Tesla Motors• Google.org• A123• State of Delaware (PSC, Energy, Econ. Develop.)• anon 1• anon 2 www.magicconsortium.org

The Grid-Integrated Vehicle, with

Vehicle-to-Grid power

The Grid-Integrated Vehicle, with

Vehicle-to-Grid power

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The Grid-Integrated Vehicle

• concept: plug-in cars (electric or hybrid) can be a resource for the grid

• Services such as frequency control, reserves, etc. have been met by power plants--inefficient, slow to respondp , p

• Today we can do those with cars

• Tomorrow, more intermittent generation will require more storage

Plug-in for chargingPlug-in for charging

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GIV Means ControlGIV Means Control

V2G Means 2-Way PowerV2G Means 2-Way Power

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Plug-in cars as an underutilized resource

• US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d

• Average daily travel = 30 mi, thus

• Most storage unused most days• Drive train output = 100 kW

• Practical power through grid = 10 - 20 kW

• Cars as significant power? Compare:

• Vehicle fleet at 15 kW each car, with

• Total load for country (GW)

Sequence of Markets

• High-value markets, are ancillary services (A/S)

• Frequency regulation

• Spinning reserves p g

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Sequence of Markets

L t l k t l l kW• Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW

• Defer upgrades to distribution feeders, transformers

• Peak load reduction, valley filling

• Power factor correction• Power factor correction

• Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate

• Shifting solar peak to load peak

All thi h bAll thi h bAll this has been implemented:

technology running

All this has been implemented:

technology runningtechnology running,laws passed, in daily use

technology running,laws passed, in daily use

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Link from ISO to UD server

Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in Car

• No moving parts fits • Automotive-grade Linux • No moving parts, fits under dash

• Receives signal from coalition server

• Reports capacity and t t t b k t

gcomputer

current state back to coalition server

• Working to predict next use of car (time, distance)

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Dispatch and scheduling

I di id l d i t h d l• Individual drivers set schedules

• “Coalition aggregator” gets real-time requests from TSO/ISO, dispatches vehicles according to their capacity

• Vehicles report in when plugged-in

• Capacity is a function of plug size vehicleCapacity is a function of plug size, vehicle capabilities

• Can change in real time

• Capacity dropped when charge needed

Dispatch and scheduling

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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity (local utility)

Permitted by Load-Serving Entity (local utility)

“meets IEEE 1547 standards”

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Law to codify interconnects, net metering for V2G

Define:

Grid-integrated electric vehicle

Aggregator

law to codify interconnects

Net metering for V2G

Interconnection requirements, etc same as distributed renewables

Net is at rate at time of use

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g

GIV with controls and V2G -- Built in from

factory

Documentation for partners

Modularized interfaces

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Enhance EVSE for GIV

• Simple enhancements to Electric Vehicle pSupply Equipment (EVSE)

• To non-GIV, looks like J1772

• To GIV, adds critical information & controls

• Very low cost add-on, no metering needed

So even when your car is parked, it is working

earning money for you

So even when your car is parked, it is working

earning money for youearning money for youearning money for you

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Next Steps

• Demonstrate at 1 MW level (~100 cars)

• Work with OEMs now ready to add GIV capabilities

• Establish permitting for V2G in more utilities and more states

• Enhance EVSE (charge spots) for GIV

Thanks to our sponsorsThanks to our sponsors

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ENDENDENDENDMore information:

www udel edu/V2G

More information:

www udel edu/V2Gwww.udel.edu/V2G

www.magicconsortium.org

www.udel.edu/V2G

www.magicconsortium.org