The Great WarThe Great WarThe Great WarThe Great War

The War to End All The War to End All WarsWars

(1917-1918)(1917-1918)

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““Peace Without Peace Without Victory”Victory”““Peace Without Peace Without Victory”Victory” January 22, 1917: January 22, 1917: WilsonWilson declared that declared that only a “peace only a “peace without victory” without victory” would prove would prove durabledurable

January 31, 1917: January 31, 1917: Germany declared it Germany declared it will resume will resume unrestricted unrestricted submarine warfaresubmarine warfare

The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t happen! The German submarine warfare and

British blockade violated our freedom of the seas and neutrality.

February 1917: February 1917: Wilson breaks Wilson breaks diplomatic relationsdiplomatic relations with Germanywith Germany

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman NoteZimmerman NoteZimmerman NoteFebruary 24, 1917: February 24, 1917: BritishBritish secret service secret service agents intercept agents intercept telegram from German telegram from German Foreign Minister Foreign Minister Zimmerman to Zimmerman to ambassador in ambassador in MexicoMexico

Telegram contents:Telegram contents: If If MexicoMexico enters war enters war on the side of the on the side of the Central Powers it will Central Powers it will gain gain Texas, New Texas, New Mexico, & ArizonaMexico, & Arizona back from conquered back from conquered US US

February 26, 1917: February 26, 1917: Wilson asks Congress Wilson asks Congress for power to arm for power to arm merchant shipsmerchant shipsPacifist Senator Pacifist Senator LaFolletteLaFollette leads leads filibusterfilibuster

March 1, 1917: March 1, 1917: Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note publishedpublished

March 15, 1917: March 15, 1917: Russian Tsar Russian Tsar Nicholas IINicholas II forced to forced to abdicate abdicate Democratic Democratic government of government of Aleksander KerenskyAleksander Kerensky establishedestablished

April 2, 1917: Wilson April 2, 1917: Wilson asks Congress to asks Congress to declare declare warwar on Germany on Germany ““The world must be made The world must be made safe for democracy.”safe for democracy.”

I Dare you to come, 1917: I Dare you to come, 1917: The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law.

Wilsonian IdealismWilsonian IdealismWilsonian IdealismWilsonian Idealism““A war to A war to end end warwar.”.”

Crusade to Crusade to “make the world “make the world safe for safe for democracydemocracy.”.”

US was a model US was a model of of democracydemocracy for for the world.the world.

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 PointsEnd secret treatiesEnd secret treatiesFreedom of the Freedom of the seasseasRemove economic Remove economic barriersbarriers

Reduce armamentsReduce armamentsAdjusts colonial Adjusts colonial claims claims

Promote “self- Promote “self- determinationdetermination””

European European boundariesboundaries drawn along national drawn along national lineslines

Creation of an Creation of an international international peace peace organizationorganization - the - the League of NationsLeague of Nations

War PropagandaWar PropagandaWar PropagandaWar Propaganda George George Creel’s Creel’s CommitteeCommittee on on Public Public InformationInformation Used Used propagandapropaganda to support warto support war

““Hang the Kaiser”Hang the Kaiser” Cohan’s “Cohan’s “Over Over ThereThere””

Civil LibertiesCivil LibertiesCivil LibertiesCivil LibertiesAnti-Anti-GermanGerman fever fever swept the countryswept the country

EspionageEspionage Act of Act of 19171917

SeditionSedition Act of 1918 Act of 1918

SocialistsSocialists & & WobbliesWobblies jailed jailed DebsDebs & & HaywoodHaywood

SchenckSchenck v. US v. US (1919) (1919) Can “free speech” be Can “free speech” be censored or restricted censored or restricted during war time?during war time?

““clear & present clear & present danger”danger”

Supreme Court Supreme Court RulingRulingSupreme Court Supreme Court RulingRulingBUTBUT, every act of speech must be judged , every act of speech must be judged

according to the circumstances in which according to the circumstances in which it was spoken.it was spoken.

