The Greening of Bren Hall

Sustainable Design

Feasibility Study

October 1999

University of California,

Santa Barbara

The Greening of Bren HallDonald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

Feasibility Study Greening Bren Hall

UC Santa Barbara Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary 1Introduction 1Sustainable Design 2History 4LEED Rating System 5Deciding Factors 6Implementation 6Lessons Learned 7Report Format 8

2. LEED Rating System Summary Checklist 9

3. Summary of Recommended Measures 123.1 Planning Sustainable Sites 133.2 Improving Energy Efficiency 143.3 Conserving Materials and Resources 163.4 Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality 183.5 Safeguarding Water 193.6 Improving the Design Process 19

4. Discussion of Recommended Measures 214.1 Planning Sustainable Sites 214.2 Improving Energy Efficiency 244.3 Conserving Materials and Resources 414.4 Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality 564.5 Safeguarding Water 604.6 Improving the Design Process 63

5. Additional Measures 645.1 Planning Sustainable Sites 645.2 Improving Energy Efficiency 665.3 Conserving Materials and Resources 675.4 Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality 695.5 Safeguarding Water 70

Bibliography 71

Credits 74

Acknowledgements 75

Greening Bren Hall Feasibility Study

UC Santa Barbara Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management


UC Santa Barbara Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management - 1

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Design of the building to house the new School of Environmental Science andManagement began in 1992, before the Dean or any Bren School faculty were hired.The building advisory committee used surrogate faculty from other campusdepartments to begin the design process. At that time, the State of California agreedto use the taxpayers’ money to construct a building for faculty, students, and staff,but not to fund a building that is itself an experiment in environmental sensitivity.Construction was to start in 1995, but the failure of a statewide bond issue delayedfunding until another bond issue passed in November 1998.

Jeff Dozier was appointed the first Dean in 1994, and the school was renamed theDonald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management in December 1997.The faculty that have been hired into the Bren School are very interested inconstructing an environmentally sensitive building, and along with the supportfrom the Bren School Advisory Board, we are making exceptional progress to thisend.

In the 50% construction document (CD) phase, the Bren School aggressively pursuedthe “greening” of Bren Hall, commissioning reviews by the Rocky Mountain Institute,Southern California Edison, the Innovative Building Review Committee, theSustainability Project, and the California Energy Commission. Many of therecommendations from these reviews have been adopted. Bren Hall will be the“greenest” building on the UCSB campus by a wide margin. We anticipate thatBren Hall may surpass stringent 1999 Title 24 standards by a comfortable margin;no other campus building meets these standards.


2 - UC Santa Barbara Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

The design of Bren Hall includes some ideal features. To ensure efficient use ofenergy, the building is sited and designed to harvest natural light, heating, andcooling. Facing the ocean, the offices have no air conditioning, but rely on flow-through ventilation using operable windows. Daylight harvesting is coupled with alighting plan that incorporates energy efficient fixtures and bulbs, along with controlsfor motion and ambient light. The ventilation system for the laboratories is the mostenergy-efficient available. Glazed windows reduce the heat load, and the new multi-building virtual chilled water loop will provide cost-effective cooling for the laboratorywing. The building makes extensive use of recycling and renewable resources.Mitsubishi has agreed to donate cement fueled by recycled tires and sludge insteadof coal. The carpets, wallboard, ceiling tiles, furniture, and insulation will be madefrom recycled materials. Wood paneling in the building will come from certifiedsustainable forest harvests. The School has designed procedures to minimize theprobabilities and consequences of spilling toxic materials in the laboratories andstorerooms. The construction specifications require the contractor to separate andreuse waste to minimize debris transported from the site. The landscaping will performseveral functional tasks. It will shade and shelter the building, create outdoor spacesfor discussion, use drought-tolerant native plants adapted to the coastal location,and use reclaimed water for irrigation. The required fire road around the buildingwill be made from a recycled content permeable turf-block with a grass overlay.

To push the envelope, the Bren School chose to sponsor an additional set of reviews.Following extensive discussions, and with the support of the Chancellor and ExecutiveVice Chancellor, UCSB commissioned Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership and EleyAssociates in July 1999, to write a sustainable design feasibility study for the BrenSchool. The purpose of the study has been to analyze the current design and torecommend measures that could be taken to improve it in terms of sustainability.This report explores various measures to identify means of implementation.

The Bren School is partnering with Southern California Edison (SCE) to make thebuilding a living laboratory and environmental showcase facility to demonstratecost effective, energy efficient technologies and operations. The faculty will workwith the Design and Engineering Services at SCE to develop experiments to measurethe performance of various energy efficiency measures. A comparative analysis of theperformance, energy use, and cost effectiveness of the measures will be published.The goal of this joint venture is to push market transformation by educating clientsand designers. SCE will also provide incentive for some of the instrumentation andcertain energy efficiency measures. The design team and SCE are working togetherto identify appropriate measures for performance testing and for the incentive program.

Sustainable Design

At the close of the 20th century, humans are becoming increasingly aware of thedamage we have done to our environment and of the implications of this damage tofuture generations. Natural disasters such as encroaching deserts, deforestation, acidprecipitation, soil erosion, species extinction, ozone depletion, and greenhouse gasbuildup are compelling evidence of increasing environmental instability and danger.With the growing alarm at our situation comes a determination to halt and evenreverse the destruction.



The term “sustainability” has become a catchphrase in discussions of the environmentand our future. The commonly held meaning of the term stems from the UN’sBrundtland Commission Report of 1987, which defines sustainable development as“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs.”

By this definition, a cultural sea-change will be required before we can reach truesustainability; we will have to replace consumerism with less wasteful values. However,changes are taking place that argue the beginning of a transition to that desiredfuture.

The design and construction of buildings are central to the sustainability discussionin both practical and philosophical ways. The environmental damage caused bybuilding construction is considerable, and the opportunities for change arecorrespondingly abundant. Moreover, architecture holds a mirror before society:Design interprets our values, reassesses our priorities, and reflects them back to us.Sustainable design can embody ideas about environmental responsibility, inspiringand educating its users.

Lifetime Cost of Average Building (30 Years)

2%6%

92%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Construction & LandCosts

Operations & Maintenance Salaries

Successful sustainable design must address economics. The common wisdom in thedesign community is that “sustainable design costs more.” However, methods suchas life-cycle accounting often show that sustainable design initiatives are cost-effectivewhen long-term considerations such as operational costs and user productivity areweighed against first costs.

Building first costs are a very small percentage of life cycle costs. Energy efficiency measures that decreaseoperations costs, and environmental improvements that boost user productivity have a tremendousimpact on overall costs.



The technology and understanding of sustainable design have progressed to thepoint that we can implement an environmentally responsible design and constructionwith confidence. This project, the greening of Bren Hall, offers the opportunity toset an example of what can be achieved by a conscientious application of sustainabledesign principles.

History

The mission of the Bren School is to “play a leading role in researching environmentalissues, training research scientists and professionals, and identifying and solvingenvironmental problems. An interdisciplinary approach will be adopted, reachingacross the boundaries of formerly disparate disciplines to foster collaborative researchand teaching. For a school that is dedicated to educating leaders to solve theenvironmental problems of the 21st century, the physical form of the school shouldspeak to the principles of environmental stewardship. Therefore the building thatrepresents the school should incorporate sustainable design principles in the form ofinnovative technologies and ecologically sensitive materials.

Sustainable design principles have been inherent to the design since its inception in1993; features such as natural ventilation, drought-tolerant landscape, and energyefficient building systems are basic to sustainable design theory. However, revisitingthe design principles after passage of the necessary bond issue in 1998 indicatedopportunities to push the envelope, to investigate other technologies and materialsthat make this school into an educational example, a “building that teaches.”



LEED Rating System

In this study, we have chosen to use the Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign (LEED) Green Building Rating System, both as a framework for explorationof sustainable design strategies, and as a rating system that allows us to objectivelyjudge our progress.

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is writing the LEED System. Thisconsensus-driven coalition includes organizations from all areas of the buildingindustry. Under construction since 1993, the rating system is still in draft form, anda pilot phase has been undertaken to study how best to improve it before the proposedlaunch in the year 2000. Bren Hall has been nominated to be a Pilot Project duringthis initial phase. Our work on the Greening of Bren Hall is helping to shape theimprovements to LEED that will be incorporated in the final version.

LEED is a credit-based system; a total of 44 credits, 6 bonus credits, and 10prerequisites are available, arranged in five categories that describe major areas ofsustainable design;

Sustainable Site PlanningImproving Energy EfficiencyConserving Materials and ResourcesEnhancing Indoor Environmental QualitySafeguarding Water

The number of credits achieved by a given project determines the rating received.The levels are:

Bronze 50% of available credits - not including bonus credits)Silver 61%Gold 71%Platinum 81%

Each credit is structured to encourage innovation and progress in a particular facetof sustainable design, without being prescriptive. Credits are open to interpretationon the part of the individual designers, with final determinations made by the USGBCLEED committee.

We have found that the base (original) design of Bren Hall would meet all but one ofthe prerequisites, and would achieve a 12 on the scale of 50. The design, as revised inthe addenda process, would achieve 16 credits. If all the recommendations of thisreport were to be taken, the design might achieve a score of 30 to receive a Silverrating. This is a considerable achievement: LEED has deliberately been written to avery high standard. As sustainable design practices become standard, it will becomeeasier to achieve the ratings. In the interim transition toward sustainable design, thebronze and silver are very difficult to attain.



Deciding Factors

While LEED provides a framework for exploration, it does not spell out the exactsteps to take to create a “green” building, nor does LEED cover every possible way tobuild green, thus “innovation” credits are offered. Ingenuity, research, and thoughtare required of the designers. Varying and conflicting factors must be weighed. Inchoosing materials one might find that a given product is made from a renewableresource, but is made far away, so that fossil fuels are expended in transportation. Orone might find that the manufacturing process of a product involves toxic substances,but the end product is durable and does not emit volatile compounds. In designingbuilding systems, measures that reduce energy consumption may appear to conflictwith indoor environmental quality concerns.

Issues of cost, feasibility of construction, and the feasibility of getting a measureimplemented late in the design process contributed to each decision. These concernsunfortunately precluded the realistic consideration of some effective measures, andhampered the implementation of other, less invasive ones.

The method has been simply to weigh all the factors together and make as informedand optimal a decision as possible. Deciding factors for each measure considered areidentified in section 4, and in section 5 for measures that are not recommended.

Where possible, measures were recommended that would qualify for LEED credits.In a number of cases, the recommended measure falls short of meeting the creditcriteria, but is still considered worth pursuing. Similarly, we have chosen not topursue certain credits that seemed inappropriate to this climate or project.

Of course, LEED should not be the only yardstick for evaluating the sustainabilityof the building. LEED is generic, i.e. designed to apply to all buildings in all places.Therefore, measures that make sense in general may not make sense in a particularbuilding in a particular place. Conversely, measures that can make a huge differencein a specific situation may not get much credit in the LEED system. One way toevaluate the value of energy efficiency measures, for example, is to look at totalenergy savings compared to a base case. Another metric is payback period, which canaccount for incremental cost increases as well as energy and other operating costsavings. Neither of these methods is accounted for by LEED.

Implementation

As identified in section 4, certain sustainable design recommendations have beenimplemented during the bid phase, as addenda and supplemental information tothe contractors who are bidding on the project.A host of measures could be implemented as change orders during construction.That work is begun in this report; possible change orders have been researched androughly estimated. The next step is to decide which ones to implement and identifyfunding sources. Design changes can then be documented and issued to the contractor.The architect can aid the university in negotiating the terms of the change orderwith the contractor.

Should the school decide to go ahead and officially rate the design using the LEEDrating system, additional extensive documentation will be required.

Three elegantly simple categories can beused to choose sustainable measures.Ecology: Is this an environmentallyintelligent choice?Equity: Does this measure enrich peopleand communities?Economy: Is this choice economicallyviable?

Good sustainable design occurssomewhere in the meeting of these three.



Lessons Learned

Sustainable design should be incorporated into the design and construction processfrom the very beginning. While it may be possible to implement a fair number ofmeasures, and even to achieve a Bronze LEED rating, many effective and far-reachingmeasures could not be considered because of the lateness of the decision to evaluateand implement additional sustainable measures.

Successful sustainable design must begin at the beginning of the project, and include all team members.Integrated design can save money and time.

Good design is an interdisciplinary, integrated process. Most decisions are not isolatedin their origin or effect, but have implications that carry through many areas of thedesign. When making changes late in design, one must either build on the existing“good bones” of a project, or take actions that are limited in their scope. In additionto design limitations, one must contend with restrictions on time and budget thatseverely curtail the ability to make extensive changes.



Many of the tenets of sustainable design were integrated into the Bren School designfrom its inception; many of the recommended measures of this report build on thesefirst good decisions. Natural ventilation, use of daylight, reclaimed water, efficientmechanical systems were all there from the beginning. Operable window/HVACinterlocks, reclaimed water at toilet room fixtures, and variable volume fans all arerecommendations that simply expand on measures already included in the design.

Other recommended measures focus on design changes that are limited in scope andtherefore possible to undertake at this late stage. Many of the material changes fall inthis category; recommended materials are similar to the ones they replace in terms ofcost and construction method. Thus, mineral wool batt insulation is specified toreplace fiberglass batt insulation; the materials are almost identical in applicationand cost. The use of blown-in insulation, arguably a more environmentally responsiblematerial, could not realistically be considered because of the cost differences anddesign implications. This would not have been so had the choice been made duringdesign development, or had the state’s guidelines supported added first costs inlight of life cycle cost benefits.

Many recommendations require the Bren School to find additional funds to pay fordesign time and changes during construction. This means the changes will costmore than they would if they had been part of the original design. Thus, the resizingof exhaust fans and stacks and use of variable speed motors has been recommendedas a possible change order, but the resizing of the entire system that could logicallyfollow this change may well prove too costly and time-consuming to implement.

Some of the simplest and most effective sustainable design measures could not beconsidered at this point. For example, the building is sited so that one long façadefaces due west, considerably raising the cooling load on the building systems. Thelaboratories on this side cannot be protected from the late afternoon sun; sunshadingor other protective devices would simply be ineffective because of the buildingorientation and sun angle. The effective solution would be to reorient the building,but that is not a possibility at this point. Instead trees will have to be planted toprovide shade, and they will take time to grow.

There are two apparently conflicting lessons here: that sustainable design should beintegrated into a project from the beginning, and that it is never too late to implementsustainable design.

Report Format

This report is laid out as follows: Part 1 contains the history and context of theproject. Part 2 includes a LEED Rating Summary Checklist, with available creditsand projected scores. Part 3 summarizes, mostly in tabular form, all measuresconsidered in the study, organized by LEED category, and including rough costs.This section also identifies means of implementation: base design, addendum, orfuture change order. Part 4 discusses each recommended measure in detail, describingthe measure, its relevance to sustainability, effectiveness, and implementation. Part5 describes measures deemed inadvisable.



2. LEED RATING SYSTEM SUMMARY CHECKLIST

The following charts identify all 50 LEED credits, estimate the points achieved,and reference the associated measures. Four totals are shown: the first column describesthe maximum possible points (although in fact it would not be possible to attain all50 points); the second shows points achieved in the base design; the third columntotals the base design points with those added by addenda; and the fourth lists thepoints that might be achieved should all the recommendations of this report beimplemented.

This report uses LEED Version 1.0. Version 2.0, currently in very rough draft form,will be publicly launched in March 2000. This revised version contains somefundamental changes from Version 1.0. Prescriptive measures, such as the requirementto install delimiters at cooling towers, are no longer used. Instead, all measures areperformance based. This encourages an integrated design approach, and allows thecredits to be more equally weighted. In addition, innovation credits will rewardingenuity.

We have briefly analyzed Bren Hall with LEED Version 2.0, and find that it wouldprobably achieve a similar rating to that reached with Version 1.0.



