The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…
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Transcript of The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…
The Great War: Shaping the 20th Century
Thanks for Coming in…
Essential QuestionsWas World War 1 a just war?How does World War 1 shape the
20th century?Can the technological race be a
bad thing?
Causes of the War: MilitarismAs the world entered the 20th
century, an arms race had begun.◦Industry◦Britain and German Navies◦Further, in Germany and Russia
particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy.
Causes of the War: AlliancesRival Alliances Created a “False
Sense of Security” ◦Triple Entente
Great Britain: King George V France: Premier Clemenceau Russia: Czar Nicholas II
◦Triple Alliance Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II Austria-Hungary: Emanuel II
Causes of the War: Alliances
Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. ◦ Thus, if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound
to defend them.
Causes of the War: ImperialismImperialism is when a country increases
their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control.
Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention amongst the European countries. ◦Raw materials◦New markets
The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I.
Causes of the War: NationalismUnrest in the Balkans
◦Bosnians felt abused under the rule of Austria-Hungary
◦Goal: To create a “Greater Serbia” (unite Slavic people)
◦This movement was strongly supported by “Mother Russia”
Causes of the War: The SparkAssassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. ◦June 1914, a Serbian nationalist
assassinated him and his wife while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was part of Austria-Hungary.
◦ This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region.
◦https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Assassination-of-Archduke-Franz-Ferdinand
Most Important Man in 20th century
Gavrilo Princep
The SidesCentral Powers
◦ Germany◦ Austria-Hungary◦ Turkey (Ottoman
Empire)◦ Bulgaria
Allies◦ France◦ Britain◦ Russia◦ Japan◦ Italy
Neutral Powers• Spain• America• Switzerland• Netherlands• Belgium
Political CartoonUsing the perspective of your
assigned country, create a political cartoon assigning blame for the war.
Grade ___ / 20◦5 pts for detail of information◦5 pts for knowing the leader◦5 pts for cleverness◦5 pts for creativity/quality
America’s Neutrality1914: Most Americans did not
want to join◦3,000 miles away◦No threat to American lives/property
Who to Join? Britain:
◦Cultural similarities Democracies/legal system
◦Language◦Economic ties◦Controls trans-Atlantic cables◦German atrocities
Who to Join?Germany?
◦11 million Central power immigrants in US Most are happy to be away
◦Kaiser Wilhelm II Arrogant autocracy Industrial sabotage Attacked neutral Belgium
America’s NeutralityTwo Reasons to get involved:
◦Repayment of Allied debt JP Morgan and Co.
2.3 billion to AlliesAnd protect US shippingGermany can trade, but…
◦British Navy◦Mines
Blockade leads to food shortages and riots◦750,000 Germans die of
starvation
Germany’s AnswerUnterseeboot *U-Boats*
◦Try not to sink neutral ships◦First couple months of 1915
95 ships were sunkLusitania
◦May 7, 1915◦British Passenger Ship◦1,198 lives (198 American)◦4,200 cases of ammunition
Wilson’s ResponseNo military responseArabic…Sussex…Get Britain to end their blockade!
Wilson’s Response1916: Re-
elected◦Runs on the
campaign “He kept us out
of war”◦Against Court
Justice Evan Hughes “…tell him he’s
no longer president”
Thanks for Coming in…Who was responsible for World
War 1?Who was responsible for the
sinking of the Lusitania?◦Was it enough for America to get into
the war?Is President Wilson right to wait?
◦Why does he avoid American involvement?