The most stringent protection of free The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a shouting fire in a theater and causing a

panic. panic. "Words can be weapons . . .The question in "Words can be weapons . . .The question in

every case is whether the words used in every case is whether the words used in such circumstances are of such nature as such circumstances are of such nature as to create a to create a clear and present dangerclear and present danger that that they will bring about the substantive evils they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has the right to prevent." that Congress has the right to prevent."

Economic Economic MobilizationMobilizationEconomic Economic MobilizationMobilizationWar War IndustriesIndustries Board Board

Bernard BaruchBernard Baruch led ledControl Control rawraw materials, materials, production, production, pricesprices, & , & laborlabor

FeebleFeeble powers powers

Belief in Belief in Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire kept the government kept the government control over business control over business at a minimumat a minimum

WomenWomen worked in worked in factories & farmsfactories & farms

Women’s roles in the Women’s roles in the war effort led to the war effort led to the 1919thth Amendment Amendment (1920) (1920)

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Women’s Women’s ParticipationParticipation

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Women’s Women’s ParticipationParticipation

LaborLabor shortages shortages encouraged encouraged southern southern blacksblacks to to move north to citiesmove north to cities

Labor leader Labor leader Samuel Samuel GompersGompers & the AFL & the AFL backed the war backed the war efforteffort

While While wageswages doubled during the doubled during the war, war, pricesprices also also doubleddoubled

Labor disputes led Labor disputes led to to 60006000 strikes, strikes, many violentmany violent IWWIWW expanded into expanded into east causing often east causing often violent strikes that violent strikes that led to arrests & led to arrests & deportationdeportation

Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover was was put in charge of put in charge of foodfood production & production & rationingrationingUsed volunteerismUsed volunteerism

Mobilization relied Mobilization relied on on patriotismpatriotism not not coercioncoercion

Propaganda Propaganda encouraged encouraged rationingrationing & “& “victoryvictory gardensgardens””

Curtailment of the Curtailment of the use of use of graingrain for for alcohol leads to the alcohol leads to the 1818thth Amendment Amendment (1919): (1919): ProhibitionProhibition

Fuel Administration Fuel Administration called for fuel called for fuel conservationconservation

TreasuryTreasury Department Department issued issued LibertyLiberty Bonds BondsRaised the majority of Raised the majority of the the moneymoney needed for needed for warwar

Federal government Federal government took over the took over the railroadsrailroads

America increased America increased its its shipbuildingshipbuilding but but was too late to make was too late to make difference in the wardifference in the war

America provided America provided mostly mostly foodfood, , moneymoney & & menmen

America’s Fighting America’s Fighting ForceForceAmerica’s Fighting America’s Fighting ForceForceMost American’s did Most American’s did not believe a not believe a major major forceforce would be would be neededneeded

NavyNavy would be would be enoughenough

AlliesAllies convinced the convinced the US that American US that American forcesforces were needed were needed to stop the German to stop the German advanceadvance

ConscriptionConscription was was need to raise an need to raise an armyarmy against much against much criticism in Congresscriticism in Congress

Selective ServiceSelective Service Act Act (1917)(1917)All men between All men between 1818 & & 4545 had to register - had to register - no no exemptionsexemptions or or substitutessubstitutes

Only men in Only men in keykey industries could be industries could be exempted – “exempted – “workwork or or fight”fight”

WomenWomen were were admitted to admitted to the armed the armed forces for the forces for the first timefirst time

Army Army increases increases from from 200,000200,000 to to 4 million4 million in in monthsmonths

Europe at WarEurope at WarEurope at WarEurope at War

Americans in Americans in FranceFranceAmericans in Americans in FranceFranceWith With RussiansRussians out of out of the war & the war & AmericansAmericans slow to get going slow to get going GermansGermans could move could move all their strength to all their strength to the the WestWest & crush the & crush the FrenchFrench & & BritishBritish

battle frontsbattle frontsbattle frontsbattle fronts

One yearOne year after after America declared war America declared war the first major US the first major US force made it to force made it to FranceFranceAmerican American ExpeditionaryExpeditionary Force under Force under PershingPershing