Credit/Prerequisite Pos

sibl

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Bas

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Add

enda

Futu

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Section Reference

Planning Sustainable Sites (S)Credits

1 Landscaping for Erosion Control 1 1 1 1 3.1.12 Landscaping/Exterior design to reduce heat islands 2 1 1 3.1.2, 6, 7, 9, 103 Infill Development 1 3.1.114 Reduced Habitat Disturbance 1 3.1.125 Site Preservation/Restoration 1 1 1 1 3.1.36 Efficient building location 1 1 1 1 3.1.47 Alternative transportation facilities 2 1 1 2 3.1.5

Bonus Credits1 Alternative fueling facilities 1 1 3.1.82 Brownfield development 1 3.1.13

Improving Energy Efficiency (E)Prerequisites

1 Building Commissioning ü ü ü 3.2.15, 162 Energy Efficiency ü ü ü ü 3.2.1

Credits1 Energy Efficiency 5 1 1 3 3.2.2-7, 9-14, 17-28, 32, 332 Natural ventilation, heating, cooling 1 3.2.83 Waste heat recovery system 1 3.2.344 Renewable/alternative energy 3 2 3.2.29, 30

Bonus Credits5 International Performance Measurement and 1 1 3.2.31

Verification Protocol

Conserving Materials and Resources (M)Prerequisites

1 Elimination/phase out of CFCs and halons ü ü ü ü 3.3.12 Storage and collections of recyclables ü ü ü ü 3.3.2

Credits1 Existing building rehabilitation 2 3.3.402 Resource reuse 2 3.3.313 Recycled content 2 1 3.3.3-15, 17-26, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 42-4 Construction waste management plan 2 1 1 2 3.3.27, 395 Use of local materials 1 1 3.3.406 Elimination of CFCs, HCFCs, Halons 2 1 1 3.3.19, 28, 487 Occupant rec cling 1 3.3.49



Credit/Prerequisite Pos

sibl

e

Bas

e

Add

enda

Futu

re

Section Reference

Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)Prerequisites

1 Elimination/control of asbestos ü ü ü ü 3.4.132 Indoor air quality/ventilation/fresh air intakes ü ü ü ü 3.4.13 Smoking ban ü ü ü ü 3.4.24 Thermal comfort ü ü ü ü 3.4.3

Credits1 Construction IAQ management plan 2 1 1 2 3.4.4, 3.4.102 Use of low VOC materials 2 1 1 2 3.4.6, 83 Permanent air monitoring system 1 1 3.4.124 Design of chemical storage area 1 1 1 1 3.4.55 Architectural entryways 1 1 1 3.4.9

Safeguarding Water (S)Prerequisites

1 Water conservation ü ü ü ü 3.5.12 Lead in drinking water ü ü ü ü 3.5.2

Credits1 Water conserving fixtures 1 3.5.9, 102 Water recovery system 1 1 3.5.3,113 Water conserving cooling towers 1 1 1 1 3.5.44 Water efficient landscaping 1 1 1 1 3.5.55 Surface runoff filtration 1 1 1 1 3.5.66 Surface runoff reduction 1 3.5.7, 12, 137 Biological waste treatment 1 3.5.14

Bonus Credits1 International Performance Measurement and 1 3.5.15

Verification Protocol

Improving the Design Process (D)Bonus Credits

1 LEED Certified Designer 1 1 1 3.6.1

Total Credits 50 12 16 30

Points Required for LEED Ratings:

22 - 26 = Bronze27 - 30 = Silver31 - 35 = Gold36 + = Platinum



3. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED MEASURES

Using the LEED checklist as a skeleton, recommended measures were proposed andassessed. Each measure has been weighed in terms of economy, ecology, and equity.The tables on the following pages identify each measure studied, referencing theLEED credit addressed, and giving a recommendation. Recommended measures arefully discussed in part 4 of this report. Additional measures are covered in part 5.

Cost Key: 0=No cost change; $=up to $10,000; $$=$10,001 to $50,000; $$$=over $50,000; ($)=Cost savings


UC Santa Barbara Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management -13

3.1 Planning Sustainable Sites

These measures address the impact construction and development can have on localecology. Steps are taken to improve the quality and reduce the volume of surfacerunoff. Infill development and alternative transportation combat the loss of naturalhabitat and increased use of fossil fuels associated with urban sprawl. Problemsassociated with the heat island effect are addressed.

Measure DescriptionLEEDCredit

Initial Cost

Impact Recommendation

Included in Base Design:1 Landscaping for erosion control S-C1 Included2 Landscaping/Exterior Design to Reduce

Heat IslandsS-C2 Included

3 Site Preservation/Restoration S-C5 Included4 Efficient Building Location S-C6 Included5 Alternative Transportation Facilities S-C7 Included

Included as Addenda:6 Additional trees S-C2 $ Recommended

Proposed as Future Change Orders:7 Increased roof reflectance factor S-C2 $ Recommended8 Alternative Fueling Facilities S-BC1 $$ Recommended

Not Advised:9 Landscaping/Exterior Design to Reduce

Heat Islands – credit #2S-C2 Not appropriate

10 Alternate roofing system S-C2 $$$ Not appropriate11 Infill Development S-C3 Not applicable12 Reduced Habitat Disturbance S-C4 Included13 Brownfield Development S-BC2 Not applicable



3.2 Improving Energy Efficiency

Buildings consume 30% of the total energy in the U.S. and 60% of the total electricity.By increasing energy efficiency, both pollution and operating costs can beconsiderably reduced. Some measures can cost more up front, but pay for themselveswithin a few years. Others result in up-front as well as long-term savings.

These measures help to mitigate the damaging effects of energy production. Fossilfuel combustion emits gases that cause global climate change and a variety of morelocalized problems, including acid rain and photochemical smog. Hydroelectricgeneration is clean but the required dams damage river ecosystems and theirattractiveness for recreation.

6 ACH 6 ACH,Reset

base case,reset

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6 ACH,reset,setback

base case,daylit

base case,dbl lo-e

6 ACH,dbl lo-e

base, dbllo-e,daylit

base, sngtint,daylit

constantvolume

Lab Space Energy Use Alternates, measured in energy cost per year

10 ACH

$250,000

$200,000

$150,000

$100,000

$50,000

$0




Measure DescriptionLEED Credit

Energy Impact

($000/y)

Initial Cost


Included in Base Design:1 Energy Efficiency E-P2 Included2 Daylighting E-C1 Included3 Variable frequency drives E-C1 Included4 Energy efficient lighting E-C1 Included5 Outside air economizer E-C1 Included6 Variable Volume Lab Exhaust E-C1 Included7 Reduce lab air change requirements E-C1 20-40 Included8 Natural Ventilation E-C2 Included

Included as Addenda:9 Energy Efficiency E-C1 Highly recommended

10 CO2 controlled ventilation E-C1 10-20 $ Recommended11 Reduce ambient lighting @ offices E-C1 3-6 ($) Investigate12 Electronic ballasts E-C1 1-2 0 Highly recommended13 Lighting controls E-C1 2-4 $ Recommended14 Enhanced EMCS E-C1 10-50 $$ Recommended15 Building commissioning - GC E-P1 20-60 $ Highly recommended

Proposed as Future Change Orders:16 Full commissioning -agent E-P1 30-150 $$$ Highly recommended17 Convert lab exhaust fans E-C1 40-70 ($$) Highly recommended18 Daylighting controls E-C1 3-6 $$ Investigate19 Reduce cooling system capacity E-C1 10-50 ($$$) Highly recommended20 High efficiency condensing boiler E-C1 2-4 $$ Investigate21 Operable windows/HVAC E-C1 3-15 $$ Recommended22 Chilled water loop integration/

elimination of chiller.E-C1 0 ($$$) Investigate

23 High efficiency chiller E-C1 2-6 $$ Investigate24 HVAC control additions E-C1 50-100 0 Highly recommended25 HVAC component sizing E-C1 2-10 $ Recommended26 Hood controls E-C1 Recommended27 Increase cooling tower efficiency E-C1 2-6 $ Recommended28 Performance contracting E-C1 5-50 $$ Recommended29 Renewable/alternative energy E-C4 $ Recommended30 Photovoltaic panels E-C4 10-20 $$$ Recommended31 International Performance

Measurement and Verification E-BC1 Recommended

Not Advised:32 Radiant slab heating. E-C1 2-5 $$$ Not feasible33 High performance glazing and/or

shading devices.E-C1 0 $$$ Not effective

34 Waste heat recovery system E-C3 0 $$ Investigate



3.3 Conserving Materials and Resources

These measures address the impacts building materials have on human health andon the environment. Issues such as embodied energy, resource extraction methods,production, toxicity, and transportation are weighed when deciding which materialsto specify. Where possible, materials have been deleted altogether.

Until recently, “green” materials tended to cost more than their traditional counterparts;this is no longer the case.

The problems of solid waste disposal are addressed by the implementation of aconstruction waste program and the use of recycled and recyclable materials.


Initial Cost


Included in Base Design:1 Elimination of CFC’s/Halons M-P1 Included2 Storage and Collection of Recyclables M-P2 Included3 Recycled aggregate base course. M-C3 Included4 Recycled glass content concrete paving M-C3 Included5 Recycled glass mulch M-C3 Included6 Recycled HDPE porous paving M-C3 Included7 Recycled content tree grates M-C3 Included8 Organic compost M-C3 Included9 Recycled content steel M-C3 Included

10 Wood from certified forests M-C3 Included11 Recycled content ceiling tile M-C3 Included

New uses must be found for �waste� materials such as these tires.





Initial Cost


Included as Addenda:12 Recycled content asphalt paving M-C3 0 Recommended13 Fly ash content @ concrete M-C3 ($) Recommended14 Mulch from site demo/trimming M-C3 0 Recommended15 Recycled content trash receptacles M-C3 ($) Recommended 16 Certified wood benches ($) Recommended 17 Recycled content casework substrate M-C3 0 Highly recommended18 Recycled content wall insulation M-C3 $ Recommended 19 Delete polyisocyanurate M-C3 ($) Highly recommended20 Steel instead of alum.door frames M-C3 ($$) Recommended 21 Recycled content ceramic tile M-C3 0 Recommended22 Recycled content carpet tile M-C3 $ Recommended23 Recycled content rubber flooring M-C3 $ Recommended24 Linoleum M-C3 $ Recommended25 Recycled content toilet partitions M-C3 ($) Recommended26 Recycled content wall panel fabric M-C3 $ Recommended27 Construction waste management plan M-C4 ($) Recommended 28 Elimination of CFC’s, HCFC’s M-C6 ($) Recommended

Proposed as Future Change Orders:29 Verify centralized recycling M-P2 Recommended30 Delete all VCT ($$$) Highly recommended31 Resource Reuse M-C2 $ Recommended32 Recycled Content M-C3 Recommended33 Alternate Concrete ($$$) Recommended34 Recycled content countertops M-C3 $ Recommended35 Alternates to wood veneer M-C3 $ Recommended36 Alternate upholstery fabric $ Recommended37 Recycled content carpet M-C3 ($) Recommended38 Recycled content signage M-C3 ($) Recommended39 Construction waste management - 2 M-C440 Use of local materials M-C5 ($) Recommended

Not Advised:41 Existing building rehabilitation M-C1 Not applicable42 Rubberized asphalt paving M-C3 varies Not appropriate43 Stainless steel @ exterior M-C3 $$$ Not necessary44 Recycled content drain pipe M-C3 Not available45 Recycled content site benches M-C3 Not recommended46 Recycled content acoustic panel fabric M-C3 Not recommended47 Exposed concrete in lieu of VCT Not appropriate48 Elimination of CFC's, HCFC's M-C6 Not available49 Occupant recycling M-C7 Not feasible



3.4 Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality

These measures ensure the quality of the indoor environment. During construction,sequencing and protection of the air handling system mean that the building systemswill not spread toxic substances to the occupants. Building materials are chosen thatwill release fewer and less harmful contaminants.


Initial Cost


Included in Base Design:1 Fresh Air Intakes IEQ-P2 Included2 Smoking Ban IEQ-P3 Included3 Thermal Comfort IEQ-P4 Included4 IAQ Construction Management Plan IEQ-C1 Included5 Chemical Storage Area Design IEQ-C4 Included

Included as Addenda:6 Low VOC Materials IEQ-C2 Highly Recommended7 Urea-formaldehyde-free substrate @

casework, veneer IEQ-C2 ($) Recommended

8 Reduced VOC’s @ carpet IEQ-C2 ($) Recommended9 Architectural entryways IEQ-C5 $ Recommended

Proposed as Future Change Orders:10 Enhanced IAQ Construction

Management PlanIEQ-C1 $$$ Recommended

11 Duct Insulation Investigate12 Permanent Air Monitoring System IEQ-C3 Investigate

Not Advised:13 Elimination/Control of Asbestos IEQ-P1 Not applicable




3.5 Safeguarding Water

Depletion of freshwater sources is a familiar issue in Southern California. Thesemeasures reduce the amount of water used and ensure that water returning to thestorm drain system is as clean as possible. Reclaimed water is used in lieu of potablewater where possible, reducing both the drain on freshwater sources as well as thevolume of water going into the drain system.


Initial Cost


Included in Base Design:1 Water Conservation W-P1 Included2 Lead in Drinking Water W-P2 Included3 Reclaimed water @ irrigation W-C2 Included4 Water Conserving Cooling Tower W-C3 Included5 Water-Efficient Landscaping W-C4 Included6 Surface Run-off Filtration W-C5 Included7 Pervious paving at firelane W-C6 Included

Included as Addenda:8 Irrigation operations manual W-C4 0 Highly recommended

Proposed as Future Change Orders:9 Automatic flush valves W-C1 $ Recommended

10 Footpedals @ lab sinks W-C1 $ Neutral11 Reclaimed water @ toilets, urinals W-C2 $$ Highly recommended

Not Advised:12 Surface Run-off Reduction W-C6 Not appropriate13 Pervious asphalt paving W-C6 $ Not appropriate14 Biological waster treatment W-C7 $$$ Not appropriate15 International Performance Measurement

and Verification ProtocolW-BC1 Investigate

3.6 Improving the Design Process

Sustainable design is best implemented by designers already familiar with greenbuilding issues and technologies. Inclusion of a LEED certified designer on thedesign team helps ensure the success of a project.


Initial Cost


Future:1 LEED certified designer D-BC1 Recommended



To the east and south of the UC SantaBarbara lies the ocean, to the north therolling California landscape. Thefavored means of transportation is thebicycle; Bren Hall provides ample bikeparking and showers to facilitate thisalternate transportation mode. Native,drought tolerant plants will fill theterrace planters, courtyard, and openspace leading to the bluffs, providing ahaven for native fauna. The orientationof the building takes advantage of thesite�s sea air and views.



4. DISCUSSION OF RECOMMENDED MEASURES

This is a detailed discussion of the measures summarized in the tables of the previoussection.


4.1.1 Landscaping for Erosion ControlThis measure addresses the potential erosion caused by poor constructionpractices and landscape design. LEED Site Credit #1 requires theimplementation of the Maryland Model Stormwater Ordinance and theMaryland Model Erosion and Sediment Control Ordinance. Tactics includeprescribed grading methods, sequencing of construction, topsoil protection,and stormwater runoff retention.

The measures required by the State of California and by the University areas strict, if not stricter, than the Maryland ordinances. In California, erosioncontrol is typical for site development that occurs on natural, undisturbedslopes. This project is being developed on a flat mesa within the overallcampus, thus landscaping to control erosion of slopes is not needed.

4.1.2 Landscaping/Exterior Design to Reduce Heat islandsFor one credit under LEED Site Credit #2, this measure requires that thestructure’s roof and exterior walls be clad with light-colored/high-albedomaterials (50% reflectance value or better) to lower energy loads and reducethe heat island effect.

In this case, the exterior finishes will be light-colored plaster and exposedconcrete. The roof at the lab wing has a white asphalt cap sheet, giving it80% reflectance. The office wing has built-up roofing with white gravel, fora similar reflectance value.

The light roof color has little effect on energy load in this particular design,since there is very little HVAC at the fourth floor lab wing and none at theoffice wing. However, this measure does help to mitigate the local heat islandeffect.

Landscaping has been provided around the exterior building to reduce heatislands as a part of the base design. See 4.1.6 and 4.1.7 for additionalmeasures.

4.1.3 Site Preservation/RestorationLEED Site Credit #5 requires construction disturbance to be limited to 50feet beyond the project footprint, a preservation plan be implemented fortopsoil and existing trees, and that 50% of degraded habitat area be restored.

Development of greenfield space threatens biodiversity and the existence ofindividual plants and animals by reducing available habitats. The damagecaused by the construction process is minimized and effort made to restoreand maintain natural habitat.



The Bren Hall project replaces existing parking lots with native plants; wherepossible existing topsoil will be conserved, new topsoil will be local andmixed to match existing. The construction area will be limited as required.Existing trees are kept wherever possible, the exception being eucalyptus,which are not native.

