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THE GREEN REVOLUTION Defining the Green Revolution Walt Parks UGA Crop & Soil Science http://wparks.myweb.uga.edu/ppt/green/index. htm

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The Green Revolution: Criticisms http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg Sources:

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Criticisms of the Green Revolution Food Insecurity of poor not addressed Cash Crops: food flows from the poor and hungry nations to the rich and well-fed nations Green Revolution not sustainable destroys resource base on which agriculture depends

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Example: India Self-sufficient in grain due to Green Revolution But 1/3 of people poor 5,000 children die each day Poor cannot afford to BUY the food India

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Criticisms of the Green Revolution Early, poor had little access to credit Could not buy seeds, fertilizer, irrigation to make Green Revolution work Wealthy invested, got richer, drove out poor Now, more emphasis on loans for poor

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There are still problems Need good land (wealthy own) Agrochemicals bad for health, environment Expensive inputs: profits to global chemical companies Rural people displaced from land Mechanization reduces agricultural jobs Not ecologically sustainable: depletes soil, pesticide race

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Farm Squeeze Fertilizer use increases by huge amount Yields do not increase proportionally India: 6x rise in fertilizer use but 2/3 less production/ton fertilizer Need more fertilizer, pesticide each year for same result Thus cost go up faster than yields: cost-price squeeze

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Farm Squeeze U.S. true home of Green Revolution Yields up 3x but prices down To survive, must expand acreage to make up for lower per acre profit.

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U.S. Farm Squeeze Since WWII number of farms decreased 2/3 average farm size up rural communities gutted production costs up from 50% of gross to 80%

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Soil Depletion Worldwide Dramatic increases in yields during 1970s, 1980s Soil now depleted, resulting in leveling off or dropping yields 6% of Ag land in India now useless

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Profits Profits from Green Revolution go to Middlemen Banks Chemical companies Biggest growers Grain prices fall Farms get bigger Brazil

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Increased Dependency Poor countries must import: Seeds Fertilizer Pesticides Herbicides Cost to India increased 600% 1960-1980 Biotechnology leads to more dependency

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Unsustainable Agriculture Industrial agriculture = mining land to extract maximum output War between humans and weeds, insects and disease Market dictates weapons: pesticides and chemical fertilizers We are destroying our food- producing resources

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Destruction of Ag Resources Desertification Soil erosion Pesticide contamination Groundwater depletion Salinization Urban sprawl Genetic resources shrinking Fossil fuels depleting

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Genetic Engineering: The Next Green Revolution ? http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_15/b3624011.htm

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Next Green Revolution? Biotechnology will help developing countries accomplish things that they could never do with conventional plant breeding I believe genetically modified food crops will stop world hunger. Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize

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The Next Green Revolution? Biotechnology helps farmers produce higher yields on less land. Technology allows us to have less impact on soil erosion, biodiversity, wildlife, forests, and grasslands To achieve comparable yields (1950-1999) with old farming methods, would have needed an additional 1.8 Billion hectares of land Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize

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Biotechnology Critic Biotechnology development Same vision as chemical industry: Short term goals Enhanced yields, profit margins Nature should be dominated and exploited forced to yield more Prefer quick solutions to complex ecological problems Reductionist thinking about farming Instead of integrated systems Agricultural success means Short term profits Not long term sustainability -- Jane Rissler, Union of Concerned Scientists

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Review History of theory in anthropology Unilinear, relativism, symbolism, materialism, humanism Flat Earth Positive aspects of globalization? Falling Flat Negative aspects of globalization?

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Systems Theory Originated in the 1940's Positivistic period in sciences. What does positivism mean? Biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy (General Systems Theory, 1968) Ross Ashby (Introduction to Cybernetics, 1956).