Most ended up as Most ended up as replacementsreplacements in quiet in quiet areasareas

AlliedAllied forces put all forces put all troops under troops under Supreme Commander Supreme Commander Marshal FochMarshal Foch

Trench WarfareTrench WarfareTrench WarfareTrench Warfare

NO MAN’S NO MAN’S LANDLAND

PoisonouPoisonous Gass Gas

PoisonouPoisonous Gass Gas

Machine Machine GunsGuns

Machine Machine GunsGuns

FlameFlameThrowersThrowers

FlameFlameThrowersThrowers

GrenadeGrenadeLaunchersLaunchersGrenadeGrenade

LaunchersLaunchers

May 1918: May 1918: Chateau-Chateau-ThierryThierry 11stst major US major US engagementengagement

30,00030,000 US troops halt US troops halt German advance 40 German advance 40 miles from miles from ParisParis

ChateauChateau-Thierry-ThierryChateauChateau-Thierry-Thierry

July 1918: Second July 1918: Second Battle of the Battle of the MarneMarneFrenchFrench counteroffensive counteroffensive marked the beginning marked the beginning of German of German retreatretreat

September 1918: September 1918: St. St. Mihiel salientMihiel salient 240,000240,000 Americans Americans pushed back the pushed back the GermanGerman

American General American General “Black Jack” “Black Jack” PershingPershing given his own given his own frontfront

St. MihielSt. MihielSt. MihielSt. Mihiel

                                                                    

                      

Sept-Nov 1918: Sept-Nov 1918: Meuse-Meuse-ArgonneArgonne offensive offensive 1.21.2 million US forces million US forces led theled the

120,000120,000 casualties casualties in the in the ArgonneArgonne Forest Forest

The Argonne The Argonne ForestForestThe Argonne The Argonne ForestForest

American American Alvin C. Alvin C. YorkYork single-single-handedly handedly killed killed 2020 Germans & Germans & captured captured 132132 more more

Armistice & PeaceArmistice & PeaceArmistice & PeaceArmistice & Peace October 1918: Germans October 1918: Germans begin to sue for peace begin to sue for peace based on based on Wilson’s 14 Wilson’s 14 points points

Kaiser WilhelmKaiser Wilhelm forced forced to flee to to flee to HollandHolland

November 11, 1918: November 11, 1918: armisticearmistice declared at declared at 11 o’clock11 o’clock

troop troop buildupbuilduptroop troop buildupbuildup

Wilson’s RoleWilson’s RoleWilson’s RoleWilson’s RoleWilson became the Wilson became the most most powerfulpowerful & & prestigiousprestigious President President since since LincolnLincoln

MoralMoral leader of the leader of the world & the head of world & the head of the the mightiestmightiest nation nation on earthon earth

But He Stumbled...But He Stumbled...But He Stumbled...But He Stumbled...

Wilson broke the Wilson broke the politicalpolitical truce of the truce of the war asking for a war asking for a DemocraticDemocratic victory in victory in the 1918 electionsthe 1918 elections

Voters turned against Voters turned against him & returned a him & returned a RepublicanRepublican Congress Congress to Washingtonto Washington

Wilson goes to Wilson goes to ParisParisWilson goes to Wilson goes to ParisParisAgainst Against RepublicanRepublican

wishes Wilson decides wishes Wilson decides to go in person to Paristo go in person to Paris

His loss in the His loss in the electionselections weakenedweakened his position at the his position at the bargainingbargaining table table

Wilson further upset Wilson further upset the the RepublicansRepublicans by not by not asking any asking any RepublicanRepublican Senators to go to ParisSenators to go to Paris

Henry Cabot Henry Cabot LodgeLodge chair chair of the of the Foreign Foreign Relations Relations Committee Committee becomes becomes Wilson’s Wilson’s worst enemyworst enemy

Wilson given a Wilson given a hero’shero’s welcome in Europe, welcome in Europe, but upset the plans but upset the plans of the of the imperialistsimperialists

Wilson joined the Wilson joined the leaders of the other leaders of the other AlliedAllied countries countries called the called the Big FourBig Four

The Big FourThe Big FourThe Big FourThe Big FourWoodrow Wilson of Woodrow Wilson of the the USUS

Vittorio Orlando of Vittorio Orlando of ItalyItaly

David Lloyd George of David Lloyd George of BritainBritain

George Clemenceau of George Clemenceau of FranceFrance

The Big FourThe Big FourThe Big FourThe Big Four

David Lloyd George Vitorio Orlando George Clemeneau Woodrow Wilson Great Britain Italy France U.S.

Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersaillesTreaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersaillesEuropean Imperialists European Imperialists

agreed to a agreed to a League of League of NationsNations, but divided , but divided up imperial control up imperial control under under League League MandatesMandates

February 1919: February 1919: European powers European powers signed the League signed the League CovenantCovenant making the making the League of NationsLeague of Nations a a part of the Treaty of part of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Isolationists at Isolationists at HomeHomeIsolationists at Isolationists at HomeHomeHenry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge, William Borah, & William Borah, & Hiram Johnson (the Hiram Johnson (the ““irreconcilablesirreconcilables”) ”) led the Senate effort led the Senate effort to defeat the to defeat the TreatyTreaty

3939 Senators proclaimed Senators proclaimed they would not support they would not support the the League of NationsLeague of Nations without safeguards for the without safeguards for the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

Problems Lodge Had:• Power of Congress to declare warPower of Congress to declare war• Get US involved in a war with no self-Get US involved in a war with no self-

interestinterest• How would it effect the Monroe How would it effect the Monroe

Doctrine Policy?Doctrine Policy?• Will the LON guarantee a just and Will the LON guarantee a just and

lasting peace?lasting peace?• Goes against our policy of no “foreign Goes against our policy of no “foreign

alliances”alliances”

Big Four pressed for Big Four pressed for a treaty that would a treaty that would punishpunish Germany & Germany & give give territoriesterritories to the to the victorsvictors

France got a France got a Security Security TreatyTreaty that would that would ensure aid in case ensure aid in case Germany ever Germany ever invaded againinvaded again

Italy got the port of Italy got the port of FiumeFiume over Wilson’s over Wilson’s wisheswishes

Japan gained the Japan gained the ShandongShandong Peninsula Peninsula & islands in the & islands in the PacificPacific

New New CountriesCountriesCzechoslovakiaAustriaHungaryYugoslaviaPolandLithuania FinlandLatvia Estonia Turkey Iraq

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles signed on June 1919signed on June 1919

Only included Only included 44 of of Wilson’s Wilson’s 14 Points14 Points

BlamedBlamed Germany, Germany, forced forced reparations, & reparations, & occupiedoccupied German German territory (“territory (“war-war-guiltguilt”)”)

Wilson Wilson hurthurt by the by the results but had results but had gotten the gotten the League of League of NationsNations

But would the But would the American American SenateSenate join?join?

Outcry Against the Outcry Against the TreatyTreatyOutcry Against the Outcry Against the TreatyTreaty IsolationsIsolations were were against the League against the League of Nationsof Nations

Anti-Anti-GermansGermans thought they were thought they were not punished enoughnot punished enough

LiberalsLiberals thought the thought the treaty betrayed the treaty betrayed the ideals of the ideals of the 14 Points14 Points

Italian, German, Irish , Italian, German, Irish , & African-Americans & African-Americans felt their felt their homelandshomelands had been hurthad been hurt

A A majoritymajority of of Americans still seemed Americans still seemed to favor the to favor the treatytreaty & & the the League of NationsLeague of Nations

Senator Senator LodgeLodge, unable , unable to defeat the to defeat the TreatyTreaty, , sought to stall long sought to stall long enough to enough to amendamend it it

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Wilson decide to go Wilson decide to go over the headover the head of the of the Senate one more timeSenate one more time

He went on a He went on a speaking speaking tourtour to bring his case to bring his case directly to the directly to the peoplepeople