4.1.4 Efficient Building LocationTo meet the criteria for LEED Site Credit #6, the building must be locatedwithin ¼ mile of two or more bus lines. This is already the case; to achievethe credit, documentation (a site plan with bus stop shown) will be required.

This measure reduces the use of private automobiles by encouraging the useof mass transportation, thus mitigating the environmental problems associatedwith automobiles, such as emissions that contribute to smog and theenvironmental degradation involved in oil extraction and petroleum refining.

4.1.5 Alternative Transportation FacilitiesThis measure addresses LEED Site Credit #7, Alternative TransportationFacilities. This credit requires that the design includes bicycle racks for atleast 5% of the building occupants, a shower and changing facilities forbicyclists, and preferred parking for carpools. All three measures are includedin the base design—although the carpool parking is not called out. To achievethe LEED credit, documentation showing the carpool parking stalls will berequired.

Like 4.1.4, this measure encourages use of alternative transportation, reducingthe use of private automobiles.

4.1.6 Additional TreesThe Bren School has received a donation of Platanus racemosa (CaliforniaSycamore) trees, in 36-inch boxes. This native tree would work well withthe landscaping intent of the campus master plan. 19 sycamores have beenadded as an addendum to the base bid documents. The goal of this measureis twofold: to reduce the heat island effect, and to shade the west facing labs.

Given the building orientation, no satisfactory architectural solution hasbeen found to provide shade at the labs on the west facade of the BrenSchool. The heat gain and glare at these labs will be considerable when thesun is low in the western sky. We can minimize this effect by placing talltrees in the planters to the west of the building. The Sycamores will grow to50-90 feet tall, with a spread of 30-50 feet.

LEED Site Credit #2 requires the planting of at least one tree within every1,000 square feet of impermeable grade surface on the building lot, includingparking, walkways, plazas, etc. The goal of this measure is to reduce the heatisland effect created by the use of dark, non-reflective surfaces at parking,walkways, and roofs, thus reducing disturbance of the local microclimateand the energy required for cooling. This reduces the environmental impactof energy production and transmission. This measure also mitigates the effectsof paving on surface runoff and groundwater recharge.California Sycamore



In order to fully meet this requirement, nine additional trees would be addedat the parking area. Because the parking lots are due to be removed forfuture construction, the decision was made not to add the trees here, and anappeal put in to the LEED committee.

In the addendum, five trees have been added at the west side of the building,three replacing the stone pines that were in the original design. The sevenArbutus “marina” (Madrone) in the courtyard are replaced by sycamores,and an additional seven sycamore trees have been added between the BrenSchool and Engineering 1.

4.1.7 Increased Roof Reflectance FactorA reflective white roof will reduce cooling loads significantly. Temperaturesof a typical built up roof (even a “white” mineral cap sheet – such as in thecurrent design) exceed 150ºF on a sunny day, while a smooth white surfacewill remain around 100ºF. Gravel also gets very hot in the sun, and evenlight-colored gravel will not provide much cooling benefit.

An elastomeric coating can be added to the roofing at the lab wing, increasingthe reflectance and durability of the material. This coating is best added ayear or more after initial roof installation. The elastomeric seals the roofing,approximately doubling its life expectancy. Reflectance would be increasedto 85%. Gaco and Celotex both make a coating that is inexpensive and easyto install. The coating will have to be reapplied periodically.

Note that an aluminized silver-colored coating does not provide as muchcooling benefit. While it is more reflective that a typical built-up roof, italso has a low emissivity and does not reradiate heat to the sky as freely asother types of surfaces.

4.1.8 Alternative Fueling FacilitiesThis measure recommends the installation of a refueling facility for alternative-fuel vehicles, for LEED Site Credit #8. Examples of fuel sources includemethanol/ethanol, electricity, fuel cells, and natural gas. Such a facility couldbe constructed in the parking area adjacent to the service enclosure. Innovativetechnologies could be showcased: for example, electric cars can be refueledat a photovoltaic powered refueling station.

This strategy encourages the development of alternative fuel vehicles byproviding the infrastructure to support them.

The decision was made not to include this strategy in the current buildingdesign; alternative fuel technologies are developing rapidly enough that it isworth waiting to see what develops. And a fueling station can be designed tostand alone; this measure can readily be implemented at a later date.

Costs to design and build a fueling station powered by photovoltaic cellswould be approximately $30,000 for two parking stalls.

Similarly, the backup power generator is currently specified as diesel, but afuel cell will be considered at the appropriate time. Fuel cell powered mass transit

Solar powered refueling station




4.2.1 Energy EfficiencyLEED Energy Prerequisite #2 requires that the design comply with stateand local energy codes, or ASHRAE 90.1– 1989, and subsequent revisions,whichever is stricter. This project de facto complies with California Title 24,which is stricter than the ASHRAE standards.

4.2.2 DaylightingOffices and labs are designed to receive an abundance of natural light,predominately by windows. The fourth floor conference room is daylit bythree roof monitors that capture north light and bounce it down into thespace.

Additional measures such as architectural features (light shelves, etc.) andelectronic daylight controls are discussed in section 5.

4.2.3 Variable Frequency DrivesAll of the motors over 5 horsepower are provided with variable frequencydrives to conserve electrical energy. SCE estimates that there will be someincentive funding available for this measure, totalling over $3,000.

4.2.4 Energy Efficient LightingLighting for the building is provided by direct/indirect fixtures utilizing T8lamps. Site lighting is provided using high-pressure sodium fixtures. Title24 allowable design for this building is 1.4 Watts/SF. The proposed designuses 1.126 Watts/SF. SCE estimates that there will be incentive fundingavailable for this measure, totalling over $7,000. This number will increasewith the implementation of further efficiency measures as addenda and changeorders.

4.2.5 Outside Air EconomizerAreas of the building that are air-conditioned (labs, colloquium, seminar,interior offices) are provided with an outdoor air economizer. As the outsideair temperature decreases, the quantity of outside air is increased. This measurereduces air conditioning load and electrical usage.

4.2.6 Variable Volume Lab Exhaust SystemThis system will minimize the exhaust rate for each lab, based on hoodposition, cooling load and minimum ventilation rate. By minimizing theexhaust flow rate, cooling energy and electricity are conserved.

Natural daylight and ventilation will beprovided at all Bren Hall offices.



4.2.7 Reduce Lab Air Change RequirementsRequired minimum ventilation rates have been reduced to 6 air changes perhour (ACH) at the 1st Floor and 8 ACH at the 2nd Floor lab spaces. Whilevarious other energy saving measures that could lower these rates wereconsidered, such as night setbacks, campus Environmental Health and Safety(EH&S) set these to be the lowest allowable rates. These limits set a bottomfloor on the overall exhaust airflow and the limits the savings possible fromvariable flow exhaust fans. See 4.2.24 for a discussion of ways to furtherreduce energy usage.

Based on a rough simulation analysis, switching from 10 ACH minimum to6 ACH minimum will save up to 20% of total energy consumed in the labs,or about $30,000/yr.

Comparison between a day with natural ventilaion and one without,Apartment Building in Catania, Italy

4.2.8 Natural VentilationLEED Energy Credit #2 requires that natural ventilation and passive energydesign be used to fulfill all heating and cooling requirements of a buildingfor at least 8 months out of a year. The intent of this measure is to reduce theenergy usage and therefore environmental burdens associated with mechanicalheating and cooling.

In the current design, offices are cooled using natural ventilation. Thebuilding has been designed to maximize opportunities for natural ventilation;the office wing and fourth floor lab wing are all ventilated via operablewindows. However, the need for carefully controlled exhaust of toxicsubstances prevents the use of natural ventilation in the laboratories.

Although it will not be possible to achieve this LEED credit, the principlebehind it has been applied.



4.2.9 Energy EfficiencyLEED Energy Credit #1 provides the opportunity to achieve up to 5 credits,based on reducing energy consumption by specified increments.

Most of the measures in the energy section address this credit. Systemefficiency, siting and massing, materials choices, daylighting, naturalventilation, and glazing choices are just some of the strategies used tomaximize energy efficiency. Many of these are described in detail in thefollowing sections.

Energy efficiency translates into operating cost savings. In some cases,measures had a higher first cost, in others the first cost itself was reduced. Ingeneral, payback periods for energy efficiency measures are short, five yearsor less. The table in section 3.2 lists estimated energy savings in thousandsof dollars per year for each item.

One credit is awarded for complying with California Title 24 lightingrequirements. This was achieved in the base design.

Subsequent credits require energy modeling to determine compliance withcredit criteria. Two credits are available for exceeding ASHRAE/IES Standard90.1–1989 by 20% or by achieving a score of 80 using the EPA/DOEEnergy Star Benchmarking Tool. Three credits are achieved by exceedingASHRAE by 30% or getting 85 on the Energy Star.

Electricity and Fuel End Uses

Lights

Equipment

Heat

Cool

Tower

Pumps

Fans

Heat (Fuel)

$

9.6%

12.8%

2.6%

26.3%

4.9%1.4%

16.1%

26.2%

A simulation model provided these rough energy consumption estimatesfor Bren Hall, showing the breakdown by end use.



It is our estimation that the design as amended by addenda stands a goodchance of achieving level 2, or 20% better than ASHRAE; with the proposedchange orders, level 3 may be reached.

To help achieve energy efficient goals, Southern California Edison hasintroduced UCSB to Savings By Design. Savings By Design is California’snew state wide non-residential New Construction Incentive Program.Savings By Design is sponsored by the three largest California Utilities:Southern California Edison, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and SanDiego Gas and Electric. Savings By Design encourages high-performancedesign which results in greater occupant comfort, reduced operating costs,higher productivity, and more valuable property. New construction incentivesoffered through Savings By Design are offered on a limited time and limitedfunds basis. Incentives are paid upon verification of installation of qualifyingenergy efficient measure. Generally speaking, Savings By Design programrequirements are 10% beyond Title 24 requirements.

4.2.10 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Controlled VentilationPeak air flows in conference rooms, auditoria, classrooms, and lobbies arebased on high occupant densities. The minimum airflows are simply 30%of the peak flows (about 0.6 cfm/ft²). When these rooms are unoccupied orlightly occupied this minimum will lead to wasted fan and reheat energy.Using CO

2 sensors in these spaces will allow the minimum airflow to be

reduced to the Title-24 minimum of 0.15 cfm/ft². In addition to reducingthe minimums on the variable air volume (VAV) boxes, the minimum outsideairflows on the air handlers can be reduced as well. A possible limitation onthis strategy is the ability of the VAV boxes to control low minimum airflows.However, according to the Titus literature (Titus PESV boxes have beenspecified), the cubic feet per minute (CFM) range for all box sizes starts at 0CFM and “…All Titus products operate extremely well within the publishedcfm ranges. Therefore, low velocity control concerns can be eliminated.”Therefore, CO

2 sensors can be implemented as follows:

· Minimum outside air (OA) CFM for air handling units (AHU) 3, 4,and 5 are set to 0.15 cfm/sf.

· CO2 sensors are installed in the mixed air inlet to AHU-3, 4, 5.

· Min flow on all VAV boxes served by AHU-3,4,5 are set to 0.15 cfm/sf.A separate heating-mode min flow may be required for the boxes.

· If the CO2 concentration exceeds 800 parts per million (ppm), then

minimum OA is modulated to maintain CO2 concentration below 800

ppm.· If minimum OA - supply CFM, and CO

2 concentration is still greater

than 800 ppm, then minimum flow on all boxes served by that AHU ismodulated to maintain acceptable CO

2. (Of course, the boxes will also

open up automatically based on the thermostat).

This control strategy has been implemented for AHU-5, reducing theminimum OA flow from 3,300 CFM to 630 CFM (80% reduction) resultingin substantial energy savings.



4.2.11 Reduce Ambient Lighting Levels in OfficesThe original building program called for 50 footcandles of illumination inoffice spaces, meaning that the typical office used two fixtures with 3 lampseach for a lighting power density of 1.4 watts per square foot (WSF). Bycomparison, the Title 24 area method maximum is 1.3 W/sf for office space,and installed lighting power densities of less than 1.0 W/sf are now commonin new office buildings.

As part of an Addendum to the bid documents, the lighting within theoffices has been revised to 2 lamp fluorescent fixtures. The illumination levelwill drop from the 50-60 footcandle range to around 35-40 footcandles.However, a lower illuminance requirement in exterior offices is acceptablebecause these offices will be receiving natural light during the day and atnight occupants’ eyes adjust to lower light levels. Task lighting such as adesk lamp is appropriate for specific tasks requiring higher illumination.

The design criterion for lab spaces is 80 to 100 footcandles. The design usesdirect/indirect suspended fixtures with two lamps for each 4-foot length,and the lighting power density ranges from around 1.3 to 1.5 W/sf. Thisdesign criterion is appropriate for lab function, and has not been reduced.

4.2.12 Electronic BallastsMore efficient electronic ballasts are standard design practice, instead of themagnetic ballasts that are currently specified. For a two lamp fixture, savingsare roughly 15% of power consumption. Fixture input power is 60 W insteadof 72 W. This has been included as part of an Addendum to the Biddocuments.

4.2.13 Lighting ControlsThe following controls are recommended by room type.

· Private offices have occupant sensors and dual switching for outer andinner fixtures. The dual switching allows the fixture closer to the windowto be turned off by the occupant when ambient light is adequate. Thiswas provided by addendum. Occupant sensors at offices may be wallbox types as long as they are not blocked by furniture. Occupancy sensorsare provided at each private office to automatically turn lights off whenthe office is unoccupied.

· Labs should also have multilevel switching for separate control of thefixtures closest to the window. With the current fixture orientation(perpendicular to windows), redesign of wiring will be required to runat least two circuits in each pendant. If the fixtures are reoriented parallelto the window, then simple daylight switching is possible. It was decidedthat to reorient the lights would result in uneven lighting. Users are inlabs for very long periods of time: good lighting is essential. Bilevelswitching is provided as a part of the base design.



· Occupancy sensors in the labs are also recommended, but several sensorswould be necessary in each room to cover the area between lab benches.The sensors help in rooms such as labs with multiple occupants, becauseit is common that no one takes responsibility to turn the lights off.Occupant sensors also eliminate the need for a central time control systemon the lighting. The lab users chose not to use occupancy sensors at thelabs.

4.2.14 Enhanced EMCSThe key to efficient building operation is an electronic monitoring controlsystem (EMCS) that collects and stores information and can graph thatinformation quickly in an extremely user-friendly way.

Monitoring PointsThe EMCS specification includes a minimum list of specific points to bemonitored. A high sampling rate (e.g. every minute) should be stored short-term (e.g. for 1 day) and hourly data should be permanently stored. Thislist should include but not be limited to the points listed in Appendix A.

Graphing CapabilitiesThe EMCS should be required to have at least the following graphingcapabilities:

· At least six columns of data can be viewed on the screen at once and canbe graphed using a graphing program integral to the control system,with at least four parameters graphed against time on the same graph.The columnar format shall have time down the left column with columnsof data to the right (one column for each parameter).

· The system shall have the ability to graph real-time data of up to fourpoints on the EMS at once, giving each point its own scale. The usershould be able to easily set the time interval (e.g. last 24 hours of 1minute data or last week of hourly data) and dates (e.g. from June 15 toJuly 7).

· Without any special or difficult conversions, this data shall be able to bedesignated to be stored as an ASCII delimited file in the same columnarformat for use in graphing with normal commercial spreadsheet software.

· The system shall have the capability to graph one or more points againstanother, rather than just against time (e.g. kw vs tons).

All of the graphing capabilities should be accessible over the internet viastandard internet browsers (Netscape or Internet Explorer).



An outside agent, Johnson Controls (JCI), has been hired by the Universityto install and monitor EMCS systems at all campus buildings. Rich Beddieof Johnson Controls has reviewed the above points list and graphingcapabilities and confirms that they are all achievable and in fact fairly standardfeatures He pointed out two items that are not standard and that are fairlycostly: (a) chilled/hot water supply and return temperatures at each airhandler and (b) CO2 sensors at each air terminal unit. We think that thewater temperatures at each air handler are not critical and can be omitted.The CO2 sensors are only needed if the CO2 OSA strategy is approved byF&K and UCSB and would only be needed in a few VAV boxes in highoccupant density areas: auditorium, large conference rooms, and perhapssome classrooms. Depending on how the CO2 strategy is implemented, itmay be possible to only put CO2 sensors in the return air to the AHU’swith economizers. Rich also said that the only graphing capability that couldbe a problem is the internet access. There is a new product (M-Web) beingdeveloped by JCI that can do this but he does not know the release date.