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Systems Theory Reaction to reductionism in science Attempted to revive a unified theory in science What does this mean? General Theory Holism Positivism

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Systems Theory, What is it? Systems are sets of covariant entities no subset of which is unrelated to any other subset Systems Theory is the trans-disciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence

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Systems Theory, What is it? To be a system requires organization and interdependence An grouping of functioning parts that are not interdependent is described as a Heap

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Systems theory, what is it? Systems theory looks beyond functional cause and effect models It portrays human adaptation in terms of well- specified webs of mutual causality. Is a way of looking at the relationships among variables

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Systems Analysis Systems analysis focuses on the meaningful interactions of the parts with one another and with the whole as they influence some process or outcome No elemental part of the system can be understood only in terms of itself Systems can be understood by studying the interactions of a functioning part with the entire system Systems are shaped by both internal and environmental processes and conditions over time

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Systems Analysis in Anthropology Excellent theory for describing flows Excellent for describing closed systems Problems? No closed cultural system What does this mean? Systems thinking tends to be processual (time and space), conditional, and probabilistic

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The Idea of a System System in its everyday sense Nervous system Legal system Cooling/Heating system Automobile cooling system Radiator Fan Water pump Thermostat Cooling jacket around the cylinder head Hoses/clamps

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The Cow Cow, like all organisms, is a very complex system Circulatory system Nervous systems Digestive system Study digestive system to understand how cow lives on grass (total system) One we use to turn grass into milk Also part of a number of larger systems If kept with other cows, part of Herd = social organization of cows Study cow as part of herd to understand herd OTHER EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS COWS ARE PART OF?

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Stable Systems? Collection of smaller parts more stable over time than one large operational part Scientists made atoms of bigger and bigger size, and they became more unstable the larger they were

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What systems need Energy and information is needed to fuel systems The more complex the system, the more energy and information is needed Inputs and Outputs

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Feedback Systems can transform things Input / Output Information about the result of a transformation is recorded If this information affects the transformation in a positive way positive feedback = leads to accelerate the transformation If this information affects the transformation in a negative way negative feedback = leads to system stabilization

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Wallerstein and the Global Economic System Emmanuel Wallerstein U.S. sociologist Historical social scientist World-systems analyst The Modern World- System, 1974, 1980, and 1989 Marx, history of exchange networks, Dependency Theory

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Dependency Theory Before World Systems Theory, there was Dependency Theory Social science theories predicated on the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

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World Systems History The late 18th and early 19th centuries marked a great turning point in the development of capitalism Capitalists achieved state- societal power in the key states which furthered the industrial revolution marking the rise of capitalism UK and USA

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World Economy World Economy integrated through the market rather than a political center Two or more regions interdependent and two or more polities completing for dominance Division of labor Core of "free countries dominating others without being Dominated Semi-periphery the countries which are dominated while at the same time they dominate Others Periphery" as the countries which are dominated

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World System Multicultural territorial division of labor in which the production and exchange of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the everyday life of its inhabitants Division of labor: the forces and relations of production of the world economy as a whole Leads to the existence of two interdependent regions: core and periphery.

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World System Theory World-system theory is a macrosociological perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the capitalist world economy as a total social system Mans ability to participate intelligently in the evolution of his own system is dependent on his ability to perceive the whole (Wallerstein 1974:10)

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Core and Periphery Powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies. Technology (both military and civilian) is a central factor in the positioning of a region in the core or the periphery

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World-systems analysis Capitalism, as a historical social system, has always integrated a variety of labor forms within a functioning division of labor Countries do not have economies, but are part of the world-economy.

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Modern Capitalist World Economy Unequal exchange: the systematic transfer of surplus from semi- proletarian sectors in the periphery to the high- technology, industrialized core Capital accumulation at a global scale: necessarily involves the appropriation and transformation of peripheral surplus

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Modern Capitalist World Economy Imperialism: The domination of weak peripheral regions by strong core states. Hegemony : The existence of one core state temporarily outstripping the rest. Global Class Struggle: The inherent conflict between the owners of the means of production and labor. What is the inherent conflict?

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World Systems Theory as a Criticism Criticisms to modernization (1) the reification of the nation- state as the sole unit of analysis, (2) assumption that all countries can follow only a single path of evolutionary development, (3) disregard of the world- historical development of transnational structures that constrain local and national development, (4) explaining in terms of ahistorical ideal types of tradition versus modernity,

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Present State of the Theory SUNY Binghamton, at the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems and Civilizations Journal of World Systems Research Greatest impact among intellectuals in the periphery countries Used to analyze development dynamics and to understand the relationship between developed and developing regions