Wilson’s tour Wilson’s tour started started poorlypoorly & he & he was dogged by the was dogged by the irreconcilablesirreconcilables Borah & JohnsonBorah & Johnson

September 25, 1919: September 25, 1919: Wilson Wilson collapsedcollapsed in in PuebloPueblo, Colorado, Colorado

Four days later he Four days later he suffered a suffered a strokestroke in in Washington, DCWashington, DC

His His wifewife & & nursenurse practically ran the practically ran the White HouseWhite House

He did not meet with He did not meet with his his CabinetCabinet for for 7½7½ monthsmonths

Lodge Lodge ReservationsReservationsLodge Lodge ReservationsReservationsSenator Lodge Senator Lodge developed developed 1414 reservations reservations againstagainst the treatythe treaty

To protect American To protect American sovereigntysovereignty, the , the Monroe Doctrine & Monroe Doctrine & Congress’s power to Congress’s power to wage warwage war

Wilson Wilson asked all asked all DemocratsDemocrats to vote to vote againstagainst the the Treaty with Treaty with the the Lodge Lodge reservationsreservations

Wilson’s Wilson’s stubbornnessstubbornness & & unwillingness to unwillingness to compromisecompromise killed killed the treaty as well as the treaty as well as America’s America’s involvement in the involvement in the League of NationsLeague of Nations

Afghanistan—1934 Luxembourg--1920Albania—1920 (taken over by Italy Mexico--1930in 1939) NetherlandsArgentina New ZealandAustralia Nicaragua (withdrew, 1936)Austria (taken over by Germany NorwayIn 1938) PanamaBelgium Paraguay (withdrew, 1936)Bolivia PersiaBrazil (withdrew, 1926) Peru (withdrew,1939)Bulgaria---1920 PolandCanada PortugalChile (withdrew, 1938) Romania (withdrew, 1940)China SiamColombia Spain (withdrew, 1939)Costa Rica—1920, withdrew, 1925 SwedenCuba SwitzerlandCzechoslovakia Turkey--1932Denmark Union of South AfricaDominican Republic—1924 USSR—1934, expelled, 1939Ecuador—1934 United KingdomEgypt—1937 UruguayEl Salvador (withdrew, 1937) Venezuela (withdrew, 1938)Estonia—1921 YugoslaviaEthiopia—1923Finland—1920France

Germany—1926, withdrew, 1933GreeceGuatemala (withdrew, 1936)Haiti (withdrew, 1942)Honduras, (withdrew, 1936)Hungary—1922, withdrew, 1939IndiaIraq—1932Ireland—1923Italy (withdrew, 1937)Japan (withdrew, 1933)Latvia—1921LiberiaLithuania—1921

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Election of 1920Election of 1920Election of 1920Election of 1920Wilson calls for a Wilson calls for a ““solemnsolemn referendum” in the referendum” in the election to settle the election to settle the matter of the matter of the LeagueLeague

RepublicansRepublicans (both (both Old Guard & Bull Old Guard & Bull Moosers) meet in Moosers) meet in ChicagoChicagoWarren G. HardingWarren G. Harding is is chosen in “the chosen in “the smoke smoke filledfilled room” room”

Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge is his is his running materunning mate

DemocratsDemocrats nominate nominate James M. CoxJames M. Cox of Ohio of OhioHis running mate is His running mate is Franklin Delano Franklin Delano RooseveltRoosevelt

Democrats are Democrats are unable to get unable to get HardingHarding to take a to take a clear stand on the clear stand on the LeagueLeague

In the first In the first presidential election presidential election in which in which womenwomen could vote, could vote, HardingHarding wins by over wins by over 77 millionmillion votesvotesElectoral count was Electoral count was 404404 to to 127127

Election of 1920Election of 1920Election of 1920Election of 1920

In Harding’s words In Harding’s words the election was a the election was a call for a return to call for a return to

“Normalcy”“Normalcy”

In Harding’s words In Harding’s words the election was a the election was a call for a return to call for a return to

“Normalcy”“Normalcy”