The Greening of the Rooftop Module 8 Green Roofing: Clean Energy Roofs.
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Transcript of The Greening of the Rooftop Module 8 Green Roofing: Clean Energy Roofs.
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The Greening of the Rooftop
Module 8
Green Roofing:Clean Energy Roofs
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• Photo-Voltaic
• Daylighting
• Wind
Clean Energy Roofs
Clean Energy Roof Options
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Clean Energy Roofs
Photo-Voltaic (PV) Roofs
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Target StoreStockton, CA
ShiseidoWindsor, NJ
PV Roofs
Clean Energy Generation
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PV Roofs
Components
• PV Modules• Balance of System (BOS)• Services
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PV Roofs
PV Modules
Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Amorphous
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PV Roofs
PV Modules
Technology
Monocrystalline
Polycrystalline
Amorphous
Industry Goal
Efficiency
15-18%
13-15%
5-8%
25%
Notes:
Highest market share, highest cost
Lower cost, gaining in efficiency
Lower cost, leading thin film candidate
Where PV manufacturers want to be by 2015
Source: http://www.pvresources.com
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PV Roofs
Balance of System (B.O.S.)
• Key Components– Mounting Systems
– Wiring & Connectors
– Controllers (Energy Management)
– Inverters (DC to AC)
– Batteries (Reserve Energy)
– Load Connection (Building / Grid)
• Account for over 30% of total PV material costs
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PV Roofs
Services
• Key Components– Design (Electrical, Structural, Architectural)
– Financing (Power Purchase Agreements, Underwriting)
– Legal (Special Entities, Operating Contracts)
– Installation (Roofing, PV System, Electrical)
– Operation (Monitoring, Power Billing, Incentive Management)
– Maintenance (Inspection, Repair)
• Account for over 30% of total PV installed costs
• Typically provided by a System Integrator
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PV Roofs
Residential / Commercial Systems
• Residential Systems– From 1.5 KW to 6 KW total output
– From $15,000 to $60,000 installed cost
– Frequently not tied directly to the grid
– Usually purchased and financed by the homeowner
• Commercial Systems– From 0.5 MW to 2 MW total output
– From $3.25 MM to $12 MM installed cost
– Frequently tied directly to the grid
– Frequently purchased and financed by a “Special Purpose Entity” using a “Power Purchase Agreement”
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PV Roofs
Typical Residential PV System(w/o Net Metering)
20 Amp. Controller
8 X 60 Wp Modules
6 X 12v 100Ah Batteries
1500 W Inverter
SeparateDistributionPanel
100 A. Fuse
Loads
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Module Array
Combiner Box
DC Disconnect Inverter
DC AC
Meter
AC Disconnect
Main Panel
PV Roofs
Typical Commercial PV System( w/ Net Metering)
Combiner Box
Combiner Box
Module Array
Module Array
Controller
To Grid
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PV Roofs
PV Roof System Types
• Non-Integrated
– Mounted on framing over roof
– Similar to other roof-mounted equipment
• Integrated
– Physically incorporated into the roof system
– Performing some roofing function along with power generation
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PV Roofs
Non-Integrated PV Roof Systems
Benefits:• Can be tilted to align with
sun’s angle
• Wiring can be placed above roof for easy access
• Long performance track record with conventional silicon modules
Limitations:• Anchorage may require extensive penetration of
roof
• Wind uplift resistance may be a concern
• May be difficult to maintain and service the underlying roof
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PV Roofs
Integrated PV Roof Systems
Thin-Film Laminated to Single-Ply
Self-Ballasting and Insulating Solar Paver Thin-Film
Laminated to Standing Seam
Metal
Thin-Film Solar Shingles
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PV Roofs
Integrated PV Roof Systems
Benefits:• Reduced material costs for
framing
• Reduced labor costs
Limitations:• Typically restricted to angle of roof – may
compromise output
• Wiring may penetrate the roof membrane
• Roof traffic may damage panels
• Heat build-up may damage underlying roof membrane
• The thin films frequently used in integrated PV have a relatively short performance record compared to conventional solar modules
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PV Roofs
What are the Economics?
• PV manufacturing costs are moving down, especially thin-film
• Central power costs are increasing, especially peak demand energy
• Financial incentives for PV are increasing at all levels of government
Currently, PV roofing is not economical across the United States, but…
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PV Roofs
What are the Economics?
• The Supply Chain
• The Operating Chain
• The Financial Incentives
To understand PV economics, it is necessary to look at ….
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PV Module Manufacturer
Silicon Wafer Manufacturer
System Integrator
Inverter Manufacturer
Connector Manufacturer
Mounting Manufacturer
Control Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
System Installer
PV Roofs
Supply Chain
Project Financier $
COMPLETED PROJECT
Investors
Host
Building OwnerBuilding OperatorUtility
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System Integrator
Service Contractor
PV Roofs
Operating Chain
$
COMPLETED PROJECT
InvestorsDepreciationOperating NetTax CreditsRebates
Host$Power Purchase
Government, Utility
$Tax CreditsRebates
$Operating Exp.