Required changes to the specifications have been made by addendum.

4.2.15 Building CommissioningCommissioning is a systematic process of ensuring that building systemsperform interactively according to the design intent and the owner’soperational needs. This is achieved beginning in the design phase bydocumenting the design intent and continuing through construction,acceptance, and the warranty period with actual verification of performance,operation and maintenance (O&M) documentation verification and thetraining of operating personnel.

Commissioning Results· Reduced number of occupant complaints· Dramatically reduced staff time required from building operator during

early occupancy period· Lower energy costs· Improved indoor air quality· Fewer warranty claims· Fewer change orders

Commissioning Objectives· System performance monitoring system installed and calibrated for

accuracy· Systems tested for proper operation and tuned for optimal efficiency· Improved system documentation that is useful to building operators· Improved operator training

Commissioning Key Elements· An individual (commissioning authority) responsible for oversight of

commissioning activities.· Early kickoff meetings during design phase and construction phase to

inform design team and contractors of commissioning process.



· Adequate specification of measurement points to test and monitor systemperformance through the facility management system (and via internet).

· Calibration of those measurement points to verify accuracy.· Complete tests of system operation in all modes, verifying that the

sequence of operations is implemented as intended.· Clear specification of contractor responsibilities for participation in

commissioning tasks.· Regular coordination meetings attended by all trades.· Financial penalty for failure to complete commissioning tasks.

There are several models for structuring the commissioning process.

· The University hires an independent commissioning agent that overseesand/or performs system tests and coordinates scheduling. The agentdevelops a commissioning plan.

· The University requires the contractor to be responsible for allcommissioning tasks and coordination. The University reviewscommissioning documentation for acceptance.

Measure 4.2.14 discusses contractor implementation of commissioning, agentcommissioning is covered in 4.2.15.

The University intends to hire Johnson Controls as commissioning agent, ifthe budget allows.

In either case, we recommend that commissioning language be added to thespecifications so that the contractor understands the responsibilities to eitherperform the commissioning tasks or assist with those tasks. Our experiencehas shown that proper system testing and documentation will not occurwithout specific requirements in the construction documents. Somecommissioning language is currently in the specifications, more will be added,depending on the method of commissioning decided upon.

Commissioning by GCIf Commissioning is to be successfully performed by the Contractor, thespecifications must be expanded. In several places the specifications call forcommissioning and testing of mechanical and electrical equipment in orderto show proper operation and compliance with all sequences of operation.However, the specification is lacking in specific required tests and reports.Moreover, the sequence of operation documentation lacks sufficient detailfor efficient operation of equipment, particularly at part-load. Thespecifications need to tell exactly how the Contractor is to program thesystem and how to verify that it is operating according to the design intent.The following is a small sample of the sequences that should be describedand the tests that should be required.

Economizer Tests. Testing of the economizers should include manually settingthe outside air temperature to be above the return air temperature and thenmeasuring outside air and supply air flows under various load conditions.



Minimum Zone Flows. Tests should insure that airflows are minimized undera wide variety of conditions. For example, the thermostat setpoint can bemanually set to 90F, and the exhaust hoods turned off. The tester shouldthen verify with a flow hood that SAV, EAV, and VAV terminal unit flows areat minimum. If CO

2 sensors are used, these minimum flows should be no

more than 0.2 cfm/ft².

Air Handlers: Supply Air Temperature Reset. A number of the sequences ofoperation for the air handlers could be better specified. For example, thesupply air temperature reset sequence is not clear. There are a number ofalgorithms for automatically resetting the supply air temperature. Onemethod is to use outside air temperature to reset supply air temperature.This can then be tested by manually setting the outside air temperature andrecording changes in the supply air temperature. A more efficient resetalgorithm is reset by warmest zone. Test should be included for documentingthat this algorithm is implemented correctly.

Tower Control. The control algorithm for the cooling tower is unclear. Thereare a number of ways to stage condenser water pump (variable speed), thetower circulation pump, and the tower fan (variable speed) such as fixedCW temperature control or wetbulb reset control. The specifications needto include the most efficient algorithm and test for verifying properimplementation.

Variable Speed Pumps. The plans call for variable speed drives on the chilledwater, condenser water, and hot water pumps, but the specifications do notdescribe how these pumps are to be controlled for optimum energy efficiency.

4.2.16 Building Commissioning - AgentRather than having the Contractor solely responsible for commissioning, werecommend that the University (1) hire an independent commissioning agentto oversee the process and (2) clarify in the specifications the role of theContractor in the commissioning process. Eley Associates has prepared“Energy Efficiency Commissioning Guidelines for The Donald Bren SchoolBuilding” which is intended to assist the University in achieving these twoobjectives. Below is the executive summary from this document:

The purpose of these guidelines is to verify that the HVAC system is operatingaccording to the design intent and as energy efficiently as possible. Thefocus is on energy efficiency and not other issues such as system capacity,indoor air quality, maintenance or training. These guidelines and theinvolvement of the Commissioning Agent do not in any way excuse theContractor from the responsibilities described in the plans and specifications,which includes the requirement to “…completely checkout, calibrate, andfield test all connected hardware and software to assure that the completesystem performs in accordance with the approved sequence of operation.”(See Specifications Section 13810 Part 3.10)

The Commissioning Agent (Cx Agent) has three basic responsibilities:



Sensor Verification. After the Contractor has fully calibrated all requiredsensors, the Cx Agent shall independently verify, using stand-alone sensors,that a sample of the installed sensors are accurately calibrated and that theEMS is recording the correct information. The Cx Agent will report anyproblems to the Owner and Contractor and the Contractor will takeappropriate corrective action in a timely manner.

Functional Testing. After the Contractor has corrected any sensor calibrationproblems and has completed Test and Balance and Start Up and before thebuilding is occupied, the Cx Agent shall conduct functional tests, with theassistance of the Contractor, that verify systems are operating efficiently undera range of possible operating conditions. The Contractor (HVAC and Controlssubcontractors) shall provide skilled technicians for the duration of thefunctional testing who will operate the HVAC equipment according to theinstructions of Cx Agent.

For each piece of equipment there is a series of test conditions (e.g. minload) and for each set of test conditions there is a series of parameters thatmust be recorded (e.g. CFM). Prior to functional testing, the Cx Agent shallcalculate the expected value of each parameter for each set of test conditions.The Design Engineer shall confirm all expected values before functionaltesting.

The Cx Agent will immediately report any failed tests to the Owner andContractor and the Contractor will take immediate corrective action. A testis considered failed if in the judgement of the Cx Agent the observed value issubstantially different from the calculated or expected value such that thesystem is clearly not operating according to the design intent. Any tests thatare failed will be re-performed, at the Contractors expense, prior to occupancy.We recommend that the Contractor have a strong financial incentive to passall functional tests, i.e. a significant portion of the Contractor’s compensationbe withheld, pending successful completion of all functional tests.

Post-Occupancy Testing. After 12 months of occupancy, the Cx Agent shallreview the recorded EMS data to find points in time that most closely representall of the test conditions described in functional testing (e.g. peak load, lowload, OA temp > RA temp, OA temp < RA temp, etc.). As with the functionaltests, the Cx Agent shall compare recorded and calculated values for parametersunder all test conditions and shall make a full report.



4.2.17 Convert Lab Exhaust Fans to Variable FlowAs lab usage changes over the course of a day or over several years, theventilation requirements will also change. Airflow through fume hoods willvary with sash position, and lab equipment changes will lead to newventilation requirements. The exhaust system needs to be capable of handlingpeak flow, but most of the time it will operate at less than peak flow. Therefore,it is important that the system operates efficiently at partial as well as peakload. For fans, part load efficiency is best achieved by slowing the fan rotationspeed when airflow drops. The special constraint for this exhaust system isthat air velocity leaving the rooftop stacks must not drop below a limit setby health codes.

In this measure, the rooftop exhaust fans will be controlled with variablespeed drives to maintain adequate negative pressure in the exhaust ducts.The two makeup air louvers on the lab exhaust plenum will be eliminated.Velocity of air leaving the stacks will be controlled by either staging stackusage, smaller diameter stack nozzles or with variable aperture stacks.

This measure has potential to save a large fraction of the exhaust fan energyconsumption, and provides the indirect benefit of quieter fans when theyare running at reduced speed. This measure may be implemented as a futurechange order.

4.2.18 Daylighting ControlsBoth labs and offices are candidates for automatic dimming controls (steppedcontrols are not recommended because occupants perceive them as toodisruptive). This measure will be especially effective if building shell measuresare also employed to control glare and improve daylight distribution inthese spaces. With those measures in place, window blinds are more likelyto be left open and daylight savings can be captured. Without glare control,daylighting controls are less likely to have an impact.

Savings from dimming daylight controls can be on the order of 30% annuallyfor the spaces with controls.

Options include:

· Closed-loop controls with a photosensor in each space controlling thelamps in their own spaces. This system adapts when blinds are closed.

· Open loop control with one photocell (or a small array of photocells)providing control for the whole building or for each facade. This approachhas the advantage of having fewer sensors and requires less time for sensoradjustments. A disadvantage is that it would not adjust lights whenblinds are closed in a space.

The light fixtures in this atriumare controlled by photosensors.



Ceiling, wall and floor reflectance will have a significant impact on daylightpenetration, and light colors are recommended. However, deep daylightpenetration requires controls that reduce the illumination close to the windowand redirect light towards the back of the room. Some options for improvingdaylighting are light shelves; higher ceilings; overhangs; sidefins; reorientinglights parallel (not perpendicular) to windows; more/deeper open perimeterspaces; additional roof monitors.

It is too late in the project schedule to implement the architecturaldaylighting controls. Except for finish colors, these design changes shouldhave been incorporated in early design.

4.2.19 Reduce Cooling System CapacityReduce cooling system capacity to account for lower lighting power, lowerlab ventilation rates and revised internal gain assumptions if appropriate.Also consider diversity in lab loads (not all at peak at same time).

Reduced system size can lead to both initial cost savings and operating costsavings. Since the assumptions of equipment heat gain based on the projectprogram in the labs is fairly high, and the ventilation loads are high as well,it is possible that there are opportunities to reduce system sizes with littlerisk. A review of the design criteria based on final lab design can be undertakento more closely calculate the cooling loads. A reduction in the cooling airflowmay be possible, leading to energy savings; a reduction in equipment cost isnot expected.

4.2.20 High Efficiency Condensing BoilerChange the boiler specification from a standard powered combustion airunit (about 80% efficient) to a more efficient condensing unit (around 95%).The gas savings would be partially offset by increased pumping energy becausethe output of the condensing boiler will be at a lower temperature. However,the lower temperature also reduces heat loss in the piping system. The lowertemperature may also lead to requirement for different type of baseboardradiator (with larger surface area) that might increase initial cost.

4.2.21 Operable Windows/HVAC InterlockSince the offices will have operable windows, there is potential for occupantsto leave them open during heating season and waste energy. An interlockwould shut off heating to a space when its window is open. Based on a roughcalculation, the wasted heating cost for a single office could be as high as$200-$500/year. The cost per zone for window interlock is between $500and $1200, for a payback of between one and six years.



4.2.22 Chilled Water Loop Integration/Elimination of ChillerWe cannot comment on this issue without additional information about theother buildings/loads and chiller plants on the loop. The type of informationnecessary is the hourly cooling load for buildings on the loop and theperformance specifications of all the chillers and pumps. It is likely that anew efficient chiller added to the loop would increase the overall loopefficiency, but we cannot say without analysis whether the addition isnecessary or cost effective.

There may be an opportunity to reduce the chiller size if lighting loads,ventilation loads, and plug load assumptions are reduced. The piping isconfigured so that the campus chilled water loop can be connected directlyto the building loop without going through the chiller, hence it is possible,but perhaps not advisable, to eliminate the chiller altogether.

4.2.23 High Efficiency ChillerSpecify a high-efficiency chiller with variable speed drive.

There may be opportunities to improve both full load efficiency (kW/ton)and part-load efficiency. For example, chiller part-load performance will beimproved by using variable speed drive rather than inlet vanes. Part loadperformance of several machines should be compared. It may also be possibleto reduce the minimum flow through the evaporator below 50%.

Implementing this measure requires specifying a layer chiller with moresurface area for heat transfer. This can be implemented as a change orderearly in the construction.

The Savings By Design requirement for chiller efficiency is 0.753 kW/tonfor a 300 ton unit. The current design calls for Trane CVHE with efficiencyof 0.587 kW/ton. The estimated incentive funding available for this measureis over $2,000.

4.2.24 HVAC Control AdditionsHVAC controls, including supply air temperature reset, supply air pressurereset, night thermostat setback and night ventilation setback, are part of thebuilding design.

Due to the large ventilation air demand in the labs, a large amount of energymay be required to reheat the air before it enters each zone to avoid overcooling.To help minimize the reheat energy, the supply air temperature shall becontrolled (reset) so that it is just cold enough to provide enough cooling tothe warmest zone.

It would also be beneficial to vary the static pressure control setpoint in thesupply duct depending on the amount of air required by the most demandingzone. Lower pressure leads to lower fan energy, and the savings potential islarge because these fans are likely to run 24 hours per day.



Considerable energy savings are achievable by setting the heating thermostatsetting back to 50F at night and by reducing the minimum ventilationrequirements in the labs at night. Night ventilation setback could be linkedto occupancy sensors so that normal ventilation rates are restored if labs areoccupied during after hours. Night setback for ventilation rates would haveto be approved by the University EH&S.

4.2.25 HVAC Component SizingDesign HVAC component sizing to reduce pressure loss in duct and pipesystems.

Fan savings are achieved when pressure drop through the air distributionsystem is minimized. One way to reduce pressure drop is to increase the areaof components like cooling and heat coils or filters so that the air movesmore slowly through them. Increasing duct size can also be cost effective.

Similarly, pumping energy is reduced when careful attention is paid to pipesizing, valves, and other fittings.

The heating and cooling systems are currently designed to conserve energywhile adhering to a very tight budget.

4.2.26 Hood ControlsThis measure saves energy by reducing hood air volume, either by sashposition or air volume controls.

In a VAV system, air volume through the sash increases as the opening sizeincreases; energy use can be reduced by keeping hood sashes down as muchas possible. Alarms could be installed that would sound when the sash isopened beyond a certain point. Catches could be installed to make it difficultto open the sash beyond a certain point.

Motion sensors can determine whether a hood is in use and lower the airvolume accordingly.

This measure would require coordination between EH&S and the users toensure optimal and safe hood function.

4.2.27 Increase Cooling Tower EfficiencyThe cooling tower as designed will provide 85°F condenser water at designoutdoor conditions (70ºF wet bulb temperature). An increase in coolingtower size compared to the current specification will allow the chiller tooperate more efficiently by providing lower condenser water temperatures.Two-speed motors are generally more efficient than parallel staged fans, thusthe cooling tower has been specified with its own variable fan drive (VFD)..

The volume of air exhausted through afume hood is determined by the sashopening. Sash controls can save aconsiderable amount of energy.



4.2.28 Performance Contracting for Energy EfficiencyPerformance contracting for new buildings is a fairly new concept that hasbeen tested in several pilot projects (although it is a mature industry in thebuilding retrofit business). This project may be eligible for free modelingand other performance contracting assistance under a grant from the EnergyFoundation to Eley Associates.

There are several issues to consider in developing a performance contract

· Who is performance contractor? General contractor, designers,commissioning agent?

· What is covered: systems (such as lighting, or chilled water) or wholebuilding

· How to set performance target· How to evaluate actual performance

As an example, there are several options for whole building or central plantperformance contracts.

Whole Building Option A:· Eley Associates will build a model to determine expected energy use

target.· Monitoring equipment installed to measure HVAC, lighting, plug loads

+ misc.· After 1 or 2 years of occupancy the model is adjusted based on actual

weather, schedules (people, lights, etc.) and plug loads to determineadjusted expected target (i.e. Contractor is only accountable for HVACand lighting efficiency, not for schedules, weather, plug loads, etc.).

· If the actual energy use (utility bills) is less than or equal to adjustedtarget then the Contractor is paid a bonus. If actual energy use is greaterthan adjusted target then Contractor pays a penalty.

Whole Building Option B:· The Contractor is required to pay the utility bills for the first two years.