Wilson sticks to his guns…Jan 31,
1917◦Germany:
Unrestricted submarine warfare
◦Wilson asks Congress to arm merchant ships No
The Straw?The Zimmermann
Telegram◦March, 1917◦Germany/Mexican
Alliance◦Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona4 more unarmed
shipsRussian overthrow
Mobilization: PropagandaGeorge Creel
◦Committee on Public Information◦“Four minute men”◦Movies, pamphlets, songs◦Over There◦Passion and voluntary compliance◦Two goals:
Sell America on the war Sell the world on Wilson’s war goals
Mobilization: Labor“Labor will win the war”
◦Unemployed immediately drafted◦Ultimate goal: government’s
guarantee of the right to organize into unions
◦Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) Protested for better conditions Beaten, arrested, or run out of town
◦Steel Strike of 1919 Over 250,000 walked off jobs 30,000 African American strikebreakers
were hired
Mobilization: MilitarySelective Service Act: Conscription (the
draft)◦ All males between 18-45◦ No substitutes◦ Conscientious Objector
Pacifist If found guilty of insubordination (not wearing uniform,
bearing arms, peeling potatoes) 24 years in Leavenworth
Reputation? Who qualifies? Amish, Quakers
◦ Segregated units (no Navy/Marines) 369th Infantry Regiment
Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts (Croix de Guerre)
How to build a NavyMission: transport millions of
men/equipment 3,000 miles of ocean avoiding German U-Boats◦Exempt shipyard workers◦US Chamber of Commerce public
relations campaign Service flags, car owners provide rides to
work◦Prefabrication techniques◦Government take over of private and
commercial ships
How to use a NavyConvoy system
◦Guard merchant ships with destroyers
Lay mines
Greatest Contribution to VictoryFresh troops and enthusiasm
◦The US had not been fighting for the previous 3 years, and was not used to trench warfare
◦“Bravery” of Americans was result of not knowing
Mobilization: Crushing the “Enemy”
Mobilization: CiviliansFood Administration
◦Herbert C. Hoover “Wheatless Wednesdays”, “victory
gardens”, “meatless Tuesdays”, “gospel of the clean plate”
◦Alcohol = Germans 18th Amendment (Prohibition)
◦Bonds Govt. guarantees a certain percentage
rate return on borrowed money. Buy a $100 bond, in three years get $130
back
Technology takes a leap… forward?Trench Warfare
◦Machine Guns◦Chemical warfare◦Airplanes◦Tanks◦Sub-Marines
Thanks for coming in…What effects did mobilization
have on America?Did President Wilson wait too
long?Was/is conscription ever the
answer?
White flag at Eleven11/11 at eleven o’clock on 1918Prospect of Endless troops not the
American’s battles that won the warPresident Wilson made some mistakes:
◦Campaigned for Democrats Went to Paris as diminished leader
◦Went to Europe Looked like he was grandstanding
◦Peace delegation did not include one Republican Senator
◦Hung everything on L.o.N.
Wilson Presents His PlanItalians, Parisians, Armenians,
Jews, Ukrainians, and Poles all welcomed him like a savior
Wilson’s 14 Points◦No secret treaties◦Freedom of seas◦Reduce arms◦Get rid of colonialism; self-
determination◦League of Nations
Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWhich ones do you like?Which need improvement? How?Are they too idealistic?Does any of them sound like a
hint at future organizations?
The Big FourWoodrow Wilson (US)
◦Wants 14 pts Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
◦Wants Austrian territory David Lloyd George (Britain)
◦“Make Germany Pay!”Georges Clemenceau (France)
◦Cripple Germany so this cannot happen again
Treaty of Versailles Handed on the point of a bayonet The German Army was restricted
◦ 100,000 men, no conscription, no tanks or heavy artillery, No German General Staff.
German Navy ◦ 15,000 men, no submarines, six battleships (of less than
10,000 tons), six cruisers, 12 destroyers. Germany was not permitted an air force Germany was explicitly required to retain all enlisted men for
12 years and all officers for 25 years, so that only a limited number of men would have military training.
Article 231◦ War Guilt Clause
held Germany solely responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.
◦ Reparations: 33 billion dollars, 269 billion gold marks
Treaty of VersaillesCreated new nations
◦Poland, Yugoslavia, CzechoslovakiaRussia was excluded… despite
having lost more than anyone◦Including territories
No self-determination (Vietnam)
And Back Home…Most rejected this treaty back home…
for obvious reasons◦Imperialism◦Too harsh◦Ethnic empathy
Republican Senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge refused to back Wilson’s plans◦Congress needs to be able to declare war;
not obligations to EuropeWilson goes to the “boss”
Defeat of TreatyAsked for all or nothing… got
nothing◦If Wilson had been willing to
compromise, then the US might have passed the Treaty of Versailles.
◦Rejected◦Not an official member of the League
of Nations