ServiceRepair
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• Federal Incentives (Energy Policy Act of 2005, extended 2008)
– 30% Investment Tax Credit
– 5-Year Accelerated Depreciation
– Additional Tax Deductions if Combined with Energy Efficiency Improvements
• State & Local Incentives (Vary Widely)
– Government & Utility Rebates
– Tax Credits
– Fee Reductions / Exemptions
– Loans
– Grants
PV Roofs
Financial Incentives
See Module 10 for Additional Information
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PV Cost Example: Typical Commercial Installation: California
Assumes typical rack-mounted 1 MW rack-mounted installation in California.
1MW Installation: Las Angeles, CA
Revenue First Five Years Twenty Years Energy Savings $1,400,000 $5,600,000 State Incentives $1,600,000 $1,600,000Total Revenue $3,000,000 $7,200,000
Expenses Maintenance ($200,000) ($800,000)
Net Income Less PV Capital Cost ($6,000,000) ($6,000,000) Plus Depreciation (2) $5,200,000 $5,200,000 Plus Federal ITC (3) $1,800,000 $1,800,000
Total Free Cash Flow $3,800,000 $7,400,000ARR 12.3% 5.4%1. $0.22 / KWH first five years
2. Accelerated depreciation per 2005 Energy Policy Act
3. 30% ITC per 2005 Energy Policy Act
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PV Cost Example: Typical Residential Installation: Arizona
Source: American Solar Electric (www.americanpv.com)
8 KW Installation: Phoenix, AZ
Installed Cost 55,000$ Less AZ Utility Rebate $ Less AZ ITC (1,000)$ Less Federal ITC (16,500)$ Net System Cost 13,500$
Ave. Annual Production 14,000 kWh
Ave. Annual Energy Savings 1,820$
20-Year Energy Savings (Constant $) 36,400$
20-Year ARR 13.5%
(24,000)
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Benefits: Current Limitations:• Clean energy generated
• Peak energy demands reduced
• Many states & local utilities offer incentives
• Federal incentives in place until 2016
PV Roofs
Overall Benefits & Limitations
• Significant incentives required to achieve “grid parity”
• Financing may be complicated
• Maintenance: Increasing roof traffic. Leak detection may be difficult
• Durability: Underlying roof system must be designed to meet or exceed PV system service life.
• Design & Commissioning: How is system performance validated?
• Accountability: Who will be accountable for the integrated system?
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Clean Energy Roofs
Daylighting
West Valley LibrarySan Jose, CA
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• Passive Systems
• Active Systems
• Hybrid Systems
Clean Energy Roofs
Daylighting
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Daylighting
Passive Systems
Passive Systems Capture, Reflect &
Direct Daylight
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Active Systems
Follow the Sun to
MaximizeSunlight Capture
Daylighting
Active Systems
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Daylighting
Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Systems Combine Solar and Electric
Lighting in an Integrated
Package
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Benefits: Current Limitations:• High return on investment
• Excellent product to integrate into a roof replacement
• Many states and utilities have incentive programs
• Can be used as part of an energy savings plan to meet the Federal Commercial Energy Efficiency Tax Deduction
Daylighting
Benefits & Limitations
• Design is complex: Must consider heat loss / heat gain along with lighting savings
• Commissioning: How is system performance validated?
• Durability of newer active systems – little long-term performance data
• Accountability for hybrid systems: Who will be accountable for the integrated system?
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Clean Energy Roofs
Wind
Mercy Lakefront SROChicago, IL
Staples Distribution CenterMonrovia, CA
Adventure AquariumCamden, NJ
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Roof Wind Systems
Vertical Turbines
Single Vertical Turbine
Multiple Vertical Turbine
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Roof Wind Systems
Horizontal Turbines
Single Horizontal Turbine
Multiple Horizontal Turbines
Ganged Horizontal Turbines
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Roof Wind Systems
Benefits & Limitations
Benefits: Current Limitations:• Higher return on
investment than PV
• New multiple arrays can generate significant power
• Easily integrated into rooftop PV systems
• Many states and utilities have incentive programs
• Relatively low total power capability
• May produce vibrations that may adversely affect roofing system
• Design & commissioning: How is system performance validated?
• Durability of newer multiple systems – little long-term performance data
• Who will be accountable for the integrated system?
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• Interstate Renewable Energy Council
• U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energies Technology Program
• Whole Building Design Guide: Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
• Daylighting Collaborative
Clean Energy Roofs
Find Out More…
http://www.irecusa.org/
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/
http://www.wbdg.org/resources/bipv.php
http://www.daylighting.org
WBDGWHOLE BUILDING DESIGN GUIDE