Whole Building Option C:· The Contractor could be eligible for a bonus based on results of

commissioning functional tests and/or recommissioning. If theContractor can prove that all systems are operating efficiently andaccording to the design intent after construction or after Year 1 or 2then a bonus could be given.

Central Plant Only Option:· Eley Associates would develop a model of the central plant for the

building (chiller, pumps, tower, boiler, etc)· The heating and cooling loads would be measured for a year (CHW,

HW gpm and delta T)· Based on actual loads and actual weather, the model would estimate

optimal energy consumption by the central plant.



· Model output would be compared to actual measured central plantenergy consumption (kWh, therms).

4.2.29 Renewable/Alternative EnergyLEED Energy Credit #4 requires that a certain percentage of the building’stotal energy load be supplied through building-integrated or directlyconnected energy systems. One credit is achieved for each 10% of the totalenergy load supplied by renewable/alternate energy, for a maximum of threecredits.

The intent of this credit is to encourage the use of renewable and alternateenergy sources, thus reducing the environmental burdens associated withenergy production.

This credit can be achieved in two ways in this design. The first would be topurchase renewable energy through the power company. If the Bren Schoolcan provide proof (a contract) that at least 10% of the building’s energy isbeing supplied by renewable sources, one credit will be awarded. Since theschool gets its power off the university grid, this means the campus as awhole would be making a commitment to renewable energy.

The second method would be to install a photovoltaic system on the roof.See 4.2.30.

4.2.30 Photovoltaic PanelsInstall photovoltaics panels at the roof.

An initial rough estimate gives the following information: Using all of theavailable and practical flat roof surfaces, there is about 5,800 square feet thatcould hold flat interlocking photovoltaic solar modules.

· @ 10 watts per SQ, this would amount to about 58,000 watts or 58kW.

· @ 1,800 kWh per year per installed kW, this system would produceabout 104,400 kWh of electricity annually. The building is estimatedto use roughly 1 million kWh annually, so the roof would generate 10%of the building’s electricity consumption.



· @ $9.00 per watt total installed cost, the system would cost about$522,000. The available California Energy Commission rebate, federaltax rebate, and accelerated five-year depreciation schedule would bringthe net cost down to about $230,000.

· The system would produce energy worth $13,572 per year. Paybackperiod is about 17 years. This values the electricity only, and does nottake into account the value of the air emission reductions. Carbon dioxidecredits, Nox credits, etc are just starting to take form and offer someadditional value although it is difficult to put a price on them today.

· Using EPA figures, this project would offset the emission of over 1,600tons of harmful carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide overits 25-year life. This is by offsetting utility generation that uses gas, oil,coal and nuclear fuel. It would take 21 acres of new rain forest toaccomplish that emission reduction.

· Solar modules have a 20-year warranty, the remainder of the systemincluding installation carries a 5-year warranty.

· The system would be grid-connected and would backfeed an electricaldistribution panel in the building to reduce electrical consumption andsell any excess back to the electric utility

No provisions have been made in the base design for photovoltaics. To keepopen the option to pursue this measure, it would be prudent to issue achange order to install the infrastructure for a future array. This would consistsimply of three empty 3-inch conduits running from the electrical distributionroom and stubbing out at the roof.

4.2.31 International Performance Measurement and Verification ProtocolLEED Energy Bonus Credit # 1 requires the implementation of InternationalPerformance Measurement and Verification Protocol, or IPMVP.

IPMVP establishes a method for measuring the use of energy and water inexisting buildings before and after remodeling. It can be used to qualify foreconomic incentives for utilities and other government agencies. The greaterthe energy reduction the greater the potential for the incentive. To use thisprotocol a qualified IPMVP specialist should be hired to determine the energyuse of the building before and after it’s remodeling.

The cost effectiveness of using IPMVP depends on the building it is appliedto, and the function it is serving. The greater the size and the greater theenergy use per square foot, the greater the opportunity.

Some utilities may provide economics incentives for measurable energyreductions in buildings following IPMVP procedures.

It is possible that the EMCS will cover this credit.

Section through photovoltaic cell




4.3.1 Elimination of CFCs/HalonsLEED Materials Prerequisite #1 requires that there be no CFC refrigerantsand no halon fire suppression systems in new construction.

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and halons are known ozone-depletingsubstances. HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) are now substituted for CFCs,but they too are ozone-depleting substances. The United States contributesa lion’s share of the ozone depleting substances emitted around the world.Under the “Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer”,140 countries have phased out CFCs and halon, and have pledged to phaseout HCFCs entirely by the year 2030.

There are no CFC refrigerants or halon fire suppressant in this design. LEEDMaterials Credit #requires the elimination of CFCs, HCFCs, and Halon atnew mechanical equipment and building materials—see 4.3.19, 4.3.28,and 5.4.3.

4.3.2 Storage and Collection of RecyclablesLEED Materials Prerequisite #2 calls for a centralized location for thecollection and storage of sorted recyclable materials, including newspaper,glass, metal, plastic, organic waste, and dry waste. This measure diverts usablematerials from landfills, and provides materials for many future products.

The base design includes recycling bins at the service enclosure. To qualifyfor a LEED rating, documentation of campus recycling procedures may berequired.

4.3.3 Recycled Aggregate Base CourseSpecify recycled aggregate @ asphalt and walkway base courses per theGreenbook (Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction.)

In Southern California, recycled aggregate tends to be of better quality andcheaper than available native material. Many contractors prefer to work withrecycled aggregate; it tends to adhere to itself in a way that makes it moreworkable.

If the project site were big enough, the contractor could have crusheddemolished materials on site for reuse as aggregate. This method requiresadequate space for the machinery required.

This measure conserves virgin resources and diverts materials from landfills,and was implemented as a part of the base bid.

4.3.4 Recycled Glass in Concrete PavingUse recycled post-consumer glass to replace a portion of aggregate in concretepaving. This measure was implemented in the base design.



The process for incorporating recycled glass (hand seeded and floated on thesurface of the concrete, and then water blasted to expose the seeded material)takes greater skill and time than a standard broom finish. Since this is alreadyspecified for this job, there will be no schedule or cost impact.

This strategy conserves natural resources and diverts materials from the wastestream. A highly visible and beautiful material, this can be used as aneducational tool.

4.3.5 Recycled Glass MulchRecycled glass has been specified for use as mulch at interior courtyard andterrace planters. The glass specified matches that used in the concrete paving.

This strategy conserves natural resources and diverts materials from the wastestream. A highly visible material, this paving can be used as an educationaltool.

4.3.6 Recycled HDPE Porous PavingSpecify a porous paving system at occasional use vehicular surfaces; in thiscase the fire lane that runs between the Bren School and Engineering 1.Porous paving systems reduce runoff by allowing ground water to soak intothe ground through the pavers. In this case, a honeycomb paver systemmade of post-consumer plaster has been specified as part of the base design.

Other porous paving systems include cement unit pavers (up to 75%), porousasphalt, and decomposed granite.

This product should not take longer to install than a cement unit paversystem. The product itself is simply unrolled and so saves time and labor.Turf seeding and initial maintenance must be carefully done to ensure success.

This product allows infiltration of rainwater, and diverts water from thestormwater system. 100% post-consumer HDPE plastic is used in itsmanufacture. Recycled aggregate can be used as the base course.

4.3.7 Recycled Content Tree Grates100% post-consumer iron tree grates have been specified as a part of thebase design.

This is an example of market forces creating sustainable products. Themanufacturer of this product has found that iron from used car engine blocksand scrap iron yards is less expensive than virgin iron. This measure helps todivert material from the waste stream and reduce energy used in production.

4.3.8 Organic CompostOrganic compost within the planting medium has been specified as a partof the base design. Organic fertilizers have also been specified.

The native plant materials have a greater chance of survival and sustain long-term growth when a low percentage of organic composting materials andfertilizers are blended within the planting backfill mixture.

Porous paving made from 100% post-consumer recycled content



4.3.9 Recycled Content SteelRequire minimum recycled content at steel.

The North American steel industry annually recycles millions of tons ofsteel scrap from recycled cans, automobiles, appliances, constructionmaterials, and other steel products. This scrap is recycled to produce newsteel. The industry’s overall recycling rate is 64%. Every ton of steel recycledsaves 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal, and 120 pounds oflimestone. – Steel Recycling Institute. (This project has been estimated torequire 95 tons of structural steel. Given recycling rates, 150,000 pounds ofiron ore and 90,000 pounds of coal will be saved in the steel production)

Market forces have determined that steel commonly includes a high recycledcontent. Exact percentages are determined by the availability of post-consumersteel and by the manufacturing process used. Framing steel typically hasabout 28% recycled content, while structural shapes are commonly 98%recycled.

If a LEED rating is desired, the amount of recycled steel will help to achieveMaterials Credit #3. Therefore, the addendum requires the contractor todocument the recycled content of steel rebar, structural shapes, framing,decking, door frames, and miscellaneous steel items. In some cases, aminimum recycled content is specified.

4.3.10 Wood from Certified ForestsThe specifications currently require all trim and veneer hardwoods to becertified as having been harvested from sustainably managed forests. In thisdesign, maple trim and veneer are used at the colloquium room. Exteriorbenches will be made from ipe, a certified hardwood similar in quality toteak.

There are many wood products available that claim to be from sustainablemanaged forests. To be sure of the quality of that claim, certification by theForest Stewardship Council (FSC) is required. FSC focuses its review onthree areas: sustainability of the timber resource, maintenance of the forestecosystem, and socioeconomic benefits provided to the local and regionalcommunity.

FSC tracks products from harvesting through to the final production; this iscalled “chain-of-custody” certification. Very few wood products have receivedthis certification. By specifying FSC certified wood, demand is increased;helping to open up the market for sustainably harvested products.

The base bid calls for interior trim and veneer to be certified maple, grownin North America. Maple is, however, an increasingly overharvested wood: itwould be a good idea to consider alternate, lesser used species, as a changeorder. (This change was not possible as an addendum item – other woodswill cost more.)

Ecology: the wood used to make thesesite benches is sustainably harvested.Equity: Rather than exporting the rawmaterials elsewhere, the benches arefabricated at the source.Economy: these benches cost afraction of the ones originally specified.



Exterior benches were originally specified to be of teak. The specified Smithand Hawken benches were made of certified wood. However, it was decidedto specify a lesser known species in Addendum #1. Ipe is a tropical hardwoodgrown in Bolivia. The wood is processed and the benches manufacturedthere – providing for the social equity that is one of the goals of sustainabledevelopment. Ipe is similar to teak in durability and quality, with a lovelyreddish cast to the color.

4.3.11 Recycled Content Ceiling TileThe acoustical ceiling tiles specified in the base design include 69% recycledcontent, consisting of slag wool from steel mills, and newsprint. Otheringredients are perlite, an abundant naturally occurring mineral, and starchfrom agricultural sources. Some manufacturers (Armstrong) offer areclamation program, whereby they will remove and recycle used ceiling tileat the end of its life. (Because this is a public bid job, the reclamation programwas not required.)

The option of deleting ceilings altogether was considered – the less materialthe better. However, this would increase the volume of conditioned space:the environmental costs associated with increased energy usage outweighthe benefits of using fewer materials.

4.3.12 Recycled Content Asphalt PavingRecycled asphalt concrete can replace a percentage of virgin asphalt in pavingapplications. Recycled asphaltic concrete normally contains up to 15%reclaimed asphalt pavement but can go much higher in experimentalapplications.

The asphalt plant must be set up to produce recycled asphalt: separatestockpiles and feeders would be needed. According to a Santa Barbara plant,local plants are not yet set up for this but they expect to do so in the nextfew years as this process becomes standard. There is an initial setup cost toready a plant to produce recycled asphalt; however, this should be offset bythe lower cost of materials (50 to 75 cents less per ton).

This measure was implemented as an addendum. Recycled content wasspecified per the Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction(Green book) Sections 203-7, which allows up to 15% recycled content.

Use of recycled asphalt concrete conserves diminishing aggregate andpetroleum. It also reduces construction and demolition disposal, which arecurrently 28% of California’s waste stream.



4.3.13 Fly Ash Content at ConcreteReplace a percentage of cement in concrete with fly ash. Types C and F flyash from coal-fired power plants can be used to replace a portion of cementin concrete in most applications. Concrete made with fly ash is more workable,cures to a higher strength, and is less permeable. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag is a waste product of iron manufacture and may also partiallyreplace Portland cement. Cinder block uses fly ash for up to 100% of sandaggregate.

While fly ash has been specified in quantities of up to 70% of cement, mixessuch as these are still considered experimental. We have chosen to specify upto 30% fly ash at hardscape, 25% at structural foundations, and 20%elsewhere. Specifications were modified by addendum.

Local concrete ready-mix plants routinely use fly ash, so there should be nonegative schedule or methods impacts. In every case, maximum fly ashcontents only are given; this allows the contractor to use a quantity withwhich they are comfortable and familiar.

This strategy conserves natural resources, diverts material from the wastestream, and reduces energy used at CO

2 produced in cement production.

4.3.14 Mulch from Site Demo/TrimmingRequire the contractor to make mulch from the trees removed or trimmedin the work of this contract, rather than exporting the trees to landfills andimporting mulch. This measure diverts materials from the waste stream.

This measure would require the Contractor to find a place to store this site-manufactured mulch until it could be used. Rather than require the mulchto be reused specifically on this project, the University will undertake theeffort to use the mulch elsewhere on campus. When the project is ready toreceive mulch in the planting areas, the University will supply the mulchcreated from other locations on the campus. This would mean deleting fromthe project the mulch made from recycled wood products currently specified.

It is hoped that this effort will encourage similar methods at other campusprojects.

This measure has been implemented by addendum.

4.3.15 Recycled Content Trash ReceptaclesSpecify recycled content site trash receptacles.

The base design included precast concrete trash receptacles. High-recycledcontent precast trash receptacles have been specified by addendum. Themanufacturer of the precast concrete trash receptacles offers the option touse 93% post consumer recycled concrete in the manufacturing of newreceptacles

4.3.16 Certified Wood BenchesSee 4.3.10



4.3.17 Recycled Content Casework SubstrateBase design specifications call for plywood at architectural cabinetry caseworkand paneling, and for particleboard at laboratory casework. As an addendum,recycled content medium density fiberboard (MDF) replaces plywood, andrecycled content particleboard made from agricultural waste replacesparticleboard. Where possible, the substitute products use no urea-formaldehyde as binders, and so help to improve indoor air quality.

Plywood is specified for use at architectural casework substrate and at panelingin the base design. The use of virgin wood in the production of plywooddepletes a valuable natural resource. There are several products now availablethat incorporate agricultural waste or post-consumer goods, and that performas well as plywood. AllGreenMDF is made from 100% post-consumer waste,costs about half as much as plywood, and is locally manufactured (Riverside.)Medite and Medite II are made from sawmill waste, use no urea-formaldehyde, and are made in California. They cost more than standardMDF but considerably less than plywood. These two products have beenspecified for use in lieu of plywood at architectural casework.

Melamine liners are no longer called for at architectural casework. We PlainMDF provides a suitable finish that is arguably more attractive than thecustomary melamine.

Medium density particleboard is called for at laboratory casework. Someparticleboard manufacturers include virgin wood in their product, othersuse sawmill scraps. The addendum specifies compressed straw particleboard.It is estimated that 140 million tons of straw is produced annually in NorthAmerica, most of which is incinerated or plowed back into the soil. Thisincludes straw from wheat, rice, rye, oats, and barley . Manufacturers ofproducts such as Isobord and Wheatbord use finely chopped straw in a non-urea-formaldehyde binder (in this case methyl diisocyanate) to make aproduct that outperforms traditional particleboard and is competitive incost. Straw particleboard has been specified to replace medium densityparticleboard at laboratory casework.

4.3.18 Recycled Content Wall InsulationInsulation is one of the most important components of any environmentallyresponsible design because it reduces energy consumption and the resultantpollution. In this sense, any insulation is a “green” product.

This measure replaces fiberglass batt thermal and sound insulation withrecycled content mineral wool batt insulation, thus diverting material fromthe waste stream. This measure was implemented by addendum.

Mineral wool insulation has a much higher recycled content than does themore commonly used fiberglass batt insulation. The product specified forthe Bren School is made from 90% post-industrial blast furnace slag. Theprocess used to make mineral wool is virtually waste-free; all the scrap isreusable. The installed product also is recyclable. And the embodied energyis about half that of fiberglass.



Mineral wool insulation was the standard until the advent of fiberglass; it isa familiar and proven material. Mineral wool insulation has excellent fire-resistant capacities and is typically used for fire-safing. It has good insulationvalue, R=4 per inch. It is simple to install, and is sized to be press fit intotypical stud spacing. (It is actually more like a board, though it is called battinsulation.) Moreover, mineral wool has excellent acoustic properties.

Is some ways, mineral wool is similar to fiberglass. The International Agencyfor Research on Cancer (IARC) lists mineral wool as a possible carcinogen; itshould not be exposed to airstreams (in this design it is always enclosed). Itmay act as a sink for VOCs, again meaning that it must be enclosed. Bothproducts use phenol-formaldehyde (still less dangerous than urea-formaldehyde).

Spray-on cellulose insulation and cotton batt insulation were also considered.Cotton batt insulation is commonly used in low-toxicity buildings andrequires 25% as much energy to produce as fiberglass or mineral wool. Itwas not chosen for this project because of its cost (10% more) and becauseof concerns about fire-resistance. Sprayed cellulose insulation is made fromrecycled newspaper, mixed with a binder, and spray applied. Embodiedenergy is very low. Questions have been raised about the use of boron productsas a fire retardant; boron is a nonrenewable resource and a known toxin.Cellulose is not readily reusable, so it is usually consigned to incinerators orlandfills. While it decomposes easily, the borate and ammonium sulfate fireretardants remain, and eventually permeate the soil. Given these drawbacks,cellulose is still considered an environmentally friendly product. However,for reasons of constructability and cost, it was not chosen for this project.Had the question of insulation choice been considered early in design,different choices might have been made.

Estimated Embodied Energy of Various Insulation Materials

MaterialEmbodied Energy

in Btu/lbWeight per

insulating unit in lbs.Embodied Energy per insulating unit in Btu

Cellulose 750 0.812 600

Fiberglass 12,000 0.379 4,550

Mineral Wool 6,500 0.458 2,980

Polyisocyanurate 30,000 0.476 14,300

4.3.19 Delete Polyisocyanurate Roof InsulationPolyisocyanurate insulation (iso) has been deleted from the roofing systemand replaced with mineral wool batt insulation under the roof structure.

Polyisocyanurate board is a rigid foam insulation widely used in theconstruction industry. Iso contains 12-15% CFC-11, an ozone-depletingsubstance. It has no recycled content, is not recyclable, and has a highembodied energy.



Rigid fiberglass board contains no CFCs and is reportedly a good product,but is not readily available in North America. Atlas Roofing Co. is nowproducing an iso board that uses pentane instead of CFCs as a blowingagent. However, pentane is a VOC, so there are questions about pollutioncontrol during manufacture.

Mineral wool batt insulation can easily be installed with mechanical fastenersunder the roof deck. This is a standard system; the insulation has high recycledcontent (see 4.3.18) and is quite a bit cheaper than iso. This measure wasimplemented by addendum.

4.3.20 Steel instead of Aluminum Door FramesReplace interior aluminum door frames with painted steel door frames. Thismeasure reduces the use of natural resources and other environmental costsof aluminum production, and provides a more durable building element.

Most aluminum building products contain virgin material: althoughaluminum cans are recycled, most are made into new beverage containers. Amajor reason for the clearcutting of tropical rainforests is to gain access tobauxite mines. Bauxite is the material used to fabricate aluminum. Themanufacture of aluminum is water intensive and produces wastewatercontaminants such as aluminum, fluoride, nickel, cyanide, and antimony.

Aluminum, though aesthetically pleasing, is not as durable as steel. Aluminumdoor frames would dent easily, and are not easily repaired.

Painted hollow metal door frames typically include recycled content, (see4.3.9).

4.3.21 Recycled Content Ceramic TileProvide ceramic tile with recycled content. This measure helps to divertmaterials from the waste stream, and reduces the use of raw natural resourcesand the environmental degradation caused by mining.

By addendum, tile containing a minimum 55% recycled glass was specifiedwhere tile occurs (toilet rooms.) The glass is typically from postindustrialwaste, such as windshield and lightbulb manufacturing waste.

The products are competitive in cost, and the same in quality and constructionmethods as standard ceramic tile.

4.3.22 Recycled Content Carpet TileAs an addendum item, recycled carpet tile was specified at one office (4404)in lieu of VCT. For a discussion of VCT, see 4.3.30.



The carpet tile recommended, Earthsquare by Milliken, is the only carpetavailable that is actually reused rather than recycled carpet. Most carpetsthat advertise recycled content actually use most of their recycled content inthe backing; the face of the carpet is at least 90% virgin material. (This maychange, at least one other carpet manufacturer is now reusing carpet, and amajor chemical company is building a plant in North America to recyclecarpet yarn, see 4.3.37) For Earthsquare, used carpet is cleaned and dyed forreuse. This saves a considerable amount of energy in manufacturing.

When the carpet needs replacing, Milliken will recover it, free of charge, forreuse.

The intent of the addendum change is to make it easier to substitute carpettile at all offices in lieu of VCT. Because the carpet tile is in the bid, thecontractor will have priced it theoretically at a lower bid-phase price, ratherthan at a higher change order price.

While carpet is preferable to VCT, it does not last as long, requires moremaintenance, and is not as easily recycled as other recommended floor finishessuch as linoleum or rubber. Carpet also tends to harbor mold and othersources of poor indoor air quality.

4.3.23 Recycled Content Rubber FlooringBy addendum, recycled rubber flooring has been provided at InteractionArea 3328 , replacing VCT. It is a candidate for use at other areas currentlyshowing VCT.

The specified product, EcoEarth by Dodge-Regupol, is made from 100%post-consumer content recycled rubber, primarily tires and EPDM. Theproduct meets State of Washington’s VOC Requirements.

This product is much more resilient than VCT, making it far morecomfortable for long periods of standing. The installation process is similarto that of any sheet product. It requires several coats of sealer before use.

Recycled rubber flooring may also be used at labs, pending study of itsresistance to the chemicals that may be used.

Recycled rubber flooring has a higher initial cost than VCT, but a lower life-cycle cost when durability and maintenance are factored in.

4.3.24 LinoleumThe base design shows VCT at lab, corridor, and office floors. This measurewould replace VCT at lab and corridor floors with linoleum. A low or zero-VOC adhesive should be specified. Other substitutes for VCT at officeswould be carpet tile or recycled rubber flooring (see 4.3.22 and 4.3.23)



Linoleum is composed of organic materials - cork, linseed oil, wood flourand pine resin, with a jute or polyglass backing. Manufacture generates verylittle waste because nearly all manufacturing waste is recycled back into theproduct. Linoleum is biodegradable and may be shredded and composted.While it often has a distinctive odor, it emits no dangerous VOCs.

Unfortunately, linoleum is only made in Europe, because of low demand inthe United States: an undesirably large amount of energy is therefore spentin transportation.

While linoleum costs up to three times as much as VCT, it has a long life,typically lasting for 40 years or more, versus a life expectancy of 8-10 yearsfor VCT. It is much more resilient than VCT (which is not much moreresilient than exposed concrete.), and therefore more appropriate where theusers will be standing for long periods of time..

Linoleum can be maintained with a dry maintenance system and periodicbuffing. It does not require (and may be damaged by) the periodic wetmaintenance and refinishing that is typical on vinyl flooring. In areas wherethe linoleum is likely to come into contact with water and where aggressivemaintenance is expected, heat-welded seams should be specified.

As an addendum, linoleum has been specified at one lab (Fluid Mechanics1027), and a unit price requested as a part of the bid. Should the universitydecide to issue a change order to install linoleum at all labs and corridors, acost basis will already have been established. This measure counts towardLEED Credits M-C3 and IAQ-C6.

Sheet rubber flooring could also be considered as a replacement for VCT.This product is similar to linoleum in appearance, durability, and comfort.It costs less than linoleum and is made in the United States. It contains norecycled content but is recyclable.

4.3.25 Recycled Content Toilet PartitionsReplace stainless steel with recycled content plastic toilet and urinal partitions.This measure has been implemented as an addendum.

Single polymer plastic partitions have been specified, with a recycled contentof 90% post-consumer plastics. (Co-mingled plastic is also available, but isnot as durable.) This product diverts material from the wastestream, anduses fewer natural resources and energy in manufacture than the stainlesssteel it replaces. It is durable, available in a variety of colors, and is installedwith the same hardware and methods. Initial cost is considerably lower thanthat of stainless steel.

4.3.26 Recycled Content Acoustic Wall Panel FabricProvide recycled content fabric at colloquium room acoustic wall panels.Several fabrics are now available that are made from recycled soda bottles.Guilford of Maine makes a fabric is cost competitive with the number usedin the estimate. This material was specified by addendum.



Designtex also makes a recycled content fabric, at a slightly higher cost.This could be considered as a change order.

4.3.27 Construction Waste Management PlanThe contractor is required to recycle construction materials, and to documentthe process and results.

This measure drastically reduces the amount of waste materials going tolandfills, and reduces the depletion of natural resources. This measuretypically saves the contractor a fair amount of money, but requires up-frontplanning and training, and diligence throughout construction.

A construction waste management plan was specified in the base design. Byaddenda, the process was more fully described and sample plans included,in an effort to make implementation of this measure as straightforward andsimple as possible.

4.3.28 Elimination of CFCs, HCFCs, and HalonLEED Materials Credit #6 offers two credits. For one credit, CFCs, HCFCsand halon are eliminated from mechanical equipment and fire suppressionsystems. See 5.3.8 for further discussion. For the second credit, buildingmaterials that use CFCs or HCFCs are eliminated.

This measure reduces the amount of ozone depleting substances produced,and encourages manufacturers to develop alternate materials.

By addendum, all carpet pads and insulation that use CFCs or HCFCs weredeleted. See 4.3.19 for roof insulation.

4.3.29 Verify Centralized RecyclingSee 4.3.14

4.3.30 Delete all Vinyl Composite Tile (VCT)This measure would delete VCT where currently shown at labs, corridors,and offices. Vinyl composite tile is made from a number of hazardous chemicalsand petroleum-based resources, including ethylene dichloride andpolyvinylchloride (PVC). The manufacture of PVC results in the productionof highly toxic by-products, including dioxins, PCB’s and organochlorines.Substances known or suspected of causing cancer and disrupting immuneand reproductive systems are produced during the manufacture of vinylchlorides. Some European countries are implementing restrictions againstvinyl use and manufacture, and the EPA is reassessing dioxin.

VCT is generally not recycled, and usually ends up in landfills or incinerators.When VCT is incinerated, dioxins, metal chlorides, and hydrogen chlorideare released. Because of the heavy metals that remain after burning, theashes must be treated as hazardous waste. Standard VCT adhesive containsVOCs, thought some low VOC and zero-VOC products are available.

Several alternate materials are proposed to replace VCT, see 4.3.22, 4.3.23,and 4.3.24.

Average composition of theconstruction waste stream. Theimplementation of a construction wastemanagement plan can dramaticallyreduce the volume of materials going tolandfills.

Wood 27.4%Asphalt, concrete, dirt 23.3%Drywall 13.4%Roofing 12.0%Metal 8.8%Cardboard, paper 2.7%Miscellaneous mixed 11.9%



4.3.31 Resource ReuseLEED Materials Credit #2 requires the use of salvaged or refurbished materialsfor 5% of total building materials. Reuse of materials is an extremely effectiveway to mitigate the environmental damage caused by new construction.Materials are diverted from the waste stream, and less energy is expended inthe manufacture of new materials or recycling of old.

It can be difficult to specify resource reuse on a project of this size andbudget constraints; it is unlikely that the quantities of materials neededcould easily found, and extremely unlikely that they would not costsignificantly more than virgin or recycled materials.

The Bren School should consider using salvaged or refurbished materials forfurnishings.

4.3.32 Recycled ContentLEED Material Credit #3 awards up to two credits for the use of recycledcontent materials. This measure avoids the detrimental effects of extractingand manufacturing virgin resources, and it diverts materials from the wastestream.

Many of the recommended measures in this report have to do with usingrecycled materials. This is in part because there are so many good and cost-effective products available, and because at this late point in the design,materials substitutions are the measures least likely to cause untenable budgetand estimate impacts.

Recycled content is measured by post-consumer and post-industrial contentWe have attempted to achieve the level that brings one credit: 20% of buildingmaterials contain at least 20% post-consumer or 40% post-industrial recycledcontent. Quantities are calculated using the total estimated cost of thematerials alone, exclusive of labor, soft costs, and building system costs.

The research for this measure confirmed the effects the dwindling of virginmaterials sources has had on the market. Many materials, such as steel, arenow routinely recycled, for economic, not environmental reasons. Othermaterials, formerly waste products, have found use as building materials,including particleboard and linoleum, among others.

If the LEED rating is actively pursued, the contractor will be required toprovide proof that the minimum recycled content has been achieved.

4.3.33 Alternate ConcreteMitsubishi has offered to donate cement manufactured using sludge andtires instead of coal as fuel. The cement would be type 5 cement, replacingthe specified types 1, 2, and 3. The cement would be delivered to localreadymix plants as needed.



While the savings on material costs should be considerable ( a rough estimateputs the worth of total cement on the job at between $150,000 and$200,000), other factors would reduce that potential savings. Type 5 cement,while suitable in strength, takes longer to reach its required strength. Whilethe added time is probably only a few days per pour, it could adversely affectthe construction schedule and therefore cost.

Type 5 cement will not be allowable at architecturally exposed concrete, foraesthetic reasons.

This measure should be implemented as a change order.

4.3.34 Recycled Content CountertopsCurrently, countertops at the toilet rooms are specified to be a solid polymer,typically Corian. This measure would replace this virgin material productwith a recycled content product, and could be implemented as a changeorder.

Two products have been researched and appear suitable for this application.Syndecrete is a cement based, precast product that incorporates a variety ofrecycled goods from bottles to electronic components to plastic regrind. It isavailable in 11 standard solid colors, and a host of custom colors and patterns.The cost of the standard colors is competitive with that of Corian.

Ground glass waiting to be recycled



Vetrazzo makes a precast product that has a cement-based matrix with recycledglass aggregate, very similar in appearance to terrazzo. This product also iscompetitive with Corian.

Either of these products could provide an attractive and effective example tothe public of the possibilities of recycling everyday consumer goods. Theseproducts could be considered for use not only at the toilet rooms, whereCorian is currently specified, but also at more public spaces, such as theinteraction room or dean’s suite.

4.3.35 Alternatives to Wood VeneerThere is a number of intriguing alternatives to virgin wood available.

For a traditional wood appearance, consider using bamboo. This fast growingwood can be harvested in four years from planting. It has warm, pleasingcolor and grain, and is as hard as traditional flooring woods. It is producedlaminated, tongue and groove lumber, or on a flexible backing. It is costcompetitive. There would be a significant design cost to modify the existingdesign for bamboo.

Other alternatives include EcoColor, made by Architectural Forest Enterprisesin Northern California. EcoColors is a sheet product produced fromparticleboard made of recycled or certified fiber, or wheat straw, finishedwith water-based dyes and a zero-emission finishing process. The product isdurable and repairable. EcoColor might be a great teaching product. Thismaterial does not deceive: hardwood veneer and trim are typically designedto appear as solid wood, denying the substrate beneath. EcoColor looks likewhat it is – substrate. Some design work might be needed to incorporatethis product. A product similar to this might be used at interior wood doors.

The specified material, certified wood veneer over a recycled content substrate,is already fairly “green”. However, maple is a very popular wood and isoverharvested. It is worth considering other lesser known species of certifiedwoods.

4.3.36 Alternate Upholstery FabricSpecify DesignTex’s William McDonough fabric for use at colloquium roomfixed seating.

The new fabric is a blend of wool and ramie. The wool comes from free-ranging New Zealand sheep. Sheepfarmers are reducing adverseenvironmental impacts by addressing issues such as low-impact grazing andalternatives to the toxic “flea-dips” that sheep typically get. . Ramie is madefrom plant fibers. The ramie for this fabric is grown organically in thePhilippines. Work is underway to minimize any impacts from this process aswell.

Recycled glass countertop



Working with chemical giant Ciba-Geigy (the only chemical company willingto cooperate at the level they required), the designers identified only sixteenchemicals—from a list of 4,500—that met their environmental criteria. Usingthe sixteen approved chemicals, DesignTex is now able to produce everycolor except black. The resulting fabric is 100% biodegradable, according tothe company. The textile mill has contracted with local strawberry growersto use their scrap material as mulch, allowing the nutrients to return to soil.

4.3.37 Recycled Content CarpetUntil recently, recycled content in carpet has occurred primarily in thebacking or pad. Allied Signal is building a plant that will have the ability tomanufacture 100% post-consumer recycled content carpet yarn. It may beworth keeping an eye on the progress of this material, with the thought ifspecifying it as a change order. See 4.3.22.

4.3.38 Recycled Content SignageAs a change order, specify recycled content single polymer plastic at interiorand exterior signage. Select a material that requires no coatings or preservatives.There are a number of companies in California that make this product. Isshould be cost-competitive.

4.3.39 Construction Waste Management Plan - Second CreditAchieve a second point for LEED Materials Credit #4 by implementing anadvanced construction waste management plan. This would include therecycling of additional materials such as clean dimensional wood, plastic,glass, gypsum board and carpet. And the cost-effectiveness of recycling rigidfoam insulation, engineered wood products, and other materials must beevaluated.

While this would be considered additional work for the contractor, experienceshows that construction waste management usually saves money for thecontractor by reducing tipping fees. In addition, the required evaluationwould fit nicely with the idea of this project as a “building that teaches”.Data gained from the required cost evaluation could be published and soadd to the wider sustainable design discussion.

4.3.40 Use of Local MaterialsThis measure encourages the use of local materials. If a certain percentage ofbuilding materials are locally produces, one credit can be achieved (LEEDMaterials Credit #5). Use of local materials reduces the pollution caused bytransportation, and reduces use of fossil fuels.

Effort has been made to specify materials that are of local origin. Should theuser decide to apply for a LEED rating, documentation will be required.

100% biodegradable fabric




4.4.1 Fresh Air IntakesLEED IEQ Prerequisite #2 requires that ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 forminimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality be used in designing thebuilding systems, and that fresh air intakes be located away from exhaustsources.

Though it may be good design practice, often the air intake guidelines arenot followed. In some cases the fresh air intakes are located near loadingdocks or low to the ground along major streets, which can lead to noxiouschemicals to entry a building’s air supply.

The Bren Hall design was wind tunnel tested early in the design process toensure that not only the Bren School, but also adjacent buildings, will notentrain noxious fumes.

4.4.2 Smoking BanLEED Prerequisite #3 requires that smoking be prohibited in all areas of thebuilding. This would include banning smoking during construction, andsmoking in close proximity to the building’s air intakes. Smoking isdetrimental not only to the health of the smoker, but to those around.Smoking indoors contributes to poor air quality and decreases the useful lifeof furnishings.

It is illegal to smoke in public buildings in California.

It is highly recommended that smoking be banned on the site duringconstruction.

4.4.3 Thermal ComfortLEED IEQ Prerequisite #4 requires that the building systems design complywith ASHRAE Standard 55-1992.

The indoor air quality at the Bren School will be improved by natural ventilation



Any building meeting the minimum requirements of California’s Title 24will meet the requirements of this ASHRAE standard. This standard coversthe requirements for what temperature ranges a building must be controlledto in order to keep people comfortable inside. The requirements varydepending on what the building’s function is. Offices have a tighter range oftemperature control than homes do, and homes a tighter range thanwarehouses do. The standard also regulates the amount of fresh air requiredto keep the air from becoming stale, and the amount of moisture required inthe conditioning air to prevent people from feeling uncomfortable.

4.4.4 IAQ Construction Management PlanProvide an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Construction Management Plan tomeet LEED IAQ Credit #1. This measure requires the protection of theventilation system equipment and ducts during construction, or the cleaningof system components exposed to contamination during construction. Thismeasure ensures that the HVAC system will not be contaminated duringconstruction.

This measure has been included in the base design. See 4.4.11 for a discussionof enhanced IAQ management to achieve a second LEED credit.

4.4.5 Chemical Storage Area DesignLEED Credit #4 requires that all housekeeping chemical storage and mixingareas are secure, are plumbed for water and drainage, are at negative airpressure, and have separate outside venting. This has been provided as a partof the base design.

Because this is a lab building, designed for toxic chemical use, carefulattention has been paid to the protection of indoor environmental quality.Offices and labs are on separate air circulation systems. Chemicals aresegregated and vented using storage cabinets and hoods. Janitor closets arelocked, plumbed, and exhausted using negative pressure.

4.4.6 Use of Low VOC MaterialsLEED IEQ Credit #2 requires that adhesives, architectural sealants, andpaints and coatings comply with specified standards, as specified by theSouth Coast Air Quality Management District, the Bay Area Resources Board,and the New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection. If twoof the above are met, one credit is achieved; two credits are available formeeting all three.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds that contributeto air pollution inside and out.

Materials specified in the base design certainly meet the Californiarequirements, for one credit. During the LEED application process,compliance with the New Jersey requirements can be verified.



4.4.7 Urea-Formaldehyde-Free Substrate @ VeneerSpecify urea-formaldehyde free substrates at casework and veneer, see 4.3.17.This measure has been included in the addenda.

Used as a binder in most wood substrates, Formaldehyde is considered aprobable carcinogen even at low levels. In the last decade, the amount offormaldehyde used has decreased considerably; current particleboardproducts have 80 to 90 percent lower emissions than they did ten years ago.Alternate binders are now available, often in combination with recycledmaterials.

4.4.8 Reduced VOCs @ CarpetSpecify carpet that meets either the State of Washington’s guidelines, or theCarpet and Rug Institute’s “green label” requirements. These set standardsfor total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), styrene, 4-PC (4phenylcyclohexene), and formaldehyde. This measure has been included byaddendum.

Consider adhesive-free fastening systems. This is worth considering as achange order.

4.4.9 Architectural EntrywaysPermanent architectural entryway systems installed at major entryways candramatically reduce the amount of dirt and other contaminants brought into the building. Mats, made of 100% post-consumer content HDPE with atextile insert, placed in a slab depression, will be installed at the three mainlab entryways on the first floor. The grill can easily be rolled back for cleaning.

The goal of this measure is to reduce indoor air contaminants. It is estimatedthat 85% of soil ant particles that must be cleaned from buildings is trackedin via entryways. Grills capture much of this dirt, reducing the need forcleaning, and thus the indoor air contaminants that can result from the useof cleaning products. Reducing cleaning frequency can reduce the moneyspent on cleaning costs.

This measure is inexpensive, a conservative estimate is $500 per entryway,and has been implemented as a bid addenda.

4.4.10 Enhanced IAQ Construction Management PlanFor a second credit under LEED IEQ Credit #1, reduce constructioncontaminants in the building prior to occupancy and provide a minimum of85% filtration if the return side of the HVAC system is used duringconstruction.

This measure could be implemented as a change order. Temporary ventilationwould be required as a part of the general Conditions. 100% outside airventilation with air exhausted directly outside during the installation offinishes and other VOC emitting materials would be required. Separate filterswould be required during construction, and would be replaced prior tooccupancy.



This measure would go a long way towards ensuring the building’s indoorenvironmental quality, but could cost a considerable amount. The costassociated with implementing the LEED requirements for enhanced IAQconstruction management makes this measure difficult to recommend.

4.4.11 Duct InsulationSpecify duct insulation to occur at the exterior of ducts, rather than as lining.This measure avoids the airborne fiberglass and microbial contaminationthat may occur with the installation of insulation at the interior of ducts.Where the void between suspended ceiling tiles and structure is used as aplenum, verify that all fibrous or soft insulation materials are encapsulated.

This measure may be worth considering as a change order, but may haveconsiderable design and construction cost implications.

4.4.12 Permanent Air Monitoring SystemInstall a permanent air monitoring system to achieve LEED IEQ Credit #3.The system would monitor supply and return air and ambient air at freshair intakes for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total volatile organiccompounds (TVOC’s), and particulates. This measure would enable theowner to quickly detect problems, and ensures a consistent high standard ofindoor air quality.

It may be worth investigating this recommendation.




4.5.1 Water ConservationLEED Water Prerequisite #1 requires that the project design meet thePlumbing Fixture Requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. This actimposes water conservation standards for water closets, showerheads, andfaucets that should save the U.S. 6.5 billion gallons of water per day. Thisreduces the pressure on the streams, rivers, and aquifers that provide potablewater.

This measure was written for renovation projects; the intent is that existingfixtures be replaced with newer, water conserving models. However, as thisreport is being written, a bill is being considered by the US House ofRepresentatives that would repeal the water conservation requirements ofthe Energy Policy Act of 1992. Oddly enough, Bill H.R. 623 is not supportedby either the plumbing fixtures industry or the National Association of HomeBuilders.

4.5.2 Lead in Drinking WaterThe amount of lead allowed in drinking water is highly regulated in Californiaand exceeds EPA requirements.

One way that lead can get into the drinking water of a building is if theplumbing contractor allows the use of lead based solder in copper piping.Though allowed in the past, this practice now is illegal in California and isgenerally not a problem with most contractors. In the past lead piping wasused in plumbing, but its use has been banned for many years.

Buildings using copper plumbing and built before 1986 may have highcontent lead solder in them. Buildings built before 1930 may have leadpiping or components in their plumbing systems. Disreputable contractorsor building owners may have used banned materials after they were banned.

Building rehabs require a listing of all materials used in the plumbing system,not from old design drawings, but from direct observation. Testing of thewater for lead is also required. Any sources in the plumbing system found tocontribute to high lead levels must be removed, replaced or bypassed. Thecost associated with reducing lead levels in existing buildings varies widelyfrom project to project.

4.5.3 Reclaimed Water at IrrigationLEED Credit #2 requires the installation of gray-water systems to reclaimnon-sewage wastewater and ground water. The reclaimed water can be usedto flush toilets and irrigate landscape. The intent is to reduce the demandfor potable water and so reduce the strain on potable sources such as streams,rivers, and aquifers.

The United States uses 5 billiongallons of water per day flushingtoilets. Annually, 1.4 billion poundsof nitrogen, 456 million pounds ofpotassium, and 194 million pounds ofphosphorus are flushed down our toiletswith the water. Sewage treatment plantstry, with only moderate success, toremove those nutrients, then use 1.2billion pounds of chlorine to �purify�the water.



The base design includes the use of reclaimed water for irrigation purposes.Reclaimed water is supplied by the Goleta Water District and utilizedthroughout the campus landscape. Planters at the second and third floorsuse potable water: the pressure at the reclaimed water is not sufficient toprovide water above ground level.

This measure should count toward the LEED credit. See 4.5.10 for therecommendation to provide reclaimed water for use at toilet rooms

4.5.4 Water Conserving Cooling TowersLEED Water Credit #3 requires the installation of delimiters at coolingtower to reduce drift and evaporation. A delimeter is included in the induced-draft type cooling tower specified.

4.5.5 Water-Efficient LandscapingLEED Water Credit #4 requires that plants are tolerant of the local climate,soil, and water availability, and that municipal potable water not be requiredafter establishment.

All of the trees and shrubs specified on the plans in the base design areeither native or drought-tolerant plant species. After a period of establishment,plants at ground level should not normally require additional water. Plantsat the second and third floor terraces, because they are in a raised plantercondition, may need periodic watering. During periods of extensive drought,additional water may be needed at all landscaping to sustain growth.

The plant material as specified is comprised of native and drought-tolerantplant species, except for the turf lawn. The designers were directed by theUniversity to provide a lawn area across from the Engineering 1 Building.WRT has specified a low-water demand lawn species, but, as with all lawnareas, supplemental irrigation will be required to sustain growth. We areunaware of any lawn substitute that can be specified in lieu of the turf thatwill meet the performance requirements of durability, drought tolerance,and green aesthetics.

Plants at the ground level do not receive municipal potable water. It may beworth considering adding a pump to force reclaimed water to the secondand third floor. It may be possible to share a pump with the toilet watersystem, if reclaimed water is to be used at the second and third floor toiletrooms. Further studies may need to be performed to analyze whether thismay be feasible, considering the amount of potential harmful salts and metalsthat would exist in an enclosed planter condition.

To ensure that the irrigation system is correctly understood and used, aseparate irrigation manual under separate cover will be provided to the BrenSchool and Facilities Management as a part of the work of this report, see4.5.8.

The native California plants used inBren Hall landscaping are droughtresistant and provide native fauna ahabitat.



4.5.6 Surface Runoff FiltrationLEED Water Credit #5 calls for oil-grit separators or water quality ponds tobe installed at surface parking. Oil grit separators are included in the basedesign.

The purpose of this measure is to reduce the contaminant level contained inparking lot runoff such as oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, andtire material. These materials can contaminate streams and other bodies ofwater.

4.5.7 Pervious paving at firelaneSee 4.3.6

4.5.8 Irrigation operations manualAn irrigation operation manual will be supplied to the university underseparate cover from this report. It will outline specific irrigation practicesthat will need to be performed to heel-in and sustain the plant growth of thenative and drought-tolerant plant materials. The manual will indicateproposed methods of watering, time of duration, application rates, soilpermeability, rain day applications, etc.

4.5.9 Automatic flush valves at toilet room fixturesAutomatic flush valves at all of the toilet room fixtures have the duel benefitsof reducing water use and increasing sanitation. This measure can beimplemented as a change order for approximately. $

3,000.

4.5.10 Footpedals at lab sinksProvide footpedals at lab sinks to control water flow. This measure can reducewater use by allowing greater control of water flow when both hands arebusy, and by making it hard to leave water flowing when one is not standingat the sink. This measure is commonly implemented in laboratories. Theuser should consider whether this is desirable. This could be implementedas a change order.

4.5.11 Reclaimed Water at Toilets, UrinalsReclaimed water can be used at toilets and urinals, thereby conserving potablewater. Implementing this item requires additional piping and pumps. Theestimate to implement this measure for the whole building is $12,000, andcan be done as a change order.



4.5 Improving the Design Process

LEED Designer Bonus Credit #1 can be achieved by including on the design teamat least one person who has satisfactorily completed a certified training course.

It is probable that the design team will include one certified designer.



5. ADDITIONAL MEASURES


5.1.1 Landscaping/Exterior Design to Reduce Heat islands � second creditLEED Site Credit # 2 offers two credits, of which the project has attainedone. The second credit would require that high-albedo materials be used onat least 80% of non-parking impervious surfaces (walkways, plazas, etc.)The current design uses concrete at all hardscape, i.e. concrete plazas,sidewalks, paving, etc. Concrete typically has a reflectance factor of 0.3. Toachieve higher, gravel or perhaps decomposed granite would be required.Given accessibility and maintenance issues, this measure was deemedinadvisable for this project. Instead, every effort was made to provide treesand high-albedo materials at exterior surfaces where the function and beautyof the design would not be compromised.

5.1.2 Alternate Roofing SystemAn alternative to the built-up roofing with white cap sheet or white gravelcurrently specified would be to install a different roofing system altogether,as a change order. Many types of roof surfaces are available in white color.These include:

· Hypalon: Any roofing system, membrane that contains hypalon and isavailable in a white reflective color.

· EPDM: Any roofing system containing EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-terpolymer Membrane) which is available in a white reflectivecolor.

· PVC: Any roofing system, membrane that contains PVC (Poly-VinylChloride) and is available in a white reflective color.

· Modified Bitumen: Any modified bitumen roofing system that is availablein a white reflective color.

· Metal: Any metal roof that is available with a white reflective finish.· Coatings and Paints: White coatings (elastomeric and ceramic) and white

paints for various roofing types.· Shingles: Any asphalt shingle that is available in white. Note that most

“white” asphalt shingles are not very reflective and will not meet the0.75 reflectance requirement. Check with the manufacturer.

· Tiles: Any ceramic or clay tile that can come in white and/or is barrelshaped. Many “white” tiles will also fail to meet the reflectancerequirement.

For more information, see “Highly-Reflective Low-Slope Roofs”, http://www.ornl.gov/roofs+walls/roof/coatings.html.



5.1.3 Infill DevelopmentLEED Site Credit #3 requires that new construction be built in areas withan existing development density of 100,000 square feet per acre. This measureseeks to alleviate the damage cause by placing new construction in openspace away from urban cores; increased reliance on transportation, loss ofagricultural land and wildlife habitat, increased cost of infrastructure areavoided.

Although this project is replacing parking lots, and so is not destroyingwildlife habitat or agricultural land, it does not meet the density requirementfor this credit.

5.1.4 Reduced Habitat DisturbanceLEED Site Credit #4 requires that the project’s footprint be reduced toexceed the local zoning’s open space requirement for the site by 25%. Limitingsite coverage allows more room for wildlife and plant habitats and increasesuser well-being.

The site and its associated improvements cannot be classified as a restored“habitat” as discussed in the USGBC literature. Normally, habitats andcorridors are defined as self-sustaining environments, and are usually measuredin acres or miles. We are really pushing the envelope here to consider oursmall site as a specialized, stand-alone ecosystem, or as part of an overallecological corridor or system that is entwined within the campus framework.We are, however, implementing a plan to preserve significant existing treeson the ESM site.




5.2.1 Radiant Slab Heating for OfficesHot water pipes in the floor slab rather than the baseboard radiators coulddeliver heating to the offices. Advantages are greater comfort due to theradiant affect from the floor, energy savings due to potential for lower thethermostat setpoint while maintaining equal comfort, and lower heat lossthrough open windows. Another advantage is slightly increased usable floorspace due to elimination of the baseboard heater. The radiant slab would bemost effective with an exposed concrete floor rather than carpet. And anexposed floor provides additional energy benefits by improving passive solarheating and passive cooling performance (which is important in theseuncooled rooms).

It is not feasible to implement this measure at this stage in the project.

5.2.2 Glazing and/or Shading DevicesImprove comfort in uncooled offices by controlling solar gain with highperformance glazing and/or shading devices. It has been determined thatthis measure would be prohibitively expensive and difficult to implement atthis stage. See 4.1.6 and 4.2.18.

Many of the uncooled offices may be uncomfortably hot due to the unshadedglazing. This seems most likely to be a problem on the west-facing fourthfloor offices. We support avoiding air conditioning where it is not absolutelynecessary, but these spaces should probably be provided with solar gaincontrol to improve comfort. There are several options, and a combination islikely to be most effective.

· Replace single-pane tinted glazing with a dual pane spectrally selectiveglazing. These coated glazings can reduce heat gain by 60% comparedto clear glass while cutting visible light transmittance by only 20% andmaintaining neutral color. They also dramatically reduce heat loss duringwinter and maintain a moderate indoor surface temperature to providebetter comfort.

· Provide shading using overhangs or sidefins. This option helpssignificantly, but does not help in late afternoon.

· Operable exterior shades, such as louvers, shutters or roller blinds aremuch more effective than indoor shades at controlling heat gain.

· If interior shades are used for solar control, then they must be highlyreflective (white) to reflect as much heat as possible.

5.2.3 Waste Heat Recovery SystemLEED Energy Credit #3 requires that 20% of total waste heat be capturedfor use in preheating water or incoming air. The purpose is to reduce energyuse and thus the environmental burden associated with energy production.

Given the mild climate, this building’s HVAC systems will most often beusing outside air as is. This measure is therefore not appropriate to thisdesign.




5.3.1 Rubberized Asphalt PavingSpecify rubberized asphalt in lieu of standard asphalt. There are no directimpacts on design as a result of this strategy. Rubberized asphalt can be laidin a thinner section than conventional asphalt and can reduce road noise.Rubberized asphalt costs significantly more than conventional asphalt, andis difficult to work where tight corners and seaming with existing asphalt arerequired. It is not suitable to this project.

The environmental benefits of rubberized asphalt include: reduced scraptire disposal, and less material (asphalt, aggregate, etc.) used becauserubberized asphalt can be used in thinner sections to achieve performancethat is equivalent to conventional asphalt.

5.3.2 Replace Exterior Painted Steel with Stainless SteelThis project specifies painted galvanized steel at exterior surfaces. This processworks well, when done correctly.

An alternate method would be to use stainless steel. The goal would be toimprove durability and maintainability. Stainless steel would probably costfour times as much as painted galvanized steel. In addition, at exterior marineconditions it is desirable to use high-grade 316 steel. Standard grade stainlesssteel can corrode because of the fabrication process: it is easy to contaminatethe stainless steel with regular steel via fabrication tools, in which case rustcan occur. 316 steel does not have this problem but can cost 1.25´ as muchas standard steel.

It may be worth considering using aliphatic paint in lieu of galvanized steelwith alkyd paint. Because there will be a considerable amount of on sitefabrication in this project, galvanized paint will have to be reapplied at manyareas. In addition, the galvanized surface must be carefully prepped beforepainting. To ensure the protection of the steel, it would probably be moreeffective to use aliphatic paint only, which is applied after fabrication, onsite. This process provides a durable finish, and is less susceptible toconstruction error than painted galvanized steel, and is less costly than high-grade stainless steel.

5.3.3 Recycled Content Drain PipeRequire all HDPE pipe to contain recycled content.

HDPE is an environmentally expensive product, not easily recycled andinvolving toxic processes in the manufacture.

There are several companies on the East Coast that manufacture a highrecycled content (97 %) HDPE pipe; these companies do not ship toCalifornia. Local manufacturers say they cannot use recycled content in drainpipes of the size required, that the product would not meet ASTM andAASHTO standards. However, the East Coast product does meet thosestandards.



This may be representative of a typical situation; the building industry as awhole is reluctant to change the status quo. As some manufacturers andbuilders forge ahead and make changes to better implement sustainablevalues, others initially balk and eventually catch up. Constant vigilance isneeded to keep up with the changes; practices that were universally agreedto be impossible today will be standard tomorrow. Thus market forces canbe used to further sustainable design.

As an addendum, the local product that does contain some recycled HDPEhas been added to the specifications, as has wording requiring the maximumpossible recycled content allowed by ASTM.

5.3.4 Recycled Plastic Site BenchesRecycled plastic wood benches were considered in lieu of certified wood.Plastic wood is a great product in many ways: it is made of 100% postconsumer plastic, is strong and durable, and requires no maintenance.However, there is an unfortunate tendency to try to mimic the appearanceof wood when making plastic lumber products. This leads the user to expectthe warmth and softness of wood when touching the product – when in factthe product has an unpleasant slippery hardness to it. For this reason, plasticlumber benches are not recommended.

Instead, wood benches from a certified “Lesser Known Species” were specifiedby addenda, see 4.3.15.




5.4.1 Recycled Content @ Acoustic Panel SubstrateThe acoustic wall panels have rigid fiberglass substrate. There is a mineralwool substrate product available, which would provide a higher recycledcontent. However, the mineral wool product is not acoustically inferior andtherefore nor recommended.

5.4.2 Exposed Concrete in lieu of VCTThis measure would delete VCT currently shown at labs, corridors, andoffices. No other finish would be used.

Obviously the best way to conserve resources is to use fewer resources. Thismeasure avoids the environmental hazards that come with the various floorfinishes listed in this document. Exposed concrete could be stained orintegrally colored, and sealed, for an aesthetically pleasing, durable, andcleanable surface.

This measure was not pursued because the users felt that it would beundesirable to have such a hard and noisy surface in the labs and corridors.

5.4.3 Elimination of CFCs, HCFCs and Halon at Mechanical EquipmentLEED Materials Credit #6 calls for the elimination of CFCs, HCFCs andHalon at new mechanical equipment. CFCs and Halon have already beenphased out in the US, and have typically been replaced by HCFCs, whichare less environmentally damaging. However, these are still ozone-depletingmaterials, and will be phased out by the year 2030, under the “MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.”

HCFC-free mechanical equipment is not yet available in the United States.

5.4.4 Occupant RecyclingLEED Material Credit #7 requires “a mechanical system that allows for floorto floor transportation and sorting of newspaper, glass, metals, plastics, organicwaste, and dry waste for recycling and disposal in the ground floor of thebuilding other than by labor.” Typically, this would mean installing chutes.

The University provides for the hauling of recycled materials by hand, andencourages awareness of the values of recycling, reuse, and waste reduction.Although this means that in spirit this credit can be achieved, the wordingexplicitly requires mechanical rather than manual sorting.

5.4.5 Elimination/Control of AsbestosLEED IEQ Prerequisite #1 requires the elimination and control of asbestos.This measure applies to existing buildings, and is not applicable to thisproject.




5.5.1 Surface Runoff ReductionIn order to meet the criteria of providing 50% pervious paving materials ofall non-landscaped areas (i.e. roadways, parking lots, plazas, courtyards,walkways, etc.) a total of approximately 36,000 SF of pervious pavementsurfaces would have to be provided. Substantial design changes would haveto be implemented to earn credit for this measure. For example, if allimpervious concrete surfaces were changed to pervious decomposed granite,the design would still be deficient 9,000 SF of 50% pervious paving surfaces.Part of the parking lot would also have to be changed to meet this measure.

Aesthetic and functional issues need to be considered here. Decomposedgranite walkways can result in increased indoor maintenance, because of theadded dirt and sand that would be tracked into the building. Decomposedgranite may not be considered accessible, as cement unit pavers certainlywould not be.

Typically, the design strategies for reducing surface runoff are implementedin seldom used or in “overflow” parking situations. It would seem that thescale of the project, the intensity of use, and number of students using theESM would warrant that this site would not be ideal for pursuing credit forthis measure.

5.5.2 Pervious PavingInstall asphalt paving with a large aggregate to provide drainage. This methodis inappropriate to this project because of the rock shelf that exists 8 to 12feet below the surface. Water can collect under the paving; pervious pavingis especially susceptible to damage by standing water.

5.5.3 Biological Waste TreatmentInstall an on-site biological waste water treatment system. This measureshould be included in the design from the beginning.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Allard, Francis; Natural Ventilation in Buildings, A Design Hndbook; James andJames, London, 1998

American Institute of Architects, The; Environmental Resource Guide; John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 1996.

Anink, David, Chiel Boonstra, John Mak, Handbook of Sustainable Building. AnEnvironmental Preference Method for Selection of Materials for Use inConstruction and Refurbishment; James & James, London, UK 1998.

Barnett, Dianne Lopez and William D. Browning; A Primer on SustainableBuilding; Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995.

Browning, William D., Maureen Cureter, L. Hunter Levins, Lisa McManigal,Jennifer L. Uncapter, Alex Wilson; Green Development; Integrating Ecologyand Real Estate; John Wiley and Sons, 1998.

California Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Waste ManagementBoard; Designing With Vision... A Technical Manual for Material Choices inSustainable Construction; April 1999.

CIB TG-8 International Research Workshop; Linking & Prioritizing EnvironmentalCriteria; Toronto, Canada, Nov. 15th – 16th, 1995.

E Build, Inc. and What’s Working; Environmental Building News and ProductCatalog; Green Building Resource; 1998.

Gtek; Greening of the California Environmental Protection Agency HeadquartersBuilding; July 30, 1998.

Kalin Associates, Inc.; Greenspec Specifications for Environmental Sustainability;1996.

Meadows, Dr., and Ross Spiegel; Green Building Materials, A Guide to ProductSelection and Specifications; John Wiley and Sons, 1999.

Public Technology, Inc. and U.S. Green Building Council; Sustainable BuildingTechnical Manual; Green Building Design, Construction, and Operations,1996.

Santamouris, M and D. Asimakopoulos; Passive Cooling of Buildings, James andJames, London, 1997

Triangle J Council of Governments; Waste Spec Model Specifications for ConstructionWaste Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling; July 1995.



U.S. Green Building Council; LEED Reference Guide: Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental Design Green Building Rating System, Pilot Version 1.0;January 1999.

Articles

Braungart, Michael and William McDonough; “The NEXT IndustrialRevolution”, The Atlantic Monthly; October 1998

Cole, Raymond J.; “Toward Sustainability: Unknown Destinations andUnchartered Paths”; Architecture California; Volume 18, Number 1,Summer 1996.

Environmental Building News;“Paving with Grass”; Vol. 3, No. 4“Formaldehyde-free Interior-grade MDF”; Vol. 1, No. 1“Straw-based Particleboard”; Vol. 6, No. 3.“Veneered Panels from Well-Managed Forests”; Vol. 4, No. 2“Wet-spray Cellulose; Vol. 1, No. 1“Move Over, Fiberglass?”; Vol. 3, No. 3“Environ: a New Age Biocomposite”; Vol. 4, No. 3“The William McDonough Fabric Collection”; Vol. 4, No. 6“Recycled PET Workstation fabric from Design Tex”; Vol. 6, No. 4.“Big Savings from Waterless Urinal”; Vol. 7, No. 2“Pedal Controls Save Waer, Time”; Vol. 8, No. 6, June 1999“Rigid Foam Insulation and the Environment”; Vol. 1, No. 1, July/August1992“Cellulose Insulation”; Vol. 2, No. 5, Sept./Oct. 1993“Insulation Materials: Environmental Comparisons”; Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1995“Protecting Trees and the Immediate Environment During Sitework”;July/Aug. 1992“Steel or Wood Framing: Which Way Should We Go?”; Vol. 3, No. 4,July/Aug. 1994.“Daylighting: Energy and Productivity Benefits”; Vol. 8, No. 9, Sept.1999.“True Closed Loop Recycling for Nylon”

McDonough, William; “Environmentally Intelligent Textiles,” 1995.

Olberg, Diane; “Weird and Wonderful Woods – Lesser-known Wood Species OfferNew Design Choices”; IS Magazine; EDJ 1999.

Romm, Joseph J. and William D. Browning; “Greening the Building and TheBottom Line, Increasing Productivity Through Energy Efficient Design”;Rocky Mountain Institute, 1994.

Swezey, Blair G., and Yih-huei Wan; “The True Cost of Renewables: An AnalyticResponse to the Coal Industry’s Attack on Renewable Energy,” NationalRenewal Energy Laboratory Report.



Watson, Donald; “The Roots and Fruits of a Design Paradigm”, ACSA Proceedings83rd Annual Meeting, 1995

Wilson, Alex, and Nadav Malin; “Establishing Priorities with Green Building”;Architecture California; Volume 18, Number 1, Summer 1996.

Other Resources

CREST, Design Harmony Inc., Ebuild Inc; Green Building Advisor Interactive CD-ROM, 1999.

Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum (HOK); Database for Healthy and SustainableBuilding Materials Issues and Recommendations; www.hok.com.

Rocky Mountain Institute; Green Developments CD-ROM; Version 1.0, 1992.



CREDITS

Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & ManagementJeff DozierMo Lovegreen

Zimmer Gunsul Frasca PartnershipLisa Fay Matthiessen

Eley AssociatesJeff Stein

Flack and Kurtz Consulting EngineersTodd See

Wallace Roberts & ToddDavid Gal



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Steve AdamsZimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

Hazel BlankenshipDirector of DevelopmentBren School

Donald BrenChairman of the BoardThe Irvine Company

Mike BusheySouthern California Edison

Chris ConawayZimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

Logan CravensZimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

Prof. Maureen CropperProfessorUniversity of MarylandDepartment of Economics

Jeff DaikerZimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

Huston EubanksRocky Mountain Institute

Mark de la GarzaPresidentWatershed Environmental

Monica FlorianSenior Vice President, Corporate AffairsThe Irvine Company

Gary FlamCalifornia Energy Commission

S. David FreemanGeneral ManagerLos Angeles Department of Water andPower

Jim FrewAssistant ProfessorBren School

John G. GaramendiPrincipalYucaipa Companies

The Green Building CommitteeSanta Barbara, CA

George HansonSouthern California Edison

Patricia HoldenAssistant ProfessorBren School

Gary HuntExecutive Vice PresidentThe Irvine Company

Arturo KellerAssistant ProfessorBren School

Lee KilbournZimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

Tachi KiuchiManaging DirectorMitsubishi

Henry LauSouthern California Edison

Randy LeachZimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

Gary MattesonAssociate DirectorEnergy & UtilitiesUC Office of the President

John MelackProfessorBren School



Prof. Jean-Bernard MinsterProfessor and DirectorUniversity of CaliforniaInstitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics

Rick MullerIntegrated Waste Management Board

Ilene NagelExecutive Vice ChancellorUCSB

Teresa ParsleyEnvironmental Protection Agency

Dr. Jack PeltasonProfessor EmeritusUniversity of CaliforniaDepartment of Politics and Society

Dr. Claude PonceletManager, Environmental AffairsPacific Gas and Electric

David RoeAttorneyEnvironmental Defense Fund

Nick RollinsProject ManagerUCSB

Santa Barbara County Innovative Building Review Committee

Steve WangPenfield and Smith

Doug WheelerAttorneyHogan & Hartson LLP

Henry T. YangChancellorUCSB

The Greening of Bren Hall

Documents

Transcript of The Greening of Bren